POWERPLANTS

A power station also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating

station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Most power

stations contain one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into

electrical power. The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electrical

current. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the

world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity. Others use nuclear

power, but there is an increasing use of cleaner renewable sources such as solar, wind, wave and

hydroelectric.

LIST OF POWERPLANTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Hydroelectric
Hydroelectricity is electricity made by generators that are pushed by movement of water. It is

usually made with dams that block a river to make a reservoir or collect water that is pumped there.

When the water is released, the pressure behind the dam forces the water down pipes that lead to a

turbine. This causes the turbine to turn, which turns a generator which makes electricity.

This renewable energy method makes about one sixth of the world's electricity. It produces less

pollution than the fires of steam engines do. Some places such as Norway and Quebec get most of their

electricity this way.

ADVANTAGES

The way the electricity is produced does not harm the environment as much as fossil fuels like oil or coal

do. Hydroelectricity is very powerful and safe, and produces no waste.

 The chief advantage of hydroelectric dams is their ability to handle seasonal (as well as daily)

high peak loads. When the electricity demands drop, the dam simply stores more water. Water that has

been stored in a reservoir can be released (let go) when needed, so the energy can be made quickly.

Some electricity generators use water dams to store excess energy (often during the night), by using the

electricity to pump water up into a basin. Electricity can be generated when demand increases. This

controllability also makes hydroelectricity a good match for less controllable intermittent energy

sources. When the wind is not blowing or the sun is not shining, hydroelectricity can be created.

DISADVANTAGE

The building of large dams to hold water can damage the environment. In 1983, the Australian

government stopped the Tasmanian state government from building a dam on the Gordon River in

Tasmania after a huge public protest.[2] The dam would have flooded the Franklin River. The Three

Gorges Dam in China is the world's largest hydroelectricity project. The dam has flooded a huge area,

meaning that 1.2 million people had to be moved. Scientists are concerned about many problems with

the dam, such as pollution, silt, and the danger of the dam wall breaking

EXAMPLES OF HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 SAN ROQUE DAM IN PANGASINAN

The 345 MW San Roque hydroelectric Multipurpose Power Project in San Manuel, Pangasinan is

a peaking plant that was constructed by a consortium composed of Marubeni Corporation, Site

Philippines Holdings, Inc. and Italian-Thai Development Public Issuer Limited pursuant to a PPA with NPC

under a BOT scheme.

The San Roque Power Plant utilizes the Agno River for peaking power, irrigation, flood control

and water quality improvement for the surrounding region and comprises three power generation units

of 115 MW each. The San Roque Power Plant provides an annual energy generation of 1,065 GWh from

the 345-MW hydroelectric power plant, the irrigation of approximately 34,450 hectares of agricultural

land, storage of water that would otherwise flood the Pangasinan plains, and improvement of water

quality of the Agno River which, otherwise, would pollute the downstream rivers. On December 15,

2009, SPDC (San Roque) successfully bid for the appointment to be the IPPA for the San Roque Power

Plant and received a notice of award on December 28, 2009. SPDC (San Roque) assumed administration

of the San Roque Power Plant on January 26, 2010 in accordance with an IPPA agreement with PSALM.

Hydroelectric
Location
Capa
Statio city Operat Commissi R
Status
n (MW or oned ef
) Communit
Coordinates
y

Agus 1
Hydroele Marawi
Operatio
ctric 80.00 1994 City, Lanao
nal
Power del Sur
Plant
 Location
Capa
Statio city Operat Commissi R
Status
n (MW or oned ef
) Communit
Coordinates
y

Ambukla
o
Hydroele Bokod, Operatio
105.00 2011
ctric Benguet nal
Power
Plant

Agus 6
Hydroele Iligan City,
Operatio
ctric 200.00 1953, 1977 Lanao del
nal
Power Norte
Plant

Agusan 2
Manolo
Hydroele First Gen [1]
Fortich, Operatio
ctric 1.60 Corporatio 1957
Damilag, 8°21′9″N124°46′8″E nal
Power n [2]
Bukidnon
Plant

Ampoha Sablan, Operatio [3]

8.00 1991,1997
w Hydro Benguet nal
Angat 1968, 1978, Norzagaray, Operatio
256.00
Dam 1992 Bulacan nal
Bakun
Alilem, Operatio [3]
AC 70.00 2001
Ilocos Sur nal
Hydro
Baligatan
Hydroele National
ctric Irrigation Ramon, Operatio
6.00 1987 16°48′27.57″N121°27′0.
Power Administr Isabela nal
74″E
Plant ation
(BHPP)
Bineng La Trinidad, Operatio [3]
3.20 1991,1994
Hydro 1 Benguet nal
Bineng La Trinidad, Operatio [3]
2.00 1991, 1996
Hydro 2 Benguet nal
Bineng La Trinidad, Operatio [3]
0.75 1992
Hydro 2b Benguet nal
 Location
Capa
Statio city Operat Commissi R
Status
n (MW or oned ef
) Communit
Coordinates
y

Bineng 1992, 1994, La Trinidad, Operatio [3]

4.50
Hydro 3 1996 Benguet nal
Binga
Hydroele
Itogon, Beng Operatio
ctric 140.00 2013
uet nal
Power
Plant
Bubunaw
an Run of
River First Gen Under
Agusan Del [2][4]
Hydroele 32.00 Corporatio 2021 construct
Norte
ctric n ion
Power
plant
Ferdinand
Bakun, Operatio [3]
L Singit 5.90 1993
Benguet nal
Hydro
Irisan Tuba, Operatio [3]
3.80 2011
Hydro 1 Benguet nal
Irisan Tuba, Operatio [3]
1.20 1991
Hydro 3 Benguet nal
Kalayaan
Pumped-
Storage Kalayaan, Operatio
685.00 1983
Hydroele Laguna 14°19′2″N121°28′27″E nal
ctric
Project
Lon-oy, San
Lon-oy Operatio [3]
3.60 1993 Gabriel, La
Hydro nal
Union
Lower
Bakun, Operatio [3]
Labay 2.40 1993
Benguet nal
Hydro
Magat Ramon, Operatio
360.00 1984
Dam Isabela 16°49′03″N121°27′11″E nal
Pulangi
IV
Maramag, Operatio
Hydroele 255.00 1986
Bukidnon nal
ctric
Power
 Location
Capa
Statio city Operat Commissi R
Status
n (MW or oned ef
) Communit
Coordinates
y

Plant
Pantaban
gan -
Masiway First Gen
1977, 1980, Pantabangan, Operatio
Hydroele 132.00 Corporatio 15°48′40.7268″N121°06′ [2]
2010 Nueva Ecija nal
ctric n 29.7396″E
Power
Plant
Sal-
Itogon, Operatio [3]
Angan 2.40 1991
Benguet nal
Hydro
San
San Manuel and S
Operatio
Roque 345.00 2003 an
14°43′00″N121°05′00″E nal
Dam Nicolas Pang
asinan
Santa Cruz,
Sibulan Operatio [3]
16.50 2010 Davao del
Hydro A nal
Sur
Santa Cruz,
Sibulan Operatio [3]
26.00 2010 Davao del
Hydro B nal
Sur
Brgy.
Talomo Operatio [3]
1.00 1992 Malagos,
Hydro 1 nal
Davao City
Talomo Brgy. Mintal, Operatio [3]
0.60 2005
Hydro 2 Davao City nal
Talomo Brgy. Mintal, Operatio [3]
0.65 2005
Hydro 2A Davao City nal
Talomo Brgy. Mintal, Operatio [3]
0.30 2005
Hydro 2B Davao City nal
Brgy.
Talomo Catalunan Operatio [3]
1.92 2005
Hydro 3 Pequeño, nal
Davao City
Under-
Sabangan Sabangan, [3]
14.00 2015 Construc
Hydro Mt. Province
tion
[3]
Linao 3.00 2014 Oriental Operatio
 Location
Capa
Statio city Operat Commissi R
Status
n (MW or oned ef
) Communit
Coordinates
y

Cawayan Mindoro nal

Mini-
Hydro
Power
Plant

Total
 GEOTHERMAL

Geothermal power is power generated by geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry

steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal

electricity generation is currently used in 24 countries,[1] while geothermal heating is in use in 70

countries.[2]

As of 2015, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to 12.8 gigawatts (GW), of which 28

percent or 3,548 megawatts are installed in the United States. International markets grew at an average

annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected

to reach 14.5–17.6 GW by 2020.[3] Based on current geologic knowledge and technology the GEA

publicly discloses, the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) estimates that only 6.9 percent of total

global potential has been tapped so far, while the IPCC reported geothermal power potential to be in

the range of 35 GW to 2 TW. Countries generating more than 15 percent of their electricity from

geothermal sources include El Salvador, Kenya, the Philippines, Iceland, New Zealand and Costa Rica.

Geothermal power is considered to be a sustainable, renewable source of energy because the

heat extraction is small compared with the Earth's heat contents. The greenhouse gas emissions of

geothermal electric stations are on average 45 grams of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour of electricity,

or less than 5 percent of that of conventional coal-fired plants.

As a source of renewable energy for both power and heating, geothermal has the potential to

meet 3-5% of global demand by 2050. With economic incentives, it is estimated that by 2100 it will be

possible to meet 10% of global demand.

POWER STATION TYPES

Geothermal power stations are similar to other steam turbine thermal power stations in that

heat from a fuel source (in geothermal case, the Earth's core) is used to heat water or another working

fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of a generator, thereby producing electricity. The

fluid is then cooled and returned to the heat source.

Dry steam power stations

Dry steam stations are the simplest and oldest design. This type of power station is not found very often,

because it requires a resource that produces dry steam, but is the most efficient, with the simplest

facilities. In these sites, there may be liquid water present in the reservoir, but no water is produced to

the surface, only steam. Dry Steam Power directly uses geothermal steam of 150 °C or greater to turn

turbines. As the turbine rotates it powers a generator which then produces electricity and adds to the

power field. Then, the steam is emitted to a condenser. Here the steam turns back into a liquid which

then cools the water. After the water is cooled it flows down a pipe that conducts the condensate back

into deep wells, where it can be reheated and produced again. At The Geysers in California, after the

first thirty years of power production, the steam supply had depleted and generation was substantially

reduced. To restore some of the former capacity, supplemental water injection was developed during

the 1990s and 2000s, including utilization of effluent from nearby municipal sewage treatment facilities.
Flash steam power stations

Flash steam stations pull deep, high-pressure hot water into lower-pressure tanks and use the

resulting flashed steam to drive turbines. They require fluid temperatures of at least 180 °C, usually

more. This is the most common type of station in operation today. Flash steam plants use geothermal

reservoirs of water with temperatures greater than 360 °F (182 °C). The hot water flows up through

wells in the ground under its own pressure. As it flows upward, the pressure decreases and some of the

hot water boils into steam. The steam is then separated from the water and used to power a

turbine/generator. Any leftover water and condensed steam may be injected back into the reservoir,

making this a potentially sustainable resource.

Binary cycle power stations

Binary cycle power stations are the most recent development, and can accept fluid

temperatures as low as 57 °C The moderately hot geothermal water is passed by a secondary fluid with

a much lower boiling point than water. This causes the secondary fluid to flash vaporize, which then

drives the turbines. This is the most common type of geothermal electricity station being constructed

today. Both Organic Rankine and Kalina cycles are used. The thermal efficiency of this type station is

typically about 10–13%.

 EXAMPLES OF GEOTHERMAL IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Makiling-Banahaw (Mak-Ban, also known as Bulalo) geothermal field was the second

geothermal resource (after the Tiwi Field) developed by Chevron Geothermal Philippine Holdings, Inc.

(CGPHI) under a service contract executed in 1971 with the National Power Corporation. The deep

discovery well, Bul-1, was drilled in 1974.Commercial production began in 1979 with the operation of

the first two 55MWe generating units. Capacity was increased to 220MWe in 1980 and then to 330MWe

in1984, with the six 55MWe units installed in three power plants. Six binary bottoming-cycle plants

totaling15.73MWe were installed in early 1994 followed by two20MWe steam turbine units in 1995 and

further two20MWe units in 1996, bringing installed capacity to425.73MWe. In 2004-05, four units were

rehabilitated bringing the current field wide installed capacity to458.53MWe. However, the present plan

is to base-load Mak-Ban at 402MWe with 40MWe on stand-by, plus the binary plants.

Mak-Ban is a remarkable example of a stable, relatively problem-free geothermal reservoir,

based on its performance during these 30 years. During the first few years, reservoir pressures drew

down rapidly resulting in the expansion of the two-phase zone with increased discharge enthalpy and

steam flash as the main effect on production. More recently, however, the reservoir has been affected

by marginal recharge, injectate and meteoric water. The main effect of these fluids is seen in a decrease

in average steam flash which was greater than 50% up to 2001 and is about 43% in 2008. Technical and

operational measures have been taken to mitigate the effects of these various fluids on the resource

and on generation. In the last 30 years, the Mak-Ban field operation has generated a total of 61,827

GWh of electricity saving the government from importing 114.67 million barrels of oil equivalent

(MBOE). This high level of generation has been supported by an area of only ~7 km2, for a production

density level of about ~57MWe/km2, with only modest declines. This is a very high density when
compared to geothermal fields worldwide. The recent drilling program has accessed hotter, high

pressure reserves deeper into the reservoir and the results are very encouraging. CGPHI therefore looks

forward to many years of continued operation of thIs excellent geothermal resource.

MAKBAN GEOTHERMALPOWERPLANTS
 SOLAR ENERGY

A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using

photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power

systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

Photovoltaic converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic

power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation

located in the Mojave Desert, California. Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente

Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished),[3] and

the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.

Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP

CSP (also known as solar thermal) is often branded an emerging technology, but the first

plants have been around for decades. The 14MW SEGS I and 30MW SEGS II plants near Daggett in the

Mojave Desert in California were built in 1985. (SEGS stands for Solar Energy Generating System). The

plants use parabolic trough technology that uses curved mirrors to reflect sunlight onto a receiver

containing fluids – in this case oils and synthetic fluids. That creates steam and drives a turbine. Now

the owners, Cogentrix, owned by the Carlyle Group, are looking to upgrade the plant and possibly add

storage as it seeks a new PPA to cover the next 20 years of operations.

HISTORY OF SOLAR ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

In 2014, SM North Edsa (Quezon City) became the world’s largest solar-powered mall. This
gigantic mall has 5,760 solar panels and 60 inverters outfitted on its parking building, enough
power to energize 1000 households. The 1.5-MW plant’s capacity is expected to operate for
the next 25 years and predictable to offset an approximated 40,000 tons of carbon dioxide
emission, which is about equivalent to planting 200,000 trees.
Manuel L. Quezon University (Quiapo, Manila) also begun using solar power by installing 320
solar panels on its rooftop. The solar panels can produce about 96 kilowatts of electricity. The
solar project can lower the school’s electricity consumption by 20% for its continuous
operation. Moreover, MLQU is the Manila’s first solar-powered university.

2015
Currently, Robinsons Palawan runs its elevators, escalators, and light fixtures with the 4,710
solar panels installed on its rooftop. The solar panels can cover about 20% of the mall’s
electricity consumption. Apart from its Palawan branch, Robinsons will also set up solar
panels on three of its branches in Visayas.

2016
The Calatagan Solar Farm has been starting to generate power last March 2016. The solar
farm is a 63.3 MW solar power plant located in Calatagan, Batangas. It has 200,000 panels
and has a 160 hectares (500 acres) land area. Instead of being used for growing crops such as
corn or rice, the land was converted to a large solar farm to generate enough energy to
provide power to the whole western Batangas. With continuous operation (over three
decades), the solar farm is expected to offset beyond 1 million tons of carbon dioxide
emission. This is equivalent to planting over 5 million trees! Calatagan Solar Farm is
considered to be the largest solar facility in the country to date.
On March 2016, 3 more solar power plants have begun to be operational. These are the 135-
MW solar power plant in Negros Occidental, 50-MW solar project in Tarlac, and 29-MW solar
project in Davao. This will add 214 MW to the country’s electrical supply.
Solar energy and other renewable energy projects have been around for many years.
Fortunately, many households and establishments are embracing the green revolution by
using various renewable resources, such as solar energy.