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CDMA Frequency Reuse

SUBMITED BY :

AMITEK SINHA
B.E. 2nd YEAR

ROLL NO : 3012808011

ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION

BHILAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Acknowledgement:

It gives me immense pleasure to

thank all those people who have

contributed directly or indirectly

during this training period.

I would like to express my

gratitude to Mr. Om Prakash , Mr.

Virendra Singh , Mr. Deepak Kumar,

Mr. Md. Tahir equbal and Mr

Kumud ranjan.
 I would also like to thank my

parents and all those who extended

a helping hand towards the

completion of this training report.

AMI

TEK SINHA

THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF EXCHANGE:

• M D F (Main Distribution Frame)

• SWITCHING ROOM
• TAX (Trunk Automatic Exchange)
• WLL SECTION
• BROADBAND SECTION
• MOBILE SECTION

M D F: Through this part the entire subscribers are connected through the
cu-pair wire.
SWITCHING ROOM: After MDF this cu-pair wire is going to local exchange
or switching room. Here there are two type of technology is used for
switching.
1. E-10B (Electronic 10 Bersion)
2. OCB (Organ Controlled Bersion) .this is also called
E-1000B
 OFC is another parts for sending the signal through one local exchange to
another also. The entire subscriber connected through local exchange via
M D F.
TAX: It is also a part of switching system. After switching in local exchange
the signal is goes to TAX .In TAX for switching OCB technology is used.
All the local exchange is connected through TAX (Trunk Automatic
Exchange) through OFC .In all districts; they have one local exchange
those are connected through one Level-2 TAX. Level-2TAX is also in
GAYA. All Level-2 TAX is connected through

HISTROY OF TELECOMUNICATON
SWITCHING
Initially the telecommunication switching is very tough job.
MANULY SWITCHES: All switches are manually as
shown in figure
Two wire connecter present at the exchange. If subscriber “A” want to connect
with the subscriber “B” ,he call in the exchange for connect his terminal to the
terminal of subscriber “B” .A employ is depute for connect the one subscriber to
another subscriber in exchange. Before connecting to another subscriber the
employ call another subscriber “B” that anyone want connect with you, please
connect with subscriber “A”. In exchange employ note the time up to which the
subscriber is calling. This method of switching is very old.
After this the generation of automatic switching is comes.

ELECTROMECHANICAL SWITCHING:
In field of automatic switching first ELECTROMECHANICAL SWITCHING
is comes. In this switching all the switches are electro-mechanically controlled.
Ex: if the subscriber no is 245.
Another subscriber wants to connect with the subscriber of no 245.He dial no
first 2 than 4 than 5.
A particular amount of current is generated for dialing a particular digit which
goes to a electro magnetic coil which generate a electro magnet of a particular
amount of magnetic force in a magnet which attract a particular connector in a
sequence. It was the age of relay. This type of exchange is called STRAUSER or
CROSSBAR EXCHANGE.
STATIC SWITCHES:

After the invitation of Transistor this is used is switching system then the size of
switch decreases. In this for switching transistor are used in base biasing
condition. At this time the size of transistor is very large. So the switches are also
large. Huge no of transistor are used in this switching system.
In this switching system for a subscriber, arrangement as below:

001 002 003 … … … 325 326 …

 001

002

003

325

At each crossing point a transistor are placed which is activated on proper biasing
on base of transistor. For each transistor biasing voltage is different, which is
related with the subscriber number. Transistor works in saturation and cutoff
regions. In cutoff region transistor was off and in saturation regions trainsistor is
on. This type of exchange was called ANALOG EXCHANGE.

DIGITAL SWITCHES :
When the technology is more advanced, then for switching multiplexer and de –
multiplexer, gates are used.
What’s happen that on dialing the no corresponding binary generated and
depending on the binary combination of dial no according to the certain coding the
network are switched using mux and demux .

Introduction:

The aim of maintenance is to provide good quality of service to the

subscribers & to ensure design grade of service and realize full life of
the equipment. In the electro mechanical systems and space division
 electronic telephone exchange system a large number of service and
performance indicators, testers, instruments and other manual methods
are available for carrying out the functions of operations and
maintenance. Most of the Digital Electronic Exchanges have these
functions integrated with the system itself .The E10-B digital exchange
system combines the function of switching operations and
maintenance.

There are many exchanges .some of them is:

1) E-10B
2) OCB
3) EWSD
4) 5ESS
6) C DOT: Centre for development of telematics
OCB is the improved version of E-10B.

E -10 B :Electronic Digital

(Version)
Following are the parts of E-10B :

1) CSE: Subscriber’s rack

2) URM: TAX connectivity

3) MR: Multi registers

4) MQ: Marker

5) TX: Taxer (charging unit)

6 )TR :Translator
7) CX: Switching Matrix

8) DSF: Regenerating unit

9) DMC :Operation and Maintanence centre

10) ETA: Tone generator

11) BT: Time Base

12) BDA: Announcement rack

E-10B SYSTEM BLOCKS

connections
 Frequency Reuse pattern
of 7(FDMA)

SWITCHING NETWORK

PGA

CONTROL
BDA

COMPUTER
DISK

MTU VDU LP TTY

(FI
G.3)

The switching function of the exchanges are carried out in line concentration
block and a time division group switching block The common unit such as
registers , markers and translators ,charging units ,etc control the setting up
of of calls .There are other miscellaneous equipment for generation of time
base ,alarm signals ,tones, signalling frequencies ,etc.The control principles
used for all processing may be termed as distributed control .Each of the
common unit has its own microprocessors to control the call set up. The
programmes are stored in EPROMS and the data are stored in RAMs. This
forms the portion of equipment that performs the switching, signalling and
charging functions.

The operations and maintenance of this system is controlled by the central

computer. This computer along with its peripherals is located in the
operations and maintenace room called OMC.

The OMC is connected to the exchange by one time slot of a 30 channel

PCM system . The number of exchanges that can be controlled from one
OMC depends on the lead of operations and maintenance jobs in each
exchange.

Being a digital exchange the transmission equipments also form part of the
system.These equipments comprise of analog to digital and digital to analog
converters, transmission line equipments and signalling adapter.

The maintenance of three types of equipments described above follow different

philosophies. Faults in the exchange equipments are located by the system
programmes and indicated to the maintenance staff. Depending upon the
seriousness of the faults the concerned equipment is also automatically busied to
prevent calls getting lost unnecessarily . Diagnostic programme are available
which the maintenance staff can use for locating the faults in the exchange
equipment. The result of such programmes is fairly accurate and the maintenance
staff in most of the cases is able to locate the faulty card. The first level
maintenance of the exchange equipment mainly consists of replacing the faulty
cards by good one.

Fault location in the equipment of the OMC is more difficult. No system

diagnostic programmes are available for locating faults in the computer and
its peripherals. There are test programmes of the computer manufacturer
which can be used for the purpose. Maintenance of computers and peripherals
will be carried out by specially trained groups located at regional levels.

Maintenance of transmission equipments follows the traditional approach. The

faults will have to be located using standard testers and other maintenance aids. In
the present day context where the switching and transmission system are getting
integrated, it is proper that these two should be integrated at the level of
maintenance also.

OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE FUNCTION:
♦ The main operation concerning an E-10-B exchange are the
following:-

1) Creation of new routes.

2) Deletion of existing routes.

3) Addition of trunks to an existing route.

4) Modification or incorporation of routing decision.

5) Modification of signaling on junctions.

6) Creation, addition and deletion of subscriber lines.

7) Cutting over of new services.

 8) Assignment of commands that can be used by different
TTYs.

9) Management of charging.

10) Observation of subscriber.

11) Operation involved in respect of billing complaints.

12) Handling of PG condition.

13) Calendar management

14) Operation involved in respect of system starts.

15) Preparation of magnetictapes etc

♦The function of maintenance of E10B exchange are the following:-

1) Attending to exchange alarms.

2) Handling of faults messages.

3) Running of diagnostic programmers.

4) Running of routine test on line, junctions and equipments.

5) Balancing of traffic based on traffic measurements.

6) Saving of files for use in case of troubles.

7) Measurements of time based signals.

8) Carrying out of simple software updates.

9) Preparation of proper faults history.

10) Maintenance of peripheral equipments.

11) Keeping record of action taken in case of major faults.

12) Supervision of quality of service.

 13) Traffic measurement for ensuring grade of service.

Organisation of operation
and maintenance of E-10B
exchanges:
The operation in E- 10 B is essentially an exchange level function. No highered
level assistance is required for carrying outgoing function .the method will be
standardized and guidelines will be issued to fielded units .The E-10B system
provides for carrying out the operations from any location, the team can either be
located in the exchange or at the OMC or at both places with well defined sharing
of function.

The maintenance of electronic exchanges requires the high level of well qualified
staff. The system is complex and it is difficult to impart detailed knowledge to a
large group of people. However the system provides the easy maintenance of good
quality service as a system feature itself. The alarms and the faults reports are
reported on the TTYs.Comprehensive fault diagnostic programs are available
which help to clear the defects quickly by card replacement techniques .Simple
commands by the TTY furnished detail measurements of subscribers line and trunk
its circuits .With such system features the first level maintenance of the exchange
is simplified.

In India , the operations and maintenance teams will be centralized at the level of
OMC .Most of the O and M task will be carried out from the OMC .However
individual exchanges will be manned by engineers during the day to carry out well
defined and clearly demark task .
The first level maintenance of the computer and its peripheral forming the OMC
equipment will be carried out by the P and T staff .The computer will be
maintained by card replacement technique where ever possible .The peripherals
will be maintained by replacement of spare parts of PCBs .The first line
maintenance of computer and peripherals will be done by specialist group
organized at regional levels .In the initial stages it is proposed to take the help of
computer maintenance organization for undertaking the repair works concerning
computer and peripherals of OMC .

The maintenance of transmission equipment will be entrusted to the existing

transmission group at the initial stages because the swithing engineer are not
trained in this field .Now it is planned to train the
switching engineers in the maintanence of PCM systems also and integrate the
maintanence in near future .

SUPPORT FACILITIES FOR E-10B

EXCHANGES
N.M.C

R.C S.D R.M.C R.MC R.M.C R.M.C

R.R.C

R.RC R.S.D
R.S.D

R.R.C R.S.D
R.S.D
R.R.C.
 LEGEND:
N.M.C NATIONAL MAINTANENCE CENTRE

R.M.C REGIONAL MAINTANENCE CENTRE

R.C REPAIR CENTRE

S.D STORES DEPOT

R.R.C REGIONAL REPAIR CENTRE

R.S.D REGIONAL STORES DEPOT

Regional Maintanence Centre:

The second level maintanence organisation will assist the exchanger staff in
tackling difficult faults.For providing this type of assistance four Regional
Maintenance Centers are being established one each at Bombay, Delhi ,Calcutta
and Madras .These maintenance centers will have sophisticated instruments
,testers and diagnosing faults and will be staffed with high level engineers. The
engineers in the Regional Maintenance Centers will have access to OMCs in the
the region through switched telephone network and will be able to interrogate the
system and diagnose faults with the help of TTY terminals .This facility reduces
the no. of trips which the experts have to make otherwise .The problems faced in
the field and request for the improvement will be canalized through the regional
Maintanence Centres will also provide first and second level assistance in respect
of maintanence of computer peripherals .

National Maintanence Centre:

The national Maintanence Centre will form the apex body of the organization for
operations and Maintanence of E10B system .
The complicated problem faced in the field which could not be solved at the
Regional level are tackeled by the National team.T also supervises the system and
controls its technical level to ensure same status in all the exchanges in the
country .The procedures proposed to be follwed enabling control of the technical
level of the system are explained in the fig 3. The National Maintanence Centre act
as the coordinating unit between the field units Regional Maintanence Centre ,
software center and the manufacturers.

TECHNICAL LEVEL MANAGEMENT

R.M.C

PROBLEM NOTE OR
MODIFICATION REQUEST

O.M.C

NMC
T &D

TECHNICAL
SWC FILTER

CHANGE NOTE

COST ESTIMATE

FINANCIAL FILTER

MODIFICATION
COMMIITEE
NMC,SWC
MANUFACTURER
,T&D,DIRECTORATE

(FIG .3)
VALIDA
TION
OK T &D
Main Distribution Frame :
The MDF is the part of the exchange where termination of line side
cables and switching side cables are done .Testing of subscriber lines
and protection of exchange from foreign potentials viz heavy current
and high voltage are performed .Here geogriphical order of external
cable pair are connected into numerical order. There are two blocks in
MDF :

1) NE Block:-Here switching cables are terminated .128 pairs are

available in NE block .

2) TAG Block:-Here line side cables are terminated with the

protection high voltage and current For this purpose fuses are provided
in vertical tag block.

Reading Of Tag Block :

First no.indicates the horizontal counting and the last no indicates
vertical counting and the last no. indicates particular pair of subscriber
in the tag block.

For connecting line side and exchange the jumper wire mainly of red
and white colours are used in between NE and the tag blocks .This can
also be termed as fault control .The jumper wire is used for connection
between NE block and tag block .The diagram of the primary and the
secondary of the telephone wire system is shown in the following
figure.
 PRIMARY CABLE

EXCHANGE
DP CT PILLAR CABINET

SUBSCRIBER
SECONDARY CABLES

The cabinet consist of :-

1)Cabinet device

2)Testing facility

Now a days ,delayed action tubes of 200m are used in the exchange
system.Protective device on the tag block which is through the line side
where as WEDGE is used in the NE.The WEDGE is provided for the
safety of the card .

When the fault is located on the line side ,wedge is used to save the

switching system .

To Locate The Subscriber :-

Each and every no has the MDF no . which is as the example
follows :-

8-10-5
 Here the 8 represent the horizontal no. 10 is used to represent the
verticle no. And the last digit 5 is used to indicate the pair of tag
block

There are following types of faults which are used to occur in the line
side which are solved in the MDF. There are :-

1 ) Break :– Here the line is terminated .Here the phone is dead .

2 )Cross Connections :-Here the two lines (different phone no. wires )
are crossed each other .

3 )Earth :-Here the line is earthed .

4 )NSN :-This requires low insulation. This means very low level of
earth on the line .This is the most difficult fault to predict as it is not
constant but changes according to the weather condition .When the
weather is dry then the line is clear and when there is humidity in the
weather then the line is earthed .Ring will not pass.

5 )Split :-It is the technical fault and occur when the two limb s.A limb
and the B limb crossed each other .

6 ) Short or Contact :-When the loop is formed between the two

parallel going lines a busy tone is heared .

Spares:
1)Complete PCB are stocked as spares to enable first level maintanence of
exchange equipment with card replacement technique which are expensive .An
efficient organization is therefore necessary for spares management.The
quantities and location for stocking of spares depend upon no. of factors such
as the no of cards of each type provided in the exchanges failure rate of card
,the acceptable probability of not finding the card in the stock when required
and the turn around time for repairs .

2)Taking the above point into consideration it has been decided to stock at least
one card of each type at the OMC.Four spares depots will be established in a
phased manners start in with one at Bombay . The spares depots will send the
card to the repair centre and get it repaired.

3)Detailed card replacement procedures are been laid down for efficient
management of spares .The spares depot will send the required good card on
the reciept of the telex messege without waiting for the faulty card.When the
faulty card is received at the spares depot ,it is sent to the repair centre .The
data thus collected is analysed either by using computer or manual methods for
taking preventive measures in future .

CARD EXCHANGE AND REPAIRS

EXCHANGE

OMC

REPAIR CENTRE

STORE DEPOT
 MANUFACTURER

(FIG .4 )

4) The spares depot is entrusted with the important task of updating the
technical level of the card kept in the stock .The spares depot should also
ensure that only good cards are dispatched to the exchanges.

5) Different size of printed circuit boards are being used in the system .Most
of them are large and heavy .To avoid damage, these cards will have to be
transmitted by air or by road .

Repairs:
1)The maintenance of electronic switching systems depends greately on
the reliability of the components .The failures should be minimum in
order to good quality of service and to limit the cost of support facility.
Training is to be imparted for the staff engaged in repair work . The
National Repair Centre being set up in Bombay in the fir at phased will
have the capability of repairing only 90% of the cards used in the
system .In the second phase Regional Repair Centers must be set up to
repair switching and transmission cards with high fault liability .This
would reduce the problems involved in sending the card through long
distances.

2)From the Maintenance point of view it is very important that repair

facility is available to take care of as much of equipment as possible.It
is therefore proposed to establish the repair facility for the computer
and the peripherals of OMC during the second phase.
 Software Maintanence:
Software center is being set up for maintaining the software of E10B system.
This center will study the software problems that may be faced during the
operation of E10 B system and work out solutions.The data based generation
will be done at this centre to be located with the Indian Manufacturer.

WLL-Wireless in Local
Loop
WLL is a local communication network which has essentially a wireless
based network capable of providing users access to ‘PSTN’ network and
associated facilities supporting local loop functionalities to serve udders
with voice and non-voice services .

It was dome times called fixed cellular. Normally used for rural or
unpopulated area. WLL can be quick solution for deploying telephones
infra structure. It eliminates many problem and cost inherent to wire line
loop system in certain areas. It decreases the time to deploy a network.

ADVANTAGES OVER GSM.

- Higher Capacity.

- Improve signal and reduced interference .

- Frequency Reuse distance was reduced.

REQUIREMENTS OF WILL:

• Basic services:- Voice, Fax, Low speed data

 • Supplementary services:- Call Forwarding, Call Waiting, Call Barring,
Absent SUBs service, Automatic Call Back, Conference Calling,

It is based on the CDMA technology i.e. code division multiple accessing

WLL System consists:

- BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

- BASE TRANCEIVER SUBSYSTEM (BTS)

- BASE STATION MANAGER (BSM)

- FIXED WIRELESS TERMINAL (FWT)

- MOBILE STATION (MS)

BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC):

It is Located between BTS and PSTN.Its capacity is 60,000/10,000 subscribers.It
controlles upto s48 BITs.

INTERFACE WITH PSTN

- R2/NO.7

- V5.2

BSC FUNCTIONS:

- Call processing between WLL and PSTN ,hand off.

- Trance coding 64 kbps PCM data and CDMA QCELP DATA and ECHO
CANCELLING

SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT AUTHENTICATION, MOBILITY

MANAGEMENT.

It has limited mobility.

TAX

MSC OFC
BSC OF
C BTS

BTS

BTS
BTS
Training of staff:
Training of high level staff is required for the maintenance of E10B system
.About 40000 lines of local exchange equipment and 20,000 lines of trunk
exchange equipment are in service .An engineer entering E10B course should
have undergone courses in digital techniques and fundamentals of SPC
exchanges.

Environment:
1)In E-10B system the testing of subscriber line provided as a system
feature.These feature has been designed for an external plant with a low falt
rate.Action is been taken to improve the external plant in the areas that will be
served by E-10B system and reduce the no of complaints so as to be able to
manage the line testing requirements .
2)The air condition requirement for this system are also stringent due to dense
packing of hardware .Special attention is being given to provide reliable air
condition to the E10B exchanges.
3) To tackle the poor power supply position captive power plant is
provided.The captive unit comprises of 2 gensets of full capacity with
automatic start facility .

Conclusion:
Many of the problems that could arise in the operation of the system which
has been designed to operate efficiently in a different environment than ours
and has been anticipated and steps are taken to solve them .The operations
and maintanence is being organized taking all the aspects such as spares
management,repair activities and higher level maintanence assistance into
account.

GSM
Global System for Mobiles

Telecom basic
•Communication
–Voice and Data
–Analog and Digital
–Circuit Switched and Packet Switched
–Media - Copper Wire, Co-axial cable, Air, Optical Fiber
–Networks -PSTN, ISDN, PDN and Mobile Networks

Background to GSM

•1G: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

•Analog, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
•2G: Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)
•Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
•2G: Global System for Mobile (GSM)
•Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA and TDMA, FDD
•2G: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
•Digital, Circuit Switched, CDMA, FDD

GSM History

Development of the GSM

Standard
1982:Groupe Spécial Mobile 1992:Official commercial
(GSM) launch of GSM
created service in Europe.
First Launch in
Finland

1993:The GSM-MoU has 62

signatories in 39
countries worldwide.

1985:List of recommendations
settled 1995:Specifications of GSM
phase 2 are frozen.
1987:Initial MoU (Memorandum of
Understanding) aside the
drafting of technical 1999:GSM MoU joins 3GPP
specifications was signed (UMTS)
by network operators of GPRS Trials begins
13 countries:

2000:480M GSM Network

operators
1988:Validation and trials, of the
Worldwide
radio interface.
First GPRS Networks
roll out
End 2002: 792M GSM Net
1991:First system trials are
work Operators
demonstrated at the
Worldwide
Telecom 91 exhibition.
 Circuit-Switched or Packet-Switched

Circuit Mode

Packet mode

A→F
A→F

C→G
C→G A A→F
D→H
F
B
C→G
C D→H
D→H
G

E H
 GSM Concepts - Cellular Structure
Cellular
2 Networking technology that
2 7 breaks geographic area into
7 3 1 cells shaped like honey comb
1 6
6 4 5 Cell
is the radio coverage area of one
5 base transceiver station

1. GSM900 operates at: •(Channels 125 operating band 900Mhz carrier spacing 200khz spacing
45Mhz) Types in GSM Network?

– 935 - 960MHz BTS to MS

– 890 - 915MHz MS to BTS
2. GSM1800 operates at: (Channels 374 spacing 95Mhz)

– 1805 - 1880MHz BTS to MS

– 1710 - 1785MHz MS to BTS
3. GSM1900 operates at(used in USA)

– 1930 - 1990MHz BTS to MS

– 1850 - 1910MHz MS to BTS
 GSM Network Architecture

MS

OMC MS

HLR

Other
VLR
BSCs

TR
MS BS X
C C BT
AUC S
Other
BTSs

EIR
BSS

PSTN

GSM Network Elements

–SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
•stores subscribers unique identity and services available to them
•two formats:
–credit-card size
–mini-SIM
•microprocessor
•ROM
•RAM
•EEPROM

Mobile Station (MS)

•Three key types:

–Handheld
–Transportable
–Vehicular
•Each type has a different power class
•Handhelds now so cheap that transportables and vehicular mobiles are
very rare

•Base Station Subsystem (BSS), comprised of:

–Base Transceiver System (BTS)

•Provides radio access to mobile stations
• Supports transmission and reception for a single cell
•Acts as an entry point for the mobile station into the fixed network
•Manages issues related to the radio access leaving remainder of
network to handle call related issues
•Consists of one or more transceivers together with common control
functions
•Location dependent on factors relating to radio coverage
•Cell site selection critical in cellular network requiring careful
investigation in radio propagation issues

Base Station Controller (BSC)

•Introduced into GSM network to reduce load on MSC and simplify the
BTSs
•Manages several BTSs
•Channel allocation
•Acts as a point of traffic concentration
•Controls handovers between BTSs parented to it
•Collects measurement information
•Traffic and dedicated control channel management including:
 –Frequency hopping management
–Channel management
–Power control
•Channel configuration management
Transcoder and Rate Adaption Unit (TRAU)

•Interfaces the fixed network to the radio network

•Converts data from the compressed data used across the radio interface
(13 kbps) to the 64 kbps data rate normally used at the interface to MSC
•Functionally the TRAU is part of the BSS
•Operationally part of the BSC
•Can be located at BTS, MSC or even at BSC
•With regards to transmission resources, it is more efficient to place the
TRAU at the MSC

BSS Architecture - Star

BTS 3

BTS 1
BSC

BTS 3
BTS 4

BTS 2
MSC
 BSS Architecture – Loop

BTS 1

BTS 4

BSC
MSC
BTS 2

BSS Architecture - Daisy Chain

BTS 3
BTS 4
BTS 1
 BS
C
BTS 2 MSC
Network Switching System:
•Network Switching System (NSS) consists of the MSC and its
associated databases, interfaces and networking functions:
–Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
–Home Location Register (HLR)
–Authentication Centre (AuC)
–Visitor Location Register (VLR)
–Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
–Interworking Function (IWF)
–Echo Canceller (EC)
•Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
–Provides point of interconnect (POI) with PSTN and other networks
–Signaling and networking with other networks
–Traffic switching, call routing and logging
–Controls operation of BSSs
–Controls handovers between BSCs
–Mobility management over fixed network switches
•Various databases are connected to the MSC:
–Home Location Register (HLR) :- records subscriber’s details such as services
authorized and current location
–Visitor Location Register (VLR) - records subscriber details of MSs roaming from
another network into this network
–Authentication Centre (AuC) - provides security and authentication details for
subscibers
–Equipment Identity Register (EIR) - records:
•approved MSs (white list)
•MSs to be monitored (grey list)
•barred MSs (black list)

•The MSC has associated to it interfaces and networking functions:

–The IWF provides the functionality to connect to a range of external public and private
data networks
–Echo canceller used to remove echo primarily caused by channel coding and
equalization process for the air interface
Services:

Teleservices:

•A telecom service, which is completely defined - including the terminal

equipment functions
•Three types in GSM:
 –Telephony Services
–Short Message Services
–Fax Services

Telephony Services:

•Two basic types:

–Speech Telephony
•THE basic service used whenever you make or receive a speech call
–Emergency calls
•A special service for making emergency calls

Speech Telephony:

•Transmission of speech information and fixed network signalling

tones
•Transmission can be mobile originated as well as mobile terminated
•The transmission of mobile originated DTMF tones is also provided
•Transported as a digital signal. This is a 64kb/s PCM signal in the
fixed network, and a 13kb/s RPE-LTP signal (full-rate) across the
radio interface

Emergency Calls:

•Provides standardized access to the emergency services irrespective of

the country that service is used in
•Mandatory in GSM networks
•May be initiated from a mobile without a SIM (option for the network
operator whether to accept these calls)
•Emergency calls can override any lock state that the phone may be in
•A standardized access to the emergency call (112) is used in addition to
the national emergency call code
•If the national emergency code is used the SIM must be present

Fax Services:
•GSM provides two types of FAX teleservice:
 –Speech and FAX:
This service permits the user to switch between speech and FAX services during a call
–Automatic FAX:
Supports a Group3 FAX in Auto-calling/Auto-answering mode only

Short Message Services:

Frequen
cy
Reuse
pattern
of
7(FDMA

Bearer Services:
•Unlike teleservices, bearer services simply provide a basic transmission
capability
•Protocols and functions used by DTE not defined
•Wide range of bearer services defined in GSM
Examples of GSM Bearer Services:
–Asynchronous data
–Synchronous data
–PAD access
–Packet access
–3.1kHz external to PLMN
–Non-transparent transmission
–12kbps unrestricted data
–Speech followed by data
–Unrestricted digital information
–Alternate speech and data
–Transparent transmission

SMS - Cell Broadcast:

Frequency
Reuse pattern
of 7(FDMA)

Operations and Maintenance Center:

•The Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC) controls the

operation of the GSM network
•All alarms and fault reports are directed from the individual
equipment in the network to the OMC
•OMC can rapidly detect alarms and faults in the network
•The OMC will also monitor the status of the network identifying
areas with excessive congestion
 CDMA OVERVIEW
• MULTIPLE ACCESSES
• SPREADING SPECTRUM
• CODES IN CDMA
• CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE
• POWER CONTROL
• DIVERSITY
• HAND OFFS

○ TWO METHODS FOR SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION

Exchange

Copper Local Loop

Subscriber
Exchange

FSU BTS BSC

 Wireless Local Loop

WHAT IS MULTIPLE ACCESSES?

NUMBER OF USERS ACCESS AND SHARE

• TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
• BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE
FOR COMMUNICATION AT THE SAME TIME.

MULTIPLE ACCESS

• Multiple simultaneous transmission.

• Sharing finite spectrum among large no. of simultaneous.
• No assign circuit to any
• Any user can access any circuit and may access different circuits for
different calls.
• Demand assigned circuits on first come first serves basis.
• Privacy.
• Trucking efficiency; thereby improvement in system capacity.

MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS

(
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA):
FDMA is a multiple access method in which users are assigned specific
frequency bands. The user has sole right of using the frequency band for
the entire call duration.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
In TDMA an assigned frequency band shared among a few users.
However, each user is allowed to transmit in predetermined time slots.
Hence, channelization of user is achieved through separation in time.
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

Large no of transmission are combined on the same RF channel at the same

time but are separated by “CODES”.

F TIME
R
E TDMA
Q
U TIME
E
N
C
Y

CDMA

TIME
CDMA: Code Division Multiple CDMA is a method in which users occupy
the same time and frequency allocations, and are channelized by unique assigned
codes. The signals are separated at the receiver by using a correlator that Access
accepts only signal energy from the desired channel. Undesired signals contribute
only to the noise.
A CDMA system uses effective power control process.
Advantages: -
The main advantages of this technology are:
1.Fast Network deployment.
2.Reduced service interruptions.
3.Low Maintenance & operational cost.
4.Better system coverage flexibility
5.Higher capacity
6.Easy transition to mobile services

Frequency Reuse
In CDMA reuse patterns are not required.
Subscriber in every cell can use the same frequency at the same time.
Subscriber is discriminated from another by the assignment of a unique code
to every conversation.
In GSM freq. Reuse pattern of 7 is used.

E F D
C B E F
G C B
D A G C
F D A
B E F D
C B E
A G C B

Frequency Reuse pattern of 7(FDMA)

 BROADBAND
As we know that the bandwidth of Cu-pair is very large. We use only 0-4kHz
for Audio Telephone. Rests are not used in communication system. In those
days we use the rest bandwidth of the wire for Internet purpose. The
minimum downlink speed of broadband is 256kbps.

(KHz)
0 4 26 138 1104
Audi Up Link Down Link
o

Telep
hone

Two method of connecting broadband connection:

 • Wired
1. ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber line)
2. PLC
• Wireless
1. Wi-fi(wireless fidelity )
2. Wi-Max
3. Blue tooth

NETWORK FOR BROADBAND:

SERVER
SERVER

SERVER
SERVER
XSC

VOICE
ROUTER
A1

DSLAM
ROUTER Tier 1 DATA
A2

Tier 2
SUBS
CRIB
ER
What is DSL?
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses
existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such
as multimedia and video, to subscribers
You can connect to the Internet in multiple ways.
1. Connect through a regular modem.
2. Through a local-area network connection in your office,
3. Through a cable modem or through a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
connection.
A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the provider's central
office. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data
over the Internet. The service is not available everywhere.
ADSL uses two pieces of equipment, one at the customer end and one
at the Internet service provider, telephone company or other provider of
DSL services.
At the customer's location there is a DSL transceiver, which may also
provide other services.
The DSL service provider has a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to
receive customer connections.

DSL Equipments:
The Transceiver:
Most residential customers call their DSL transceiver as a "DSL Modem."
The engineers at the telephone company or ISP call it an ATU-R. Regardless
of what it's called, it's the point where data from the user's computer or
network is connected to the DSL line.
The transceiver can connect to a customer's equipment in several ways
1. USB
2.10 base-T Ethernet connection
3.100 base-T Ethernet connection
The DSLAM:
The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that allows DSL to
happen. A DSLAM takes connections from many customers and aggregates
them into a single, high capacity connection to the Internet. DSLAMs are
generally flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in a single
central office, and different varieties of protocol and modulation. In addition,
the DSLAM may provide additional functions including routing or dynamic
IP address assignment for the customers.

Merits of DSL:
You can leave your Internet connection connected and still use the phone line
for voice calls. The speed is much higher than a regular modem. DSL doesn't
necessarily require new wiring; it can use existing phone line. The company
that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the installation.

Limitation of DSL
A DSL connection works better when you are closer to the provider's central
office. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data
over the Internet. The service is not available everywhere.

Asymmetric DSL:
Most homes and small business users are connected to an Asymmetric DSL
(ADSL) line.ADSL technology divides the available frequencies by
considering that mostof the Internet users do more download than upload.
Because of this the connection speed from the Internet to the user is three to
four times faster than the connection from the user back to the Internet.
ADSL is a Distance-sensitive Technology:
As the connection's length increases, the signal quality decreases and the
connection speed goes down.The limit for ADSL service is 18,000 feet
(5,460 meters),ADSL technology can provide maximum downstream
(Internet to customer) speeds of up to 8 megabits per second (Mbps) at a
distance of about 6,000 feet (1,820 meters), and upstream speeds of up to 640
kilobits per second(Kbps).In practice, the best speeds widely offered today
are 1.5 Mbps downstream, with upstream speeds varying between 64 and 640
Kbps.
Types of DSL:
Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) - This is a fast connection, but works only
over a short distance.
 Symmetric DSL (SDSL) - This connection, used mainly by small
businesses, doesn't allow you to use the phone at the same time, but the speed
of receiving and sending data is the same.
Rate-adaptive DSL (RADSL) - This is a variation of ADSL, but the modem
can adjust the speed of the connection depending on the length and quality of
the line.