7.

4 Energy Balances on Open Systems

  How are open systems control volumes different from

closed systems
  What effect does this have on the energy balance?

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 Some common open system steady flow devices

Only one in and one out

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 Mixer

Heat Exchanger
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Application of First Law - Conservation of
energy for a control volume

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General Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady
State

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7- 7
Example 4 (…. Recalling example 1 (no. 3))
Air at 300oC and 130 kPa flows through a horizontal 7 cm ID pipe at a
velocity of 42 m/sec

7 cm ID
Air
1 Q 2
T1 =300oC T2 =400oC
P1=130 kPa P2=130 kPa
V1 = 42 m/s V2 = ? m/s

a)  Write and simplify the energy balance

b)  Calculate the rate of kinetic energy (W), if the air is heated to 400oC at constant
pressure, assuming ideal gas behaviour
c)  Why would be correct to say that the rate of heat transfer to the gas equals the rate
of change of kinetic energy? Why?

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Example 4 (Solution)
a)  Write and simplify the energy balance

ΔE = ΔU + ΔEk + ΔEp

b)  Calculate Ek (W), assuming ideal gas behaviour

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Example 4 (Solution)
c)  If the air is heated to 400oC at constant pressure what is ΔEk (300oC !
400oC)?

d)  Why would be incorrect to say that the rate of heat transfer to the gas in
part (c) must equal the rate of change of kinetic energy?

ΔE = ΔU + ΔEk ….hence ΔE ≠ ΔEk

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7.4a Types of Work

Recall …. How energy can be transferred across

boundaries of

a closed system ?

an open system?

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For open systems, two types of work involved

Shaft work , Ws….. Work done by a moving part of a system

Flow works , Wfl (PV) ….. Work done to put a mass of substance
into/outside of system boundary

Consider pipe full of flowing fluid (flow due to ∆P where ∆P = P1 – P2):

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Consider volume defined by dashed lines “system”, where V = A·L

1 2

1 2

where P1V1 is work done on system while P2V2 is work done by

system on surroundings

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7.4b Specific properties and Enthalpy

Total Energy of a flowing fluid (open system)

The fluid possesses an additional form of Shaft work

energy –the flow energy (flow work)

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Example 5

a.  Oxygen at 150 K and 41.64 atm has a tabulated specific volume of
4.684 cm3/g and a specific internal energy of 1706 J/mol. Calculate
the specific enthalpy of oxygen this state.

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 Example 6

b.  Superheated steam at 5 bar and 200 oC has a tabulated specific

internal energy of 2643 kJ/kg. Calculate the specific enthalpy of steam
this state assuming ideal gas behaviour.

Compare the specific volume & enthalpy with the values in Table B.5 7- 16
Working session 2

A horizontal cylinder equipped with a frictionless piston contains 785

cm3 of steam at 400 K and 125 kPa. A total of 83.8 joules of heat is
transferred to the steam, causing the steam temperature to rise and
the cylinder volume to increase. A constant restraining force is
maintained on the piston throughout the expansion, so that the
pressure exerted by the piston on the steam remains constant at 125
kPa. The final steam temperature is 480 K. Assuming ideal gas
behaviour, calculate

a.  the expansion work done (Joule) by the steam

b.  the change in internal energy (Joule) of the steam

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Working session 2 (Solution)

State 1 :
1 2
V1 = 785 cm3 , T1 = 400K,
P1 = 125 KPa

State 2 :
V2 = ? cm3, T2 = 480K, Wpiston = ? J
Q = 83.8 J
P2 = 125 kPa

a.  the expansion work done (Joule) by the steam

Wpiston = P2V2 – P1V1 = P(V2-V1)

and V2 = nRT2/P2 or
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Working session 2 (Solution)
Thus, V2 = 942 cm3, and

Wpiston = P(V2-V1)

b.  the change in internal energy (Joule) of the steam

General energy bal. for closed system

ΔU + ΔPE + ΔKE = Q – Wpiston

Assumption : ΔPE = 0, ΔKE = 0

ΔU = Q – Wpiston = 83.6 – 19.5 = 64.1 J

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7.4c Energy balance on an open system at steady
state

Input - Output = Accumulation

The flow work is This work represents everything but the

included in the
flow work
enthalpy term

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Energy Balance on Open Systems at Steady State

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For an open system what is ∆E equal to?

•  Is it adiabatic? (if yes, Q = 0)

•  Are there moving parts, e.g. pump, compressor, turbine ?
(if no, Ws = 0)
•  Does the average velocity of the fluid change between the
input and the output? ? (if no, ΔKE = 0)
•  Is there a change in elevation of the system between the
input and the output? ? (if no, ΔPE = 0 )
•  Does temperature, phase, chemical composition or
pressure change? (if no to all, ΔH = 0)
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Single Stream Steady Flow System

 Nozzles
 Diffusers
 Turbines
 Compressors
Often the change in kinetic energy of
 Throttling Valve the fluid is small, and the change in
potential energy of the fluid is small

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Nozzles and Diffusers
A nozzle is a device that
increases the velocity of a
nozzle
fluid at the expense of
pressure

A diffuser is a device that

diffuser
slows a fluid down

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Example

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 Nozzles and Diffusers

Is there work in this system? NO

Nozzles and Diffusers

Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored

Does the fluid change
elevation? NO

enthalpy is converted
into kinetic energy
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Turbines and Compressors
high p high p

low p low p

turbine compressor

A turbine is a device that A compressor is a device that

produces work at the expense increases the pressure of a
of temperature and pressure fluid by adding work to the
system
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 Is there work in this system? Yes!
Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation? Usually it can be ignored
Does the kinetic energy change? Usually it can be ignored

enthalpy is converted into work

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Throttling Valve

A throttling valve reduces the

fluid pressure

For example, the water that

comes into your house goes
through a throttling valve, so
it doesn’t have excessive
pressure in your home.

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Is there work in this system? NO
Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation? NO
Does the fluid change velocity? Usually it can be ignored

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  hin = hout
  Pin > Pout

  For gases that are not ideal, the temperature goes down
in a throttling valve
  For ideal gases
"  ΔH = Cp ΔT

"  But ΔH = 0
"  So… ΔT = 0

"  The inlet and outlet temperatures are the same!!!

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Mixing Chamber
Mixing two or more fluids is a
common engineering process

Mixing
Chamber

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 Mixing Chamber

We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream

Is there any work done? No

Is there any heat transferred? No
Is there a velocity change? No
Is there an elevation change? No
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Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger is a device

where two moving fluids
exchange heat without
mixing.

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 Energy balance is the same as a mixing
chamber, but…
"  Two inlets
"  Two outlets

 Material Balance
"  Divide into two separate streams with equal inlet
and outlet flow rates

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