Galileo, in full Galileo

Galilei, (born February

15, 1564, Pisa [Italy]—
died January 8, 1642,
Arcetri, near Florence),
Italian natural
philosopher, astronomer,
and mathematician who
made fundamental
contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of
materials and to the development of the scientific method. His
formulation of (circular) inertia, the law of falling bodies,
and parabolic trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental
change in the study of motion. His insistence that the book of nature was
written in the language of mathematics changed natural philosophy from
a verbal, qualitative account to a mathematical one in
which experimentation became a recognized method for discovering the
facts of nature. Finally, his discoveries with the telescope revolutionized
astronomy and paved the way for the acceptance of
the Copernican heliocentric system, but his advocacy of that system
eventually resulted in an Inquisition process against him.
Nicolaus Copernicus

, Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus, (born February 19,

1473, Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland—died May 24, 1543, Frauenburg, East
Prussia [now Frombork, Poland]), Polish astronomer who proposed that
the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be
referred; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also
turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow, long-term changes in the
direction of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes. This
representation of the heavens is usually called the heliocentric, or “Sun-
centred,” system—derived from the Greek helios, meaning “Sun.” Copernicus’s
theory had important consequences for later thinkers of the scientific revolution,
including such major figures as Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton.
Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514,
and during those years he wrote a manuscript usually called
the Commentariolus (“Little Commentary”). However, the book that contains
the final version of his theory, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri
vi (“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not
appear in print until 1543, the year of his death.
Tycho Brahe

(born December 14, 1546, Knudstrup, Scania, Denmark—died October

24, 1601, Prague), Danish astronomer whose work in developing
astronomical instruments and in measuring and fixing the positions
of stars paved the way for future discoveries. His observations—the
most accurate possible before the invention of the telescope—included
a comprehensive study of the solar system and accurate positions of
more than 777 fixed stars.

 Occupation: Scientist, mathematician, and astronomer

 Born: January 4, 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England
 Died: March 31, 1727 in London, England
 Best known for: Defining the three laws of motion and universal
gravitation
 Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton is considered one of the most important scientists in history. Even
Albert Einstein said that Isaac Newton was the smartest person that ever lived.
During his lifetime Newton developed the theory of gravity, the laws of motion
(which became the basis for physics), a new type of mathematics called calculus,
and made breakthroughs in the area of optics such as the reflecting telescope.
Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England on January 4, 1643. His father,
a farmer who was also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before his
birth. His mother remarried when Isaac was three years old and left young Isaac
in the care of his grandparents.
Isaac attended school where he was an adequate student. At one point his
mother tried to take him out of school so he could help on the farm, but Isaac had
no interest in becoming a farmer and was soon back at school.
Isaac grew up mostly alone. For the rest of his life he would prefer to work and
live alone focused on his writing and his studies.
Isaac Newton made many scientific discoveries and inventions throughout his
career. Here is a list of some of the most important and famous ones.

 Gravity - Newton is probably most famous for discovering gravity. Outlined

in the Principia, his theory about gravity helped to explain the movements
of the planets and the Sun. This theory is known today as Newton's law of
universal gravitation.
 Laws of Motion - Newton's laws of motion were three fundamental laws of
physics that laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
 Calculus - Newton invented a whole new type of mathematics which he
called "fluxions." Today we call this math calculus and it is an important
type of math used in advanced engineering and science.
 Reflecting Telescope - In 1668 Newton invented the reflecting telescope.
This type of telescope uses mirrors to reflect light and form an Nearly all of
the major telescopes used in astronomy today are reflecting telescopes.
 Edwin Hubble

was born on November 20, 1889. He graduated from the University of

Chicago and served in WWI before settling down to lead research in the
field of astrophysics at Mount Wilson Observatory in California. Hubble's
revolutionary work includes finding a constant relationship between
galaxies' redshift and distance, which helped to eventually prove that the
universe is expanding. Additionally, a classification system that he
created for galaxies has been used by other researchers for decades,
now known as the Hubble sequence.
Hubble continued to conduct research at the Mount Wilson Observatory,
as well as the Palomar Observatory in California, until he died on
September 28, 1953. He had suffered a stroke that was caused by
cerebral thrombosis, and was 63 years old at the time.
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin
was born on 9 March 1934 in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (now in
Smolensk Oblast, Russia).His parents, Alexei Ivanovich Gagarin and Anna
Timofeyevna Gagarina, worked on a collective farm. Yuri was the third of four
children, and his elder sister helped raise him while his parents worked.After
starting an apprenticeship in a metalworks as a foundryman, Gagarin was
selected for further training at a technical high school in Saratov. While there,
he joined the 'AeroClub', and learned to fly light aircraft, a hobby that would
take up an increasing part of his time. In 1955, after completing his technical
schooling, he entered flight training at the Orenburg Military Pilot's
School.While there he met Valentina Goryacheva, whom he married in 1957,
after gaining his pilot's wings in a MiG-15. After graduation, he was assigned to
Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast. He became a lieutenant in the Soviet air
force on 5 November 1957, and was promoted to senior lieutenant on 6
November 1959.9After Soviet Union decided to launch a human being to space,
a secret nationwide selection process was started in 1960 and Gagarin was
chosen with 19 other pilots. Gagarin was further selected for an elite training
group known as the 'Sochi Six', who would make up the the first cosmonauts of
the Vostok program.
Neil Armstrong
Astronaut, military pilot, and educator,made history on July 20,
1969, by becoming the first man to walk on the moon.
Neil Armstrong was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5, 1930. After
serving in the Korean War and then finishing college, he joined the
organization that would become NASA. He joined the astronaut program
in 1962 and was command pilot for his first mission, Gemini VIII, in 1966.
He was spacecraft commander for Apollo 11, the first manned lunar
mission, and became the first man to walk on the moon. He died in
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2012.
Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.
; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and Command Pilot in
the United States Air Force. As Lunar Module Pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and
mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born
in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military
Academy at West Point, New York, with a degree in mechanical engineering.
Commissioned in the United States Air Force, he served as a jet fighter pilot during
the Korean War before becoming an aerial gunnery instructor, and later became flight
commander in the 22d Fighter Squadron, while stationed at Bitburg Air Base, West Germay.
After earning a Sc.D. degree in astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Aldrin was selected as a member of NASA's Astronaut Group 3, making him
the first astronaut with a Ph.D. His doctoral thesis was Line-of-Sight Guidance Techniques
for Manned Orbital Rendezvous. One of his first NASA missions was on Gemini 12 where
he successfully proved that extravehicular activity (EVA) could be performed by astronauts,
spending over 5 hours outside the craft, thus achieving the goals of the Gemini program
and paving the way for the Apollo program. Nicknamed Dr. Rendezvous during the Project
Gemini, Gemini 12 became the fifth mission to achieve rendezvous and the
fourth docking with an Agena target vehicleAldrin set foot on the Moon at 03:15:16 on July
21, 1969 (UTC), 9 minutes after Armstrong first touched the surface. A Presbyterianelder,
Aldrin was the first person to hold a religious ceremony on the Moon. After he radioed Earth
asking for a silent moment of contemplation, he privately took communion on the surface of
the Moon, also becoming the first person to consume food and drink on the Moon. Although
he was first rejected from NASA's astronaut program because he was not a test pilot, upon
his retirement from the program, he became Commandant of the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot
School. Aldrin was given numerous honors and is listed in several Halls of Fame. He was
awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969
Michael Collins

was born in Rome, Italy on October 31, 1930. Inspired by John Glenn,
he was chosen by NASA to be part of the third group of astronauts. His
first spaceflight was the Gemini 10 mission, where he performed a
spacewalk. His second was Apollo 11—the first lunar landing in history.
Collins received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He currently works
as an aerospace consultant.

Collins made the decision to become an astronaut after watching John

Glenn's Mercury Atlas 6 flight. In 1963 he was chosen by NASA to be
part of the third group of astronauts. Collins made two spaceflights. The
first, on July 18, 1966, was the Gemini 10 mission, where Collins
performed a spacewalk. The second was the Apollo 11 mission on July
20, 1969—the first lunar landing in history. Collins, accompanied
by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, remained in the Command Module
while his partners walked on the moon's surface.
Universe, the whole cosmic system of matter and energy of
which Earth, and therefore the human race, is a part. Humanity has
traveled a long road since societies imagined Earth, the Sun, and
the Moon as the main objects of creation, with the rest of the universe
being formed almost as an afterthought. Today it is known that Earth is
only a small ball of rock in a space of unimaginable vastness and that
the birth of the solar system was probably only one event among many
that occurred against the backdrop of an already mature universe. This
humbling lesson has unveiled a remarkable fact, one that endows the
minutest particle in the universe with a rich and noble heritage: events
that occurred in the first few minutes of the creation of the universe 13.7
billion years ago turn out to have had a profound influence on the birth,
life, and death of galaxies, stars, and planets. Indeed, a line can be
drawn from the forging of the matter of the universe in a primal “big
bang” to the gathering on Earth of atoms versatile enough to serve as
the basis of life. The intrinsicharmony of such a worldview has great
philosophical and aestheticappeal, and it may explain why public interest
in the universe has always endure.
 big bang
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for
the universe[1] from the earliest known periods through its subsequent
large-scale evolution.[2][3][4] The model describes how the
universe expanded from a very high-density and high-temperature
state,[5][6] and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of
phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic
microwave background (CMB), large scale structure and Hubble's law.[7] If
the known laws of physics are extrapolated to the highest density regime,
the result is a singularity which is typically associated with the Big Bang.
Physicists are undecided whether this means the universe began from a
singularity, or that current knowledge is insufficient to describe the universe
at that time. Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe
place the Big Bang at around 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus
considered the age of the universe.[8] After the initial expansion, the
universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles,
and later simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later
coalesced through gravity in halos of dark matter, eventually forming
the stars and galaxies visible today.
Small Solar System body

A small Solar System body (SSSB) is an object in the Solar System that
is neither a planet, nor a dwarf planet, nor a natural satellite. The term was
first defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to
collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" ... These currently include most
of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs),
comets, and other small bodies.[1]

Euler diagram showing the types of bodies in the Solar System.

This encompasses all comets and all minor planets other than those that
are dwarf planets. Thus SSSBs are: the classical asteroids with the
exception of the dwarf planet Ceres; the trojans; and
the centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects with the exception of the dwarf
planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris, and others that may turn out to
be dwarf planet.
Constellation
Constellations are named patterns of stars. All societies created them. The classical --
"ancient" -- constellations that populate our sky began in the lands of the middle
east thousands of years ago, their origins largely lost to time. They passed through
the hands of the ancient Greeks, who overlaid them with their legends and codified
them in story and verse. During Roman times they were assigned Latin names.
The 48 ancient constellations single out only the bright patterns. From around 1600
to 1800, post-Copernican astronomers invented hosts of "modern" constellations
from the faint stars that lie between the classical figures, from pieces of ancient
constellations, and from the stars that occupy the part of the southern sky that could
not be seen from classical lands. They also separated the ship Argo into three parts,
yielding 50 ancient constellations.
In the early twentieth century, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted
38 of the modern constellations and drew rectangular borders around all
88.Manyofthese contain informal constellations, or "asterisms," that are often the
first to be learned, Ursa Major holding the "Big Dipper" and so on. Other asterisms,
like the Winter Triangle, cut across constellation boundaries. Some constellations
look like what they are supposed to represent, but most do not. Constellations, both
ancient and modern, are generally meant to honor and represent, not to portray.
The constellations play an important role in modern astronomy. They bring order to
the sky by dividing it into smaller segments, providing a base for naming celestial
objects.
 Astronomy
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences,
dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the
religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical,
and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory
vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a
decipline long enterwoven with public and
governmental astronomy. It was not completely
separated n Europe during the cupernican
Revolution starting in 1543. In some culture
astronomical data was used for astrolgical
pronogstication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate
between stars and planets, as stars relatively fixed
over the centuries while planets will move an
appreciable amount during comparatively short
time.
the sun
 BIOGRAPHY

Rey G. Lapinig

He was born on June 21, 1996 in Lopez Jaeana

Misamis Occidental. He graduated in High school at
Misamis Occidental National High School, He is 22 years old
and he loves playing basketball and he is also a music lover
he love to play drums and guitar instruments he also loves
to eat foods... he is studying Bachelor of Elementary
Education at Stella Maris College Oroquieta City.
Core= The site of thermonuclear fusion, which is the engine of the sun.
Temperatures here approach 15,000,000 K and pressures exceed
250,000,000,000 atmospheres. The core makes up 50% of the sun's mass but
only 1/64th of the Sun's volume. All of the energy that emits from the Sun is
produced in the core.

Radiative Zone = The region where energy from the core begins its journey
outward, but the material is too dense and hot for heat transfer, and therefore
the energy radiates out by creating alternating parallel magnetic and electrical
fields, thus moving outward as electromagnetic radiation. Convective Zone = A
region of less dense material, the energy is primarily carried toward the surface
by heat convection currrents which carry hot gases toward the surface before
they cool and fall back inward. A really cool picture of convection at the Sun's
surface is seen below. Hot gases from the interior have welled up and bulged to
the surface where the heated gas encounters the cool region of space above.
The cooled gas sinks back into the Sun, and the appearance of the cooler gaas
changes in color from the hot white gas in the center of each little (size of the
USA on this scale) convection cell to a brown color that outlines each convection
cell.

Photosphere = A shallow region of 200 km thickness where the sun's energy

escapes as visible light. This is the area we directly see, and it is always the
coolest region of any star. Sunspots are visible on this layer, and these objects
and their cyclical appearance are areas of much intense study.

Chromosphere = A region where spicules of hot gas erupt above the

photosphere and where temperatures climb back above 10,000 K. This area
demonstrates the strongest hydrogen emission spectra.

Corona = The site of solar wind blowing out from the sun, where the out-flowing
energy energizes the thin gases to 2,000,000 K, by unknown mechanisms.