UNIT II

I. READING COMPREHENSION & VOCABULARY

MIGRATION

After swimming hundreds of miles out to sea, how do salmon find their way back to
the stream in which they were born? How do long-distance migratory birds reach winter
habitats and then return to the same breeding ground thousands of miles away in the
spring? Animals rely on variety of mechanisms to accomplish impressive navigation feats.
Some birds are simply programmed to fly in a certain direction, for a certain period of time.
European warblers, for example, have an internal compass and clock that triggers them to
fly southwest for 40 days and then southeast for 20 to 30 days, taking them from Central
Europe through Spain, across Gibraltar, then into southern Africa. But many birds and other
vertebrates travel longer distances and relatively smaller targets (Africa is a big target),
requiring them to judge their position relative to home. In other words, they have a “map”
sense.
Navigation is sometimes as simple as following a temperature or odor gradient;
getting warmer or sensing increasingly stronger odor means the animal is on the right path.
For example, evidence suggests that salmon may rely on their sense of smell to navigate to
their stream from the sea.
For animals that migrate long distances, the situation is much more complex. Long
distance navigation apparently involves more than one system, including the ability to
 Determine compass direction from the earth’s magnetic field or from the position of
the sun (at any time of day) or stars at night;
 Locate familiar landmarks near their destination; and
 Possibly respond to tiny changes in barometric pressure and odor.
But a complete answer to how birds and wide-ranging vertebrates develop a “map” sense
for navigation is still a mystery.

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A. Read the text carefully then answer the questions.
1. What animals are discussed in the text ?
2. What names of seasons are mentioned in the text ?
3. What names of countries are mentioned in the text ?
4. Write down the animals’ variety of mechanisms for their navigation feats !
5. Make a list consisting gerunds from the text !
6. Make a list consisting adjectives from the text !

B. Write down the synonym of the underlined words in following sentences.

1. Birds reach winter habitats and then return to the same breeding ground.
2. Animals rely on variety of mechanisms to accomplish impressive navigation feats.
3. Animals rely on variety of mechanisms to accomplish impressive navigation feats.
4. Some birds are programmed to fly in a certain direction.
5. Warblers have an internal compass and clock that triggers them to fly southwest.
6. Fly southwest and then southeast.
7. But many birds and other vertebrates travel longer distances.
8. The animal is on the right path.
9. Animals migrate long distances.
10. Long distance navigation apparently involves more than one system.

II. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL:

CONFUSING SOUNDS OF WORDS

There are some couples of English words that have similar sounds but differ in
meanings. This becomes problem for the English language learners. Here are the
examples.

A. Listen to the teacher carefully and repeat after her/him

The pair The word Meaning Example
words sound
Hair /heə(r)/
Heir /eə(r)/
Marry /'mærɪ/

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 Merry /'merɪ/
Tail /teɪl/
Tale /teɪl/
Soap /səʊp/
Soup /su:p/
Depart /di'pɑ:t/
Deport /dɪ'pɔ:t/
Stationary /'steɪʃənrɪ/
Stationery /'steɪʃənə(r)ɪ/
God /gɒd/
Good /gʊd/
Advise /əd'vaɪz/
Advice /əd'vaɪs/
Capital /'kæpɪtl/
Capitol /'kæpɪtl/
Like /laɪk/
Lake /leɪk/
Cash /keɪs/
case /kæʃ/

B. Use your dictionary to find the meaning of the words

C. Choose the suitable word. Make a necessary change based on the structure.

1. hair, heir a. Why is your …….. falling down ?

b. Kent will become the …… to his family because he is
the oldest son.

2. marry, merry a. He looked ….. because he got the job he always dreamt.
b. My parents do not agree with girl I want to ……

3. tail , tale a. The lion has a long ……

b. They sometimes talk about the …… of their ancestors.

4. soap, soup a. What kins of … is your favourite for washing the car ?
b. We have …. And rice for our meal.

5. depart, deport a. Malaysia will ……. Indonesian illegal workers.

b. The last plane ……… since a hour ago.

6. home, house a. They are building a new ……. near the lake.
After working, we seldom go …….. soon.
7. god, God a. I only trust in one …… , the Creator of the universe.
b. The ancient Romans worshiped Jupiter as a ……

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 8. advise, advice a. The teacher …… us not to smoke because it is bad
for health.
b. The parents’ ….. is sometimes ignored by children.

9. capital, capitol a. The …… building was almost bombed by terrorist.

b. Many villagers moves to Jakarta, the ….. of Republic
of Indonesia.

10. clean, clear a. The victim couldn’t give a ……. description of the
the car accident.
b. The waiter …… the table with a wet cloth.

III. ADDITIONAL READING

ARTICLE 2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CONVERTS LIGHT ENERGY TO THE CHEMICAL

ENERGY OF FOOD

The remarkable ability of an organism to harness light energy and use it to drive the
synthesis of organic compounds emerges from structural organization in the cell:
Photosynthetic enzymes and other molecules are grouped together in a biological
membrane, enabling the necessary series of chemical reactions to be carried out efficiently.
In fact, the original chloroplast is believed to have been a photosynthetic prokaryote that
lived inside a eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts are present in a variety of photosynthesizing
organisms, but here we will focus on plants.

Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants

All green parts of a plant, including green stems and unripened fruit, have
chloroplasts, but the leaves are the major sites of photosynthesis in most plants. There are
about half a million chloroplasts per square millimeter of leaf surface. The color of the leaf
is from chlorophyll, the green pigment located within chloroplasts. It is the light energy
absorbed by chlorophyll that drives the synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of the mesophyll, the tissue in the interior of the
leaf.

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 Carbon dioxide enters the leaf, and oxygen exits, by way of microscopic pores
called stomata (singular, stoma; from the Greek, meaning "mouth"). Water absorbed by the
roots is delivered to the leaves in veins. Leaves also use veins to export sugar to roots and
other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant. A typical mesophyll cell has about 30 to 40
chloroplasts, each organelle measuring about 2-4 µm by 4-7 µm. An envelope of two
membranes encloses the stroma, the dense fluid within the chloroplast. An elaborate system
of interconnected membranous sacs called thylakoids segregates the stroma from another
compartment, the interior of the thylakoids, or thylakoid space. In some places, thylakoid
sacs are stacked in columns called grana (singular, granum). Chlorophyll resides in the
thylakoid membranes. Now that we have looked at the sites of photosynthesis in plants, we
are ready to look more closely at the process of photosynthesis.

6C02 + 12 H20 + Lightenergy  C6Hl20 6 +602 +6 H20

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Source: Campbell, N.A et al. 2009. Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings – Pearson Education, Inc.

A. Work with your partner to define the biological terminology from the text.
1. Photosynthesis:
2. Enzyme
3. Molecule
4. Chlorophyll
5. Grana
6. Stomata
7. Thylakoid
8. Eukaryotic

B. Write the terms in sentences.

C. Read the text loudly with correct pronunciation, stress, and word span.

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