Construction and Building Materials 151 (2017) 158–163

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Construction and Building Materials

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Properties of concrete containing polished granite waste as partial

substitution of coarse aggregate
Narendra Kumar Sharma a, Praveen Kumar a, Sanjeev Kumar a,⇑, Blessen Skariah Thomas b,
Ramesh Chandra Gupta a
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Providence College of Engineering, Chengannur, Kerala, India

h i g h l i g h t s

 Polished granite aggregate was used as a partial replacement for 20 mm coarse aggregate.
 Tests for mechanical properties and absorption was conducted.
 Studies indicate that polished granite aggregates can be used up to 20% for structural applications.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Disposal of solid waste materials is a great concern in cities all around the world. Some of these waste
Received 23 November 2016 materials are not biodegradable, which often leads to disposal crisis and environmental pollution.
Received in revised form 18 April 2017 Many efforts are being made for the recycling of different types of solid wastes with a view to utilize
Accepted 15 June 2017
them in the production of various construction materials. The granite stone industries produces vast
amount of by-product rock waste and as a result, many residential and agricultural areas are settled over
the landfills which are basically composed of these waste materials. This paper reveals the use of polished
Keywords:
granite waste from discarded tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in cement concrete. It
Polished granite waste
Abrasion
was observed that the incorporation of polished granite waste in concrete decreases the compressive,
Water permeability flexural tensile and pull-off strength, while better results were observed for water absorption, abrasion
Compressive strength and water permeability. The concrete containing polished granite waste, substituted up to 20% of natural
coarse aggregate could be recommended for all applications and the substitution from 20% to 40% could
be recommended for non-structural applications, pavement etc.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction with a positive influence on the mechanical and durability proper-

Concrete is considered as the second most consumed material
after water. It was estimated that the world consumes twenty-
five billion tonnes of concrete every year, while the Indian con-
struction industry consumes 450 million cubic metre of concrete
every year [19]. Concrete is the mixture of cement, aggregates
(coarse and fine) and water in which the aggregates constitute
65–80% of the total volume.
Due to the severe scarcity of natural aggregates for the produc-
tion of concrete, the partial substitution of aggregates with indus-
trial waste materials like slag, tire rubber, stone waste, pond ash,
foundry sand, plastic wastes etc. were proved to be very effective
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sanmfsd@gmail.com (S. Kumar).
ties. In India, about 960 million tonnes of solid waste is being gen-
erated annually as by-products during industrial, mining,
municipal, agricultural and other process. Out of this, 350 million
tonnes are organic waste from agricultural sources, 290 million
tonnes are inorganic waste of industrial and mining sectors and
4.5 million tonnes are hazardous in nature [1,2,12].
Granite is a commonly used as an ornamental stone as well as a
building material. India is one of the leading nations in the produc-
tion and export of granite and other stones, with about 110 vari-
eties of different colours and textures [20]. The granite stone
industries in India produces vast amount of by-product rock waste
and as a result, many residential and agricultural areas are settled
over the landfills which are basically composed of these waste
materials [3,4]. As the physical and chemical properties of granite
are suitable, the by-product rock wastes could be used for the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.081
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 N.K. Sharma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 151 (2017) 158–163 159

preparation of concrete as a partial replacement for fine or coarse

aggregates.
Ramos et al. [18] used granitic sludge as a partial replacement
of cement and studied the strength and durability of such a con-
crete. They observed the production of a dense matrix having high
durability without any adverse effect on strength and workability
of concrete. Joel [17] observed increase in the compressive strength
of concrete when crushed granite fines was replaced for fine aggre-
gate by 10–20%, while the addition beyond 20% lead to decrease in
compressive strength. Divakar et al. [14] observed a 22% increase
in compressive strength when 35% of fine aggregate was replaced
by granite fines. Vijayalakshmi et al. [21] studied the mechanical
and durability parameters of concrete containing 0–25% granite
powder as partial substitute for fine aggregate. Significant losses
were observed in the slump and workability with the increase in
granite powder. Comparable results were observed for compres-
sive strength, split tensile, flexural strength, chloride penetration
and carbonation resistance of the concrete for the concrete con-
taining 5–15% granite powder.
Felixkala and Partheeben [15] examined the possibility of using
granite as replacement of fine aggregate along with partial replace-
ment of cement with fly ash, silica fumes and blast furnace slag. It
was reported that the granite powder of marginal quantity as par- Fig. 1. Particle size distribution of aggregates.

tial replacement to sand had beneficial effect on the mechanical

properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexure tensile
strength, while the values of plastic and drying shrinkage of con-
crete with granite powder were less than those of ordinary con-
crete specimens.
Hamza et al. [16] recycled marble and granite waste of different
sizes in the manufacturing of concrete bricks, with full replace-
ment of conventional coarse and fine aggregates. Results on the
physical and mechanical properties of the bricks qualified them
to be used in the building sector as non-load bearing spacing con-
struction materials, where all cement brick samples tested in the
study complied with the Egyptian code requirement for structural
bricks.
All the published research works were focussed on the utiliza-
tion of granite waste as a partial substitute for cement or fine
aggregate. So, the present study aims the utilization of polished
granite waste as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate in cement
concrete.
2. Material properties and preparation of test specimens
2.1. Raw materials
Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43, conforming to IS 8112: 1989 was used
(specific gravity 3.15, fineness 2%, initial setting time obtained as 65 min and final
setting time was 110 min). Natural river sand confirming to zone II as per IS 383:
1970 (specific gravity 2.67, water absorption 1.5%, fineness modulus 2.1). Coarse
aggregates, 10 mm size (fineness modulus 6.1, water absorption 0.71) and 20 mm
size (fineness modulus 7.1, water absorption 0.2. Crushed stone were used as coarse
aggregates with an average specific gravity 2.55. Polished granite waste was used
for partial substitution of coarse aggregate (specific gravity 2.68 and water absorp-
tion 0.1%). The particle size distributions of aggregates are shown in Fig. 1.
mixtures were prepared and casted at indoor temperature of 25–30 °C. Compaction
factor tests were done on fresh concrete to determine its workability. Moulds were
covered with plastic sheets, soon after casting and de-moulded after 24 h. Curing
was done in water tank, with controlled temperature of 25–27 °C. Compression test,
flexural strength test, pull-off strength test, abrasion resistance test and water
absorption test were done on the cured specimens as per IS specifications [5–11],
water permeability test as per DIN 1048 [14].
3. Laboratory testing programme and discussions
3.1. Workability
Fresh concrete is a plastic concrete that can be moulded to any
shape. Hundred per cent compaction of fresh concrete is an impor-
tant parameter to enable maximum strength for concrete. A highly
workable concrete can ensure full compaction. Workability of con-
crete is the ease with which concrete can be mixed, handled and
compacted. There are numerous methods like slump test, compact-
ing factor test etc., to qualitatively measure the workability of con-
crete. The workability of concrete, obtained by compacting factor
test is shown in Fig. 2. From the results, it was observed that the
workability of concrete increased with the water to cement ratio
and with the amount of granite waste added. The increase in the
workability of concrete with the increase in the amount of polished
granite waste can be attributed to the less water absorption of
granite aggregate when compared to the natural aggregate. A
decreasing trend was noticed by Cordeiro et al. [13] in which the
concrete rheology was expressively affected with the use if
crushed unpolished granite aggregate. Similar loss in workability
was observed by Singh et al. [20].

2.2. Preparation of test specimens

To investigate the suitability of granite waste as a replacement for coarse aggre-
gate in concrete, M30 grade concrete was designed (as per IS 10262: 2010) with
water to cement ratio 0.38. Other water–cement ratios of 0.4 and 0.42 were also
studied. The ratio of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate were 1: 1.50:
2.79. Polished granite waste was replaced for 20 mm coarse aggregate from 0% to
40% in multiple of 10%. The mixture proportions are given in Tables 1–3. Super plas-
ticizer was used as the admixture to arrive at the desired workability (C.F. above
0.91). In these mixes, six specimens of size 100 mm  100 mm  100 mm were
casted for compressive strength test (7 and 28 days), Three specimens each for
abrasion test and water absorption, six beams of size 100 mm  100 mm  500 mm
were used for flexural strength test (7 and 28 days). Three specimens of size
150 mm  150 mm  150 mm were prepared for water permeability test. The
3.2. Bulk density of hardened concrete
The bulk densities of hardened concrete mixes were determined
as per IS 6441:1972 (Part-1) from 100 mm concrete specimens that
was water cured for 28 days. After the curing period was over, the
specimens were oven dried at 60° ± 5 °C temperature for 3 days to
get constant weight. At the end of three days, the specimens were
cooled at room temperature and the weight was taken immedi-
ately. From the results given in Fig. 3, it was observed that there
is an increase in the density of the hardened concrete with the
increase in the amount of granite waste at all water to cement
160 N.K. Sharma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 151 (2017) 158–163

Table 1
Concrete mixture proportions for the mixes with W/C = 0.38.

Ingredients; Series?
0% GW 10% GW 20% GW 30% GW 40% GW
Cement (kg/m3) 438.8 438.8 438.8 438.8 438.8
Sand (kg/m3) 618.6 618.6 618.6 618.6 618.6
10 mm (kg/m3) 686.4 686.4 686.4 686.4 686.4
20 mm (kg/m3) 478 430.2 382.4 334.6 286.8
Granite (kg/m3) 0 49.08 98.16 147.2 196.32
Water (kg/m3) 179.5 179.5 179.5 179.5 179.5
Admixture (kg/m3) 4.82 4.82 4.82 4.82 4.82

Table 2
Concrete mixture proportions for the mixes with W/C = 0.40.

Ingredients; Series?
0% GW 10% GW 20% GW 30% GW 40% GW
3
Cement (kg/m ) 418.625 418.625 418.625 418.625 418.625
Sand (kg/m3) 631.7 631.7 631.7 631.7 631.7
10 mm (kg/m3) 688.9 688.9 688.9 688.9 688.9
20 mm (kg/m3) 479.47 431.5 383.58 335.63 287.7
Granite (kg/m3) 0 49.2 98.47 147.7 196.94
Water (kg/m3) 180 180 180 180 180
Admixture (kg/m3) 3.77 3.77 3.77 3.77 3.77

Table 3
Concrete mixture proportions for the mixes with W/C = 0.42.

Ingredients; Series?
0% GW 10% GW 20% GW 30% GW 40% GW
Cement (kg/m3) 398.7 398.7 398.7 398.7 398.7
Sand (kg/m3) 646.05 646.05 646.05 646.05 646.05
10 mm (kg/m3) 692.15 692.15 692.15 692.15 692.15
20 mm (kg/m3) 481.74 433.57 385.4 337.2 289.04
Granite (kg/m3) 0 49.47 98.94 148.4 197.86
Water (kg/m3) 179 179 179 179 179
Admixture (kg/m3) 2.79 2.79 2.79 2.79 2.79

Fig. 3. Bulk density of concrete having polished granite.

Fig. 2. Workability by compaction factor test.
ratios. This increase can be mainly because of the higher specific
gravity of the granite waste when compared to the natural
aggregates.
3.3. Compressive strength
Concrete specimens of size 100 mm  100 mm  100 mm were
prepared with varying percentages of granite waste aggregate and
varying water-cement ratios. The specimens were de-moulded
after 24 h and tested for compressive strength after 7 and 28 days
of water curing as per the directions given in IS 516: 1959. Speci-
mens stored in water were tested immediately after removal from
the water, while they are still in the wet condition. Surface water
and grit were wiped off the specimens with a dry cloth and the
projecting fins were removed. The results showing the variation
in compressive strength at 7 and 28 days (average of three test val-
ues) are given in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively.
 N.K. Sharma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 151 (2017) 158–163 161

From the results, it was observed that the compressive strength

at 7 and 28 days of curing has exhibited a decreasing trend with
the increase in the amount of granite waste. In the case of the spec-
imens with water to cement ratio of 0.38, the 28 day compressive
strength of the control specimen was 42.1 MPa. It reduced to 41.4,
38.8, 35.4 and 32.8 MPa when the substitution was 10, 20, 30 and
40% respectively. A compressive strength above 30 MPa was
obtained in all the mixes. In the case of concrete specimens with
water to cement ratio of 0.40 and 0.42, the strength above
30 MPa was observed in the mixes containing up to 30% granite
waste. The reason for this reduction in compressive strength may
be because of the smooth and shining appearance of two surfaces
of the granite particles occurred due to polishing. So, the bond
between the polished surface and the cement matrix will not be
as strong as that of the bonding with the natural aggregates having
a rough surface. However, Bacarji et al. [3] noticed no significant
change in concrete strength and rheology containing unpolished
marble and granite residues at a very low 5% replacement level.
Binici et al. [4] replaced natural aggregates with granite waste of Fig. 5. Compressive strength at 28 days.
greater specific gravity and observed an improvement in mechan-
ical properties and chemical resistance at higher replacement
levels.

3.4. Flexural tensile strength test

Concrete beams of size 100 mm  100 mm  500 mm were

casted with varying percentages of polished granite and varying
water–cement ratios. The specimens were water cured and tested
on a flexural testing apparatus for 7 and 28 days as per the instruc-
tions given in IS 516: 1959. The results showing the variations in
flexural strength (average of three test values) of the specimens
are given in Fig. 6. From the results, it can be observed that the
flexural tensile strength follows the trend of the compressive
strength. The strength was gradually decreasing with the increase
in the amount of granite waste and with the increase in water to
cement ratio. At the water to cement ratio of 0.38, the flexural ten-
sile strength of control concrete was 5.5 MPa, while it was 5.41,
5.29, 5.02 and 4.85 MPa when the amount of granite waste was
10, 20, 30 and 40% respectively. The weak bonding of the polished
granite aggregate can be the reason for the reduction in strength. Fig. 6. Flexural tensile strength at 28 days.

3.5. Pull-off strength
Pull-off strength can be defined as the tensile strength on the
cover zone of concrete. This test was performed as per BS 1881 Part
207:1992 using 150 mm concrete specimens after 28 day curing.
The oven dried specimens were surface cleaned and then 50 mm
diameter iron discs were perfectly bonded on the surface of
concrete using an epoxy adhesive. The standard loading rate of
5–10 kN/min was applied only after 24 h of pasting with the epoxy
adhesive. The force that was required to pull-off the disc, along
with the surface area of the concrete was measured as the pull-
off strength.
From the results given in Fig. 7, it can be noticed that the bond
strength decreases with the increase in the amount of granite
waste and with the increase in the water to cement ratio. The weak
bonding between the cement and the polished granite surface may
be the reason behind the reduction pattern in pull-off strength
(Fig. 8). It was observed that the pull-off strength results closely
followed the results of the compressive and flexural tensile
strength. This follows the findings reported by Pereira and
Medeiros [19], who mentioned that the results of the compressive
strength and pull off strength exhibit the same pattern.

3.6. Resistance to abrasion

The abrasion resistance test was performed to measure the

resistance of the concrete specimens to wear. The tests were
Fig. 4. Compressive strength at 7 days. performed according to IS 1237: 1980 using 28 days cured
162 N.K. Sharma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 151 (2017) 158–163

Fig. 9. Abrasion depth of concrete samples with polished granite.

Fig. 7. Pull off strength at 28 days.
at 60° ± 5 °C for 3 days and then kept at room temperature for
one day (24 h) and weight W1 was taken. Then specimens were
immersed in water such that about 50 mm water was maintained
on the top surface of the specimen. After 48 h, the specimens were
taken out of the water and allowed to drain for 1 min by placing
them on a dry cloth and the final weight W2 was taken immedi-
ately. The measured water absorption was expressed as a percent-
age of the dry weight of the specimen.
From the results given in Fig. 10, it could be noticed that the
water absorption gradually decreases with the increase in the
amount of granite waste. When the water to cement ratio was
0.38, the water absorption of control concrete was 3%. The absorp-
tion reduced to 2.9, 2.6, 2.2 and 1.9% when the replacement was 10,
20, 30 and 40% respectively. The reason for the reduced water
absorption in concrete containing more granite waste may be
because of the less water absorbing property of the granite waste
when compared to the natural aggregates.

3.8. Water penetration test

Fig. 8. SEM image showing the weak bond between polished granite aggregate and
cement paste. The permeability of water in concrete is one of the significant
factors to determine the durability properties of concrete. Perme-
concrete specimens of 100 mm  100 mm  100 mm (which were ability is mainly related to porosity, and it is possible to reduce
oven dried at 65 ± 5 °C for 5 days). A suitable abrasive powder was the porosity in concrete with an adequate cement content, proper
used and a load of 600 N was applied on the specimen. As per IS water to cement ratio and by proper curing of the specimens. For
1237, in general purpose tiles, the average maximum wear shall
not exceed 3.5 mm and wear on any individual specimen shall
not exceed 4 mm. For heavy duty floors, it is 2 mm and 2.5 mm,
respectively. The abrasion resistance values of the concrete sam-
ples are given in Fig. 9 (average of three test values). From the
results, it is understood that the specimens containing more gran-
ite waste are more resistant to abrasion. In the series with water to
cement ratio 0.38, the depth of abrasion of the control specimen
was 1.501 mm. The abrasion depths for the specimens containing
10, 20, 30 and 40% of granite were 1.418, 1.349, 1.269 and
1.215 mm respectively. A similar pattern, but more losses were
observed in the specimens when the water to cement ratios was
0.40 and 0.42. As the depth of abrasion in all the specimens were
less than 2 mm, they could be implemented in both general pur-
pose floor tiles and heavy duty floor tiles.

3.7. Water absorption test

The test for water absorption was done as per ASTM C 642
(2006) using 100 mm concrete specimens after 28 days of water
curing. The concrete specimens were dried in a ventilated oven Fig. 10. Water Absorption of concrete samples with polished granite.
 N.K. Sharma et al. / Construction and Building Materials 151 (2017) 158–163
Fig. 11. DIN permeability of concrete samples with polished granite.
performing the test as per DIN: 1048 (part 5), three concrete spec-
imens of size 150 mm  150 mm  150 mm were taken, oven
dried and weighed after of 28 days of water curing. Then they were
placed on the plates of the water penetration apparatus in such a
manner that the direction of water pressure (0.5 N/mm2) was nor-
mal to the direction of concrete filled in the mould. After three days
of exposure, the pressure got released and the specimens were
taken out, weighed and then split through the centre to measure
the depth of water penetrated.
The results, given in Fig. 11 shows that the addition of granite
wastes had a positive effect on water penetration and is following
the trend of the water absorption. The depth of water penetration
decreased with the increase in the amount of water absorption.
When we consider the series with water to cement ratio of 0.38,
the penetration depth for control concrete was 5.44 cm. The values
were 5.1, 4.84, 4.54 and 4.45 for the specimens containing 10, 20,
30 and 40% polished granite waste. Similar trend can be observed
in the series with water to cement ratio of 0.40 and 042. The addi-
tion of granite coarse aggregates might have reduced the porosity
of the concrete by providing better packing density, which in turn
reduced the depth of water penetration.
4. Conclusions
To investigate the suitability of granite waste as a replacement
for coarse aggregate in concrete, M30 grade concrete was designed
(as per IS 10262: 2010) with water to cement ratio 0.38. Other
water–cement ratios of 0.4 and 0.42 were also studied. The ratio
of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate were 1: 1.50:
2.79. Polished granite waste was replaced for 20 mm coarse aggre-
gate from 0% to 40% in multiple of 10%. Tests were performed to
determine the workability, bulk density, water absorption, water
penetration, compressive and flexural tensile strength, pull-off
strength and resistance to abrasion. On the basis of experimental
results, the following conclusions can be drawn.
Workability of concrete increases with the increase in the
amount of granite waste. This can be due to the minimum water
absorption by granite when compared to natural aggregates. The
density of concrete containing granite increases due to its high
163
specific gravity. Water absorption and depth of water penetration
decreased with the increase in the amount of water absorption.
The addition of granite coarse aggregates might have reduced the
porosity of the concrete by providing better packing density, which
in turn reduced the depth of water penetration.
The compressive strength and flexural tensile strength of the
concrete has gradually reduced with the amount of granite waste
added. This reduction in strength can be because of the weak bond-
ing between the surface of polished granite and the cement paste.
Concrete specimens containing natural aggregate can give more
strength as the rough surface can produce stronger bonding.
So, the concrete containing polished granite waste up to 20% of
natural coarse aggregate could be recommended for all applica-
tions and the substitution from 20% to 40% could be recommended
for non-structural applications, pavement etc.
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