Components in Making Hand Sanitizer

An Investigatory Project

Presented to the Science Department of

Basic Education Department

(Senior High School)

S.Y. 2016 – 2017

As Partial

Fulfilment and Requirement

In Biology X

Submitted by:

Justine Rainnel Mino Maglalang

Christian V. Mapa

Lhei Jhaezar Tiangco

Submitted to:

Mr. Carlos Evangelista Del Rosario Jr.

 Chapter I

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Germs are microorganisms that cause diseases and they are

everywhere. Its four classifications are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and

protozoa. They exist around, on, and inside us. It can be picked up from

many places, even in those areas that we perceive as clean. According

to MSN, 99% of theses microorganisms are harmless and many are

beneficial, but there are those that one needs to look out for: germs that

cause infectious disease.

Everyone come constantly into contact with germs, as they go do their

daily routine. Germs hotspots are actually found on materials commonly

used by an individual. In a recent study in Europe, researchers found out

that nearly all cell phones and office desk phones had evidence of

bacterial growth. 15% of phones were growing bacteria known to cause

infection, whilst 16% of phones have traceable faecal matter on them.

Therefore, they concluded that, often, mobile phones harbour more

germs than toilet seats. Other materials where germs are commonly
 found are handbags, make-up, carpet, pillow, money, kitchen and

bathroom sink, soap dispensers, and many others.

According to The Filipino Doctor, hands are the fastest mode of

transportation for disease-causing bacteria and viruses. The reason for

that is because people use their hands for basically everything. Hands

are used for holding objects, eating, making meals, making contact with

others, and the list goes on. In the course of one day, an average person

comes in contact with millions of microorganisms and the transportation

is barely noticeable. However, this can be solved by observing proper

hygiene with the help of disinfectants. This investigatory project

promotes the prevention of health risks by producing a sanitizer made

up of organic materials.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The “Feasibility Study of Aloe Vera (Barbadensis Miller) and

Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) as Components in Hand Sanitizer”

focuses on the application of non-toxic, herbal, and fragrant plants such

as aloe vera and sampaguita in the production of an organic hand

sanitizer. Specifically the study aims to:

 1. To produce an alternative hand sanitizer.

2. To produce a hand sanitizer that is made up of organic materials.

3. To provide low-end but effective organic hand sanitizer.

1.3 Formulation of Hypothesis

The researchers hypothesize that the hand sanitizer made from aloe

vera and sampaguita will be effective like other hand sanitizers, but it will

be safer as it consists of organic materials compared to the commercial

products which contain ingredients that are more harmful than the germs

in one’s hands.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The product or the findings of this study could benefit the society as

it promotes health and hygiene. Commercial hand sanitizers contain

triclosan, parabens, and chemically synthesized artificial fragrances

which make it harmful, but the researchers will provide a product that is

low-end, organic and efficient so as to not cause health risks and for the

users to save up money.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

 Feasibility Study of Aloe Vera (Barbadensis Miller) and Sampaguita

(Jasminum sambac) as Components in Making Hand Sanitizer is only

applicable for everyone but children are strictly in need of guidance. The

product would only include 3 ingredients which are alcohol, Aloe Vera,

and Sampaguita which are locally produced. This study does not include

further analysis such as microbial testing.

1.6 Definition of Terms

1. Bacteria – microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled, that

can be found everywhere; can be dangerous, such as when they

cause infection, or beneficial, as in the process of fermentation

and that of decomposition

2. Virus – an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid

molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light

microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a

host

3. Fungus – any of a diverse group of eukaryotic single-celled or

multinucleate organisms that live by decomposing and absorbing

the organic material in which they grow

4. Protozoa – any of a large group of one-celled organisms (called

protists) that live in water or parasites; include amoeba,

flagellates, foraminiferans and ciliates

5. Hand sanitizer – hand antiseptic, hand disinfectant; alcohol-based

liquid formulation designed to kill bacteria

6. Triclosan – disrupt hormone imbalance and immune system

function and contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant

bacteria

7. Antibiotic Resistance – the ability of a microorganism to withstand

the effects of an antibiotic

8. Parabens – linked to endocrine disruption, skin irritation,

reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity and cancer

9. Immunotoxicity – immune dysfunction resulting from exposure of

an organism to a xenobiotic; may take form of

immunosuppression or alternatively, allergy, autoimmunity, or any

number of inflammatory-based diseases or pathologies

10. Reproductive toxicity – hazard associated with some chemical

substances, that they will interfere in some way with the normal

reproduction; such substances are called reprotoxic

11. Immunosupression – the partial or complete suppression of the

immune response of an individual

12. Xenobiotic – relating to or denoting a substance, typically a

synthetic chemical, that is foreign to the body or to an ecological

system

13. Reprotoxic – having a toxic effect on the process of reproduction

14. Chemical Fragrances – an aroma-compound, also known as an

odorant, aroma, fragrance, or flavour, is a chemical compound

that has a smell or odor when it is sufficiently volatile to be

transported to the olfactory system in the upper-part of the nose

15. Olfactory system – part of the sensory system used for smelling

16. Microorganisms – a microscopic organism, especially a

bacterium, virus or fungus

17. Disinfectant – a chemical liquid that destroys a bacteria

18. Hygiene – conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health

and preventing disease, especially through cleanliness

19. Moisturizer – a lotion or cream to prevent dryness in the skin

20. Cleanser – a substance that cleanses something, in particular a

cosmetic product for cleansing the skin

21. Exfoliate – wash or rub with a granular substance to remove dead

cells from the surface of the skin

22. Health – the state of being free from illness or injury

23. Microbial test – laboratory test that checks for the presence of

microorganisms in a sample provided

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

MSN (2015), FAMILY HEALTH: The worst places for picking up germs

(http://www.msn.com/en-gb/health/familyhealth/the-worst-places-for-

picking-up-germs/ar-BBlckY3)

You’ve probably talked about “catching germs” since you were in

primary school, but how much do we really know about them? The idea of

bodies and houses riddled with tiny organisms can be off-putting, but germs

are a fact of life so equipping yourself with accurate information is the best

strategy.

What are germs?

‘Germs’ is a general term referring to bacteria, viruses and other

microorganisms. Germs exist all around us, on us and inside us. Around

99% of these microorganisms are harmless and many are beneficial. There

are just some germs you need to look out for: those which cause infectious

diseases. Prevention is your best bet, so read on.

How are germs spread?

There are lots of ways in which germs can be spread. Body fluids

such as mucus, pus or faeces contain germs so contact with these can pass

on disease. Sexual contact, sharing needles and blood transfusions are

obvious examples. However, the invisible droplets released when people

talk, cough, or sneeze can also carry germs. You may inhale germs and

catch something in that way. Touching a contaminated surface or object,

and then touching your mouth, eyes, nose or other opening in the body can

also spread infection.

Germs can also be spread via unwashed fruit and vegetables, under-

cooked food or untreated water. Meanwhile, animals are sometimes carriers

of infectious disease so being bitten can cause illness.

Where can you pick up germs?

As you go about your daily life, you come constantly into contact with

germs. As we said before, most of these will be harmless but it’s good to be

aware of where germs lurk as a small percentage can spread illness. Here

are some unexpected germ hotspots.

Your phone

A recent study in Northern Ireland found that nearly all cell phones

and office desk phones had evidence of bacterial growth and 15% of phones

were growing bacteria known to cause infection. Another study revealed that

16% of phones have traceable faecal matter on them. Scientists concluded

that, often, mobile phones harbour more germs that toilet seats.

Your handbag

In a study, 20% of handbags carried more germs than the average

toilet. It’s hardly surprising, given some of the surfaces we put our bags on.

Your makeup

Swabs revealed that face and hand cream were the most-bacteria

ridden cosmetic items followed by lipstick and mascara.

Your carpet

The average carpet harbours 200,000 bacteria per square inch,

making them 4,000 times dirtier than the average toilet seat. Humans shed

1.5 million skin cells every hour which helps feed the bacteria in carpets.
Your pillow

Yup, your pillow is full of dead skins cells and other body secretions,

dust mites and their faeces and fungal spores. Bacteria feed and multiply in

pillows.

Dirty cash

Scientists at the University of Oxford discovered that the average

banknote is home to 26,000 bacteria and that there are more germs on a £1

coin than on a toilet seat.

Kitchen and bathroom taps

Tap water isn’t sterile and provides an ideal environment for germs to

breed. Once you touch a tap with dirty hands or food, bacteria begin to grow.

Soap dispensers

Around 25% of public toilet dispensers are contaminated by faecal

bacteria after being touched by dirty hands.

The ice in your drink

 A study of fast food restaurants in the US revealed that 70% of the

ice served in drinks contained more bacteria than the toilet water.

Lemon and lime wedges

Similarly, having fruit in your drink may not be a good idea.

Researchers for the Journal of Environmental Health found 25 different

microorganisms – including E. coli – living on the lemons and limes in bars

and restaurants.

Chopping boards

If you use your chopping board for raw meat, make sure you wash it

properly. Raw meat carries a very high level of faecal and other bacteria.

Vacuum cleaners

Your hoover bag is filled with bacteria which thrive on the food and

skin cells you’ve vacuumed up.

Restaurant condiments
 Few restaurants wash their ketchup and vinegar bottles with bleach

so be aware that lots of hands have been here before you.

Office desks

The average office desk is home to 400 times more bacteria than a toilet.

Tea towels

A recent study revealed that 7% of kitchen towels were contaminated

with MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), a dangerous

staph bacteria. Tea towels have also been found to contain E. coli and other

bacteria.

See also gym equipment, computer keyboards, door knobs, light

switches, restaurant menus, shower heads, kitchen sponges, cash

machines, remote controls and anything else regularly touched by humans.

The myths
 On the plus side, the much-cited claim that bar snacks are coated in

traces of urine doesn’t appear to be backed up by any scientific study

(though we’d still be careful)!

Similarly, there’s no evidence that taking public transport will make

you sick. In fact, according to a 2013 survey by doctors at the London School

of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, people who don’t catch the bus or tube

to work are more likely to get the flu than those who do. “How often does

someone actually sneeze in your face on the tube?” one researcher pointed

out.

Germs on your body

Together, the bacteria living inside your body would fill a half-gallon

jug. According to Carolyn Bohach, a microbiologist at the University of Idaho,

there are 10 times more bacterial cells in your body than human cells. But

don’t be grossed out, we couldn’t live without bacteria, which help us

harness energy and nutrients and keep our immune systems healthy.

Many of these bacteria live in our intestines but the skin is also

teeming with microbial life. The definitive study of skin bacteria revealed that
our skin harbours anywhere from 500 to 1000 bacterial species, labelled by

one scientist a “vibrant communities of microbial life”.

And where is this vibrant community of bacteria hanging out? Of all

the sites that were tested – inside the nose, armpit, inner elbow, the webbed

area between the middle and ring fingers, side of the groin, top fold of the

buttocks, behind the knee, the bottom of the foot and the navel, mid-forearm,

the palm of the hand and the buttock – the most populated area was the

forearm, which carried a median of 44 species. The least germ-filled area

was behind the ear.

So what can I catch?

Bacteria and viruses (aka germs) usually need moisture to survive so

the moisture in the air and on surfaces will affect how long they live outside

the body. Here’s what you might catch from via body fluids, air droplets or

shared surfaces.

A cold
 Cold viruses can survive on indoor surfaces for more than seven

days. They survive on hands for a much shorter time; some only last for a

few minutes but 40% of rhinoviruses, a common cold-causing virus, are still

infectious on hands after one hour.

The flu

Flu viruses can survive on hard surfaces for 24 hours and on tissues

for around 15 minutes. Like cold viruses, infectious flu viruses survive for

much shorter periods on the hands. However, flu viruses can also survive

as droplets in the air for several hours.

Stomach bugs

There are lots of germs that can cause a stomach bug, including

bacteria such as E coli, salmonella, Clostridium difficile (C difficile) and

campylobacter, and viruses such as norovirus and rotavirus.

MRSA – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus bacteria are carried by around one in three people,

usually inside their nose and on the surface of their armpits and buttocks.

Staph bacteria are usually harmless but can cause problems – from skin
infections such as boils, to more serious infections of the blood, lungs and

heart – if they enter the body through a break in the skin.

This group of bacteria includes staphylococcus aureus, which causes

MRSA infections. These bacteria can survive for days to weeks on surfaces.

Herpes

Herpes viruses from cold sores around the mouth can survive for four

hours on plastic, three hours on cloth and two hours on the skin. If you have

a cold sore, try not to touch it. If you do touch it, wash your hands.

How can I prevent the spread of germs?

Basic hygiene and common sense is your best defence. Wash taps,

door handles, remote controls and other frequently touched spots in your

home. Wash your hands before cooking, eating, using the toilet, handling

garbage, blowing your nose, or coughing or sneezing into your hand.

Try not to touch your face. Your hands will pick up germs. Stop those

germs from entering your body by keeping them away from your eyes, nose

and mouth.

Using antibacterial products

 The jury is out as to the effectiveness of using antibacterial products.

Last year, America’s Food and Drug Administration announced that

antibacterial products are no more effective than soap and water and that a

common ingredient, triclosan, could be dangerous as well as extremely

harmful to the environment. There are also fears that antibacterial products

have the potential to create antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Not everyone agrees, however, and the use of antibacterial (to kill

bacteria) and antiviral (to kill viruses) products is soaring.

Skin care brands such Cuticura create products scientifically proven

to kill both viruses and 99.99% of bacteria. Cuticura ambassador Dr Lisa

Ackerley says:

“Harmful viruses and bacteria surround our everyday lives and can

be spread easily through your hands, particularly after using the toilet,

handling raw meat or travelling on public transport. With shocking research

that one in five people don’t wash their hands after using the toilet, it’s

worrying to see how far germs can be unknowingly transferred to other

surfaces via the hands, for example to otherwise clean kitchen worktops,

office desks, keyboards and phones.

 “Washing hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds is

recommended and in addition, using hand gels with anti-viral and anti-

bacterial properties.”

N. Bautista, Hand Hygiene “A History”

http://m.thefilipinodoctor.com/health-care/health-articles/43/

The hands are the fastest mode of transportation for disease-causing

bacteria and viruses. That’s because people use their hands for

everything—holding objects, eating, making meals, changing nappies,

making contact with others… the list goes on. In the course of one day, a

regular person comes in contact with millions of microorganisms and

transfers them to objects, surfaces, and other people, barely noticing that

any “transportation” has taken place.

The first time hands were made liable for the spread of infection was

way back in 1846 when Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis noticed that

women who gave birth with the assistance of students and physicians at the

General Hospital of Vienna’s First Clinic had a higher mortality rate than

those who were assisted by the midwives in the Second Clinic. It happened

that the physicians and students also worked in the autopsy suite, and that,
even after washing their hands with soap and water, a disagreeable odor

stuck to them as they switched rooms and helped out the women in labor.

Because microbiology had yet to be understood at the time,

Semmelweis referred to this odor as “cadaverous particles,” but could not

explain their cause. His solution, which aimed at removing odor from the

hands, required the students and physicians to douse their hands with a

disinfectant chlorine solution whenever they would leave the autopsy room.

The ruling immediately reaped the desired effects, and maternal mortality

rate in the First Clinic dramatically went down (and stayed down).

Today, people still reap the benefits of Semmelweis’ simple

observation. Various cleanliness protocols implemented in all health care

institutions make hospitalization a lot less risky, although hospital-contracted

infections still do occur from time to time.

Z. Miller (2014), Hidden dangers of hand sanitizers

http://www.naturalnews.com/047400_hand_sanitizers_triclosan_para

bens.html

Lately, it seems that every supermarket has a hand-sanitizing station

prominently displayed near the doors. In fact, the trend of using hand
sanitizers has really ramped up in recent years, with more people carrying

around their own personal-size versions of the stuff around with them.

And why not? Hand sanitizers seem like the perfect way to stay clean

and disinfect on the go and don't seem to have any downside. Unfortunately,

there are some hidden down sides lurking in supposedly "clean" hand

sanitizers that could lead to trouble with regular and repeated use. As you'll

see below, finding out the real truth about products we use daily is vital,

especially when matters of health and well-being are concerned.

Triclosan

Triclosan is antibacterial chemical agent added mainly to soaps and

personal care and cleaning products. Strangely, it's also found in clothing,

cookware, furniture and toys in an attempt to reduce bacteria levels.

Research on triclosan has raised questions about potential hazards to

human health. Triclosan has been shown to disrupt hormone regulation,

disrupt immune system function and contribute to the development of

antibiotic-resistant bacteria (i.e. superbugs). Indeed, the use of triclosan is

contributing to an epidemic of antibiotic resistance. This happens when

bacteria are regularly exposed to antibacterial agents; the bacteria adapt

and grow stronger, more resistant and more immune.

Parabens

Parabens are ubiquitously found in many personal care products such

as shampoo, conditioner, body wash, soaps, hand sanitizers and lotions for

the purpose of discouraging the growth of microbes. If you look at the label

of personal care products, you'll see one or more of these names:

ethylparaben, butylparaben, methylparaben and propylparaben.

Unfortunately, parabens are linked to endocrine disruption, skin irritation,

reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity and cancer. Parabens also mimic

estrogen by binding to estrogen receptors on cells, and they increase the

expression of genes regulated by estradiol, a natural form of estrogen.

Because parabens are used to kill microbes in water-based products, they

inherently contain toxicity for cells in general.

Chemically synthesized artificial fragrances

Most hand sanitizers have a fragrance, and that means that they are

very likely to be full of toxic chemicals. Because fragrances are considered

to be "trade secrets," companies aren't required to disclose what ingredients

they contain. That means that they can be created from just about anything

-- including hundreds of dangerous chemical compounds. Artificial and

chemical fragrances have been associated with allergies, dermatitis,

respiratory distress, hormone disruption and potentially negative effects on

the reproductive system. The solution here is to look for unscented hand

sanitizers to avoid chemically synthesized fragrances. But even unscented

hand sanitizers may still contain triclosan and parabens; if you look at the

label and see the word antibacterial, it means that your hand sanitizer likely

contains triclosan and you should inspect the ingredients label to make sure.

The Alternative Daily, 5 Reasons to Avoid Hand Sanitizers for Good

http://www.thealternativedaily.com/5-reasons-avoid-hand-sanitizers-

good/

The craze of antibacterial hand sanitizers is so prevalent in America

that it is rare to find a supermarket or department store nowadays that does

not have at least one pump readily available on display. Many people also

carry a small bottle around with them in their purse or briefcase.

Hand sanitizers were invented in 1966, when Lupe Hernandez, a California

Registered Nursing student, figured out how to deliver alcohol through a gel

to provide an instant hand-cleaning experience. The use of these products

caught on in the 1990s, and has since spread like wildfire.

Having hand sanitizer on hand makes people feel safe – as they can

disinfect at a moment’s notice. However, these products, especially when

used often, may be doing us more harm than good.

They may contribute to antibiotic resistance

One common ingredient in hand sanitizers, and most anything labeled

“antibacterial,” for that matter, is triclosan. This chemical is actually used as

a pesticide, besides being featured commonly in our personal care and

household cleaning products.

The principal danger regarding triclosan use is its role in the global

epidemic of antibiotic resistance. When we are constantly exposing bacteria

to antibacterial agents, they learn to adapt.

When we use products with triclosan on a constant basis, the bacteria

that these products are designed to kill end up developing an immunity to it,

and sharing this immunity with other types of bacteria through DNA transfer.

Furthermore, triclosan has been linked to estrogen disruption, and is

associated with an earlier onset of puberty, along with other potentially

harmful hormonal imbalances.

 Triclosan has been shown to accumulate in fat tissue, and has been

found in human urine, blood and breast milk samples. It is also a hazard to

the environment, as it has been discovered to accumulate in lake sediment.

Many are loaded with chemical fragrances

Scented hand sanitizers can be especially dangerous, as they often

contain chemical fragrances. These fragrance mixes can contain an array

of potentially toxic ingredients, many of which are not found on the label, as

manufacturers are not required by law to disclose what is in them, and can

withhold much of their chemical makeup as a “trade secret.”

These artificial fragrances can be quite irritating to some people, and have

been linked to allergies, respiratory ailments, and potential hormonal

disruption.

Many contain parabens

A number of hand sanitizer brands contain parabens. These chemical

preservatives are added to halt the growth of microorganisms, giving the

sanitizer a virtually infinite shelf life.

Quite a bit of research has been performed on parabens in recent

years, and they have been linked to a number of potential health concerns
including elevated estrogen levels, endocrine disruption, toxicity to the

immune, reproductive and nervous systems, and even some hormonally-

based cancers.

They may weaken your immune system

Along with potentially contributing to antibiotic resistance, overuse of

antibacterial hand sanitizing products can weaken your immune system.

There is such a thing as being too clean; when we do not expose our

immune systems to the germs around us once in a while, they do not gain

experience in dealing with the invading pathogens.

This can leave us more susceptible to allergies, and potentially

increase the risk of developing asthma. In young children, these effects are

even more pronounced, as their immune systems are still developing and

need some exposure to everyday germs in order to become strong.

They may cause dry, cracked skin

Even if a hand sanitizer does not contain triclosan, it is likely alcohol

based. While using alcohol-based sanitizer without any other additives

sparingly is not terrible for you, when you use it on a regular basis, it can
really dry out your skin. Dry, cracked, broken skin is a perfect environment

for bacteria and other pathogens to enter your body.

When it comes to hand hygiene, all you need is to wash your hands

with good old fashioned soap and water. Organic soap is always best in

order to avoid the hundreds of chemical additives that may be present in

conventional varieties. However, it is understandable to want something with

you to quickly clean up on the go when you can’t get to a sink.

For this situation, a small spray bottle of witch hazel can effectively

do the trick, without drying out your skin or introducing harmful chemicals

into your system.

K. Hudson (2013), Not So Handy: The Dangers of Using Hand

Sanitizer

http://www.organicauthority.com/health/not-so-handy-the-dangers-of-

using-hand-sanitizer.html

Hand sanitizers seem like a good idea when you find yourself in a

dirty situation. No soap at a rest stop bathroom. A sneezing seatmate on a

bus. A port-o-potty. Just whip out your hand sanitizer and squeeze out a

glop. No problem. Right? Not exactly. Hand sanitizers have been proven to
kill bacteria, but they also have a dangerous side. Discover what lurks in

these supposedly “clean” products.

Triclosan

Triclosan is an ingredient added to products to prevent bacterial

growth. It’s found in everything from soaps to toys to clothing. And, also in

hand sanitizers. If the label on your hand sanitizer reads “antibacterial”, it

likely contains triclosan.

If you really look at it, triclosan is quite the pointless chemical. The

FDA has found no health benefits of triclosan. Even though it kills bacteria,

it may contribute to making bacteria resistant to antibiotics. In other words,

it helps create super bacteria.

The FDA even noted that “at this time, the agency does not have

evidence that triclosan in antibacterial soaps and body washes provides any

benefit over washing with regular soap and water.” Now, after 40 years, the

FDA is finally working to review triclosan, but it will likely be a while longer

before triclosan is completey removed from products. Do your hands a favor

and choose a hand sanitizer without triclosan on the label.

Parabens

Many conventional hand sanitizers are loaded with parabens,

chemicals used to prevent microbe growth in products. They’re often found

in personal care products that contain water, like shampoo, conditioner,

body wash, soaps and, yes, hand sanitizers. Linked to cancer, endocrine

disruption, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and skin

irritation, parabens are pretty nasty. These four common parabens:

ethylparaben, butylparaben, methylparaben and propylparaben are ones to

watch out for on hand sanitizer labels.

Fragrance

If your hand sanitizer has a scent, it’s also probably loaded with toxic

chemicals. Because fragrance is considered proprietary information,

companies aren’t required to disclose the ingredients that make up their

secret scents. So, theoretically, they could be just about anything—even

hundreds of chemicals. According to the Environmental Working Group,

“fragrance mixes have been associated with allergies, dermatitis, respiratory

distress and potential effects on the reproductive system.” Eesh. Look for

unscented hand sanitizers to avoid slathering chemicals on your skin.

Bacterial resistance

By now we’ve all probably heard about super bacteria. Products like

hand sanitizers and antibacterial soaps are leading to an increased risk for

developing treatment-resistent bacteria. Certain strains of bacteria are

becoming resistant to even our most powerful antibiotics. Yet, many people

continue to use hand sanitizers labeled “antibacterial”. If you see

“antibacterial” on the label, choose a different hand sanitizer.

Better options

Remember that soap and water are your best for really getting your

hands clean. But when that just isn’t an option, turn to a natural hand

sanitizer. Many of your favorite natural beauty brands are now making hand

sanitizers without any yucky chemicals. I love Dr. Bronner’s Organic

Lavender Hand Sanitizing Spray. Made with just organic ethanol, water,

organic glycerin and organic lavender oil, it gets hands sanitized without any

unnecessary ingredients. It smells nice too.

J. M. Steckelberg, M.D. (2017), Should I avoid products that contain

triclosan?
 http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-

answers/triclosan/faq-20057861

The answer is probably.

In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a rule stating

that over-the-counter consumer antiseptic wash products containing many

potentially harmful antibacterial active ingredients — including triclosan and

triclocarban — can no longer be marketed to consumers. These products

include liquid, foam and gel hand soaps, bar soaps, and body washes.

Triclosan is also added to certain clothes, cookware, furniture and toys

to reduce or prevent bacterial contamination, but these products aren't

regulated by the FDA.

The ruling follows recent studies that have raised questions about

whether triclosan is hazardous to human health. Research has shown that

triclosan:

 Alters hormone regulation in animals

 Might contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant germs

 Might be harmful to the immune system

 When you use a product containing triclosan, you can absorb a small

amount through your skin or mouth. A large 2008 study, which was designed

to assess exposure to triclosan in a representative sample of U.S. children

and adults, found triclosan in the urine of nearly 75 percent of those tested.

Triclosan isn't an essential ingredient in many products. Triclosan added

to toothpaste has been shown to help prevent gingivitis. However, there's

no evidence that antibacterial soaps and body washes containing triclosan

are more effective than plain soap and water in preventing illness and the

spread of certain illnesses, according to the FDA.

Many manufacturers have started removing this ingredient from their

products. If you're concerned about triclosan, look for products that don't list

triclosan in their ingredients.

M. Kuchera (2015), Dangers of Waterless Hand Soap

http://www.livestrong.com/article/276277-dangers-of-waterless-hand-

soap/

Overview

Waterless hand soap is commonly referred to as hand sanitizer. Hand

sanitizers are lotions or gels that you use to disinfect your hands when hand-

washing isn't an option. Hand sanitizers usually contain either alcohol or an

antibacterial substance as their active ingredient. Although these products

can help prevent the spread of diseases such as colds and flu, they also

carry some dangers.

Alcohol Posioning

Most hand sanitizers are 60 percent to 65 percent alcohol by volume,

according to the Maryland Poison Center, which is a higher alcohol content

than most hard liquors. Although experts say that children must ingest huge

amounts of the sanitizer to be poisoned, the number of calls to the American

Association of Poison Control Centers reporting hand sanitizer incidents

rose more than 70 percent between 2005 and 2007.

Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Hand sanitizers that contain an antimicrobial agent may contribute to

the rise of drug-resistant bacteria. According to Stuart Levy of Tufts

University School of Medicine, evidence is growing that antibacterial soaps

and hand sanitizers are contributing to antibiotic resistance. In a 2007

Washington Post article, Levy said antibacterial products--including hand

sanitizers--can leave residue. This residue continues to kill bacteria but not

effectively, which allows stronger bacteria to survive and develop resistance.

Hormone Disruption

The active ingredient in many antibacterial hand sanitizers is a

chemical called triclosan. According to the U.S. Food and Drug

Administration, there is some evidence that triclosan may disrupt your

body's endocrine system. The FDA says scientific studies in animals have

shown that triclosan alters hormone regulation. There are no human studies

showing this effect, but the FDA says review of the topic is ongoing as of

2010, and it expects to publicly release its findings in spring 2011.

Potential for Weakened Immune Systems

There is also some concern about the potential for hand sanitizers to

weaken your immune system. For instance, although hand sanitizers kill

harmful bacteria, they can also kill beneficial bacterial, which can leave room

for more bad bacteria to grow and make you sick. Tufts University School of

Medicine's Levy also expresses concern about the possibility that living in

too sterile of an environment can lead to the development of allergies,

asthma and skin problems, a concern that is backed by numerous studies,

according to the Washington Post.

The Human Touch of Chemistry, How Hand Sanitizers Made Their

Debut
http://www.humantouchofchemistry.com/how-hand-sanitizers-made-

their-debut.htm

How Hand Sanitizers Made Their Debut

With today's realization on hygiene and germ-free world, hand

sanitizers have hugely replaced the traditional soap and water in many

places. Let us find out how this hand sanitizer evolved.

Earlier, whenever our hands used to get dirty, we used to go in search

of a good soap and water. This used to become a great inconvenience

especially when we are traveling. Water spills and soap not getting rinsed

properly and of course, water wastage, all these factors contributed to the

discovery of something called as hand sanitizer. Let us find out how this

hand sanitizer evolved...

What is hand sanitizer?

Hand sanitizers are effective hand cleaners that kill germs and

bacteria. They are alcohol based and not just lift the germs and bacteria from

our hands but effectively kill them the moment it gets in contact with them.

Hand sanitizers are basically made up of ethyl alcohol and inactive

additives such as water, other alcohols and fragrances. Ethyl alcohol is the
only active and most important ingredient and is designed to kill germs.

Another important thing about ethyl alcohol is that it is only effective if the

concentration of alcohol is between 60 per cent and 95 per cent.

If the content is less than 60 per cent, then it will not be sufficient

enough to kill germs and it is pointless in using a hand sanitizer. Experts

advise that it is important to look at the labels on the hand sanitizers before

purchasing to make sure that you are getting a quality product with sufficient

concentrations of alcohol.

Invention of hand sanitizers

Lupe Hernandez of Bakersfield, California was studying to become

an RN. During one of her research in 1966, she found out that alcohol can

be delivered through the medium of gel to provide near instantaneous

cleansing in an environment where there is no time to find a sink and wash

with soap and warm water.

How do hand sanitizers work?

You are supposed to pour a small drop of hand sanitizer on your hand

and rub every part of the skin on your hands thoroughly. Only by rubbing it

thoroughly will you get rid of the germs and bacteria.

 There are two types of rubbing alcohol: ethyl alcohol and isopropyl

alcohol. Both these types kill bacteria effectively but neither of them is

effective on viruses.

The moment you apply the alcohol, it starts evaporating and while it

does, it sucks out the insides of bacteria and germs and kills them. However,

the bacteria or viruses won't be dead till all the alcohol has evaporated. Also,

one thing that you need to remember is that isopropyl alcohol requires

around 10 minutes of time on the skin's surface to kill bacteria, giving ethyl

alcohol an advantage over isopropyl alcohol.

Hand sanitizers will not get through bodily fluids, dirt, blood or other

grime to kill germs. Hence it is important to wash away these things before

applying a hand sanitizer. Also, the alcohol in hand sanitizer has a drying

effect, so it's a good idea to use some type of hand or body lotion after using

hand sanitizer to avoid the skin from drying.

Since their invention in 1966, in late 1990s, hand sanitizers or hand

antiseptics started gaining popularity and many companies started patenting

their products. Since then hand sanitizers are found in almost every

household today.
 R. J. Brogan, D.O. (2015), Kids Health, What Are Germs?

http://kidshealth.org/en/kids/germs.html

The bodies are pretty amazing. Day after day, they work hard —

digesting food, pumping blood and oxygen, sending signals from the brains

and much more.

But there is a group of tiny invaders that can make bodies sick —

they're called germs.

Some kids may think that germs are bugs or cooties or other gross

stuff. Actually, germs are tiny organisms, or living things, that can cause

disease. Germs are so small and sneaky that they creep into the bodies

without being noticed. In fact, germs are so tiny that you need to use a

microscope to see them. When they get in the bodies, we don't know what

hit us until we have symptoms that say we've been attacked!

What Types of Germs Are There?

Germs are found all over the world, in all kinds of places. The four

major types of germs are: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. They can

invade plants, animals, and people, and sometimes they make people sick.
 Bacteria are tiny, one-celled creatures that get nutrients from their

environments in order to live. In some cases that environment is a human

body. Bacteria can reproduce outside of the body or within the body as they

cause infections. Some infections that bacteria can cause include ear

infections, sore throats (tonsillitis or strep throat), cavities, and pneumonia.

But not all bacteria are bad. Some bacteria are good for our bodies — they

help keep things in balance. Good bacteria live in our intestines and help us

use the nutrients in the food we eat and make waste from what's left over.

We couldn't make the most of a healthy meal without these important helper

germs! Some bacteria are also used by scientists in labs to produce

medicines and vaccines.

Viruses need to be inside living cells to grow and reproduce. Most

viruses can't survive very long if they're not inside a living thing like a plant,

animal, or person. Whatever a virus lives in is called its host. When viruses

get inside people's bodies, they can spread and make people sick. Viruses

cause chickenpox, measles, flu, and many other diseases. Because some

viruses can live for a short time on something like a doorknob or countertop,

be sure to wash hands regularly!

Fungi are multi-celled (made of many cells), plant-like organisms.

Unlike other plants, fungi cannot make their own food from soil, water, and
air. Instead, fungi get their nutrition from plants, people, and animals. They

love to live in damp, warm places, and many fungi are not dangerous in

healthy people. An example of something caused by fungi is athlete's foot,

that itchy rash that teens and adults sometimes get between their toes.

Protozoa are one-cell organisms that love moisture and often spread

diseases through water. Some protozoa cause intestinal infections that lead

to diarrhea, nausea, and belly pain.

What Do Germs Do?

Once germs invade the bodies, they snuggle in for a long stay. They

gobble up nutrients and energy, and can produce toxins, which are proteins

that are actually like poisons. Those toxins can cause symptoms of common

infections, like fevers, sniffles, rashes, coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea.

How do doctors figure out what germs are doing? They take a closer

look. By looking at samples of blood, urine, and other fluids under a

microscope or sending these samples to a laboratory for more tests, doctors

can tell which germs are living in the body and how they are making people

sick.
How Can You Protect Yourself From Germs?

Most germs are spread through the air in sneezes, coughs, or even

breaths. Germs can also spread in sweat, saliva, and blood. Some pass

from person to person by touching something that is contaminated, like

shaking hands with someone who has a cold and then touching your own

nose.

Steering clear of the things that can spread germs is the best way to

protect yourself. And that means . . .

Hand washing! Remember the words that germs fear — soap and

water. Washing the hands well and often is the best way to beat these tiny

warriors. Wash hands every time you cough or sneeze, before you eat or

prepare foods, after use the bathroom, after touch animals and pets, after

play outside, and after visiting a sick relative or friend.

There is a right way to wash the hands. Use warm water and soap and rub

the hands together for at least 15 seconds, which is about how long it takes

to sing "Happy Birthday."

 Cover nose and mouth when sneeze and cover the mouth when

cough to keep from spreading germs. So if needed to cough, it is best to do

it in elbow so not contaminating the hands.

Using tissues for sneezes and sniffles is another great weapon

against germs. But don't just throw tissues on the floor to pick up later. Toss

them in the trash and, again, wash your hands!

Another way to fight and prevent infections is to make sure to get all

the routine immunizations from your doctor. No one likes to get shots but

these help keep your immune system strong and prepared to battle germs.

It can also keep immune system strong and healthy by eating well,

exercising regularly, and getting good sleep. All this will help to be prepared

to fight germs that cause illness.

Now that you know the facts about germs, you may still pick up a

cough or a cold once in a while, but you'll be ready to keep most of those

invading germs from moving in.

R. C. Gupta, M.D. (2014), Kids Health, Why Do I Need to Wash My

Hands?

http://kidshealth.org/en/kids/wash-hands.html
 "Did you wash your hands?"

How many times did you hear that today? Probably a lot. But why are

adults so hung up on hand washing? Why are they so in love with lather?

Washing your hands is the best way to stop germs from spreading.

Think about all of the things that you touched today — from the telephone

to the toilet. Maybe you blew your nose in a tissue and then went outside

to dig around the dirt.

Whatever you did today, you came into contact with germs. It's easy

for a germ on your hand to end up in your mouth. Think about how many

foods you eat with your hands.

You can't wear rubber gloves all day long, but you can wash your

hands so those germs don't get a chance to make you or someone else sick.

So when are the best times to wash your hands?

 when your hands are dirty

 before eating or touching food (like if you're helping cook or bake, for

example)

 after using the bathroom

 after blowing your nose or coughing

 after touching pets or other animals

 after playing outside

 before and after visiting a sick relative or friend

Now you have the when and the why of hand washing. But did you know

that a lot of people don't know how to get their paws perfectly clean?

The next time you're told to step up to the sink and scrub up, remember

these handy hints:

1. Use warm water (not cold or hot) when you wash your hands.

2. Use whatever soap you like. Some soaps come in cool shapes and colors

or smell nice, but whatever kind gets you scrubbing is the kind you should

use. Antibacterial soaps are OK to use, but regular soap works fine.

3. Work up some lather on both sides of your hands, your wrists, and

between your fingers. Don't forget to wash around your nails. This is one

place germs like to hide. Wash for about 10 to 15 seconds — about how

long it takes to sing "Happy Birthday." (Sing it quickly two times or just

once if you go nice and slow.)

4. Rinse and dry well with a clean towel.

Microchem Laboratory, Introduction to Hand Sanitizers

http://microchemlab.com/information_about_hand_sanitizers

Definition: Hand Sanitizers are liquid formulations designed to kill

bacteria quickly on the skin of the hands.

INTRODUCTION

Liquid hand sanitizers - mostly alcohol-based gels - have enjoyed an

explosion in popularity in the last 10 years. If you have travelled by airplane

or set foot in a classroom in the US lately, chances are you have seen hand

sanitizers in use.

Hand sanitizers do not serve as a replacement for thorough hand

washing. Instead, they are thought to bring consumers some of the benefits

of hand washing when hand washing is not practical.

The relationship between hand sanitizer use and reduced illness has

not been firmly established by epidemiological studies, but several

laboratory studies suggest hand sanitizers help to prevent infections by

killing transient pathogenic bacteria.

 Hand washing and hand sanitizers reduce microbial populations in

different ways. Hand washing - whether done with "antibacterial" soap or

plain soap - physically removes microorganisms from the skin, literally

washing the live microbes down the drain. Hand sanitizers reduce levels of

microorganisms by killing them chemically, just like disinfectants kill germs

on environmental surfaces.

The magnitude of the effect of hand washing is mainly a function of

wash time and soap usage. Washing hands without soap is much less

effective. Effectiveness from hand sanitizers is best when a large volume of

product is applied to the hands. Applying a large volume of hand sanitizer

ensures excess active ingredient and extends the period of chemical activity

before the hand sanitizer evaporates.

Unlike disinfectants, which may be left practically on surfaces for up to about

5 minutes, hand sanitizers must do their job within a brief period of time to

produce the necessary effect. The reality is that most people just won't

tolerate wet hands for more than about 30 seconds. Accordingly, Microchem

Laboratory believes that 30 seconds - maybe one minute in special cases -

should be the contact time limit for laboratory testing of hand sanitizers.
 Hand sanitizers may be powered by a number of different active

ingredients, but have you ever noticed that most hand sanitizers use alcohol

as the active ingredient? That is largely a result of how they are regulated.

N. Elias (2013), 10 Things You Can Do With Aloe Vera

The miracle skin saver

http://www.prevention.com/beauty/skin-care/10-things-you-can-do-

with-aloe-vera

The plant has been shown in studies to help heal minor wounds eight

days faster than standard dressing, not to mention it’s an antibacterial and

contains vitamins and minerals that can ease eczema and psoriasis flare-

ups. But creative and enterprising beauty experts are using it for a lot more

than the occasional cut or rash; they’re using it to get gorgeous, too.

As a makeup remover

Many makeup removers contain harsh chemicals that are very drying

to the skin, says Ildi Pekar, founder of an eponymous skin care line. She

recommends squeezing a dollop of pure aloe gel onto a cotton ball to swipe

away the day for a simple and effective alternative.

As a shaving cream
 It’s antibacterial, which is great for nicks; it’s slippery, allowing for a

nice close shave; and it moisturizes, too. It can be used on its own or

combined with other nourishing ingredients for a more lux product.

As a soothing ice cube

Corene Hejl, owner of beauty company feedmyskin, said that, “These

little frosty fellows are great after too much sun exposure, run-ins with stove,

bug bites, poison ivy, and even psoriasis.”

As a face wash

Since some minerals found in aloe are antibacterial, this face wash is

ideal for sensitive skin, breakouts, and rosacea, says Pekar.

As an exfoliator

It’s not the most pleasant part of grooming, but exfoliation is important

if want to reveal glowing, fresh skin. Aloe is a great base for a homemade

scrub because it helps soften skin and supply oxygen to cells strengthening

the tissue to create vibrant skin, says Pekar.

For bad breath

Aloe vera contains inflammatory compound called B-sitosterol that

soothes acid indigestion, a common cause of bad breath. But resist the urge

to chug; in large doses, aloe vera can work like a laxative.

As a night treatment
 Tammie Umbel, founder of Shea Terra Organics, said that blending

pure aloe juice with three inches of cucumber and half an egg white is good

for a hydrating mask that can be worn in bed.

As an eyebrow gel

For strong bow, dip a clean mascara wand in some aloe vera gel and

sweep over stray brows. If the tweezing went overboard, mix one part aloe

gel with one part castor oil, it helps over-plucked eyebrows to grow in faster.

For dry cracked feet

Petra Strand, creator of Pixi Beauty, incorporates aloe into a foot

mask that makes dry, cracked feet baby soft. The ingredients are ½ cup

oatmeal, ½ cup corn meal, 4 Tbsp aloe vera gel, and ½ cup unscented body

lotion and rub all over tired feet until well exfoliated. Sit for 10 minutes then

rinse with warm water.

As a personal hand sanitizer

“The alcohol fights germs while the aloe soothes your skin,” says

Katz, a beauty expert. Mix ½ cup aloe vera gel, ¼ cup alcohol, and 20 drops

of the preferred essential oil.

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2016),

Aloe Vera

https://nccih.nih.gov/health/aloevera
 Common Name: aloe vera, aloe, burn plant, lily of the desert, elephant’s

gali

Latin Name: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis

Background

Aloe vera’s use can be traced back 6,000 years to early Egypt, where

the plant was depicted on stone carvings. Knows as the “plant of

immortality,” aloe was presented as a funeral gift to pharaohs.

Historically, aloe vera has been used for a variety of purposes,

including treatment of wounds, hair loss, and haemorrhoids; it has also been

used as a laxative.

Two substances from aloe vera, the clear gel and the yellow latex,

are used in health products today. Aloe gel is primarily used topically

(applied to the skin) as a remedy for skin conditions such as burns, frostbite,

psoriasis, and cold sores, but it may also be taken orally (by mouth) for

conditions including osteoarthritis, bowel diseases, and fever. Aloe latex is

taken orally, usually for constipation.

How Much Do We Know?

There are not enough evidences to show whether aloe vera is helpful

for most of the purposes for which people use it.

What Have We Learned?

 Aloe latex contains strong laxative compounds. Products made with

aloe were at one time regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

(FDA) as over-the-counter (OTC) laxatives. In 2002, the FDA required that

all OTC aloe laxative products be removed from the U.S> market or

reformulated because the companies that manufactured them did not

provide the safety data necessary for continued approval.

There’s some evidence that the topical use of aloe products might be

helpful for symptoms of certain conditions such as psoriasis and certain

rashes. There’s not enough high-quality scientific evidence to show whether

topical use of aloe helps to heal wounds. There’s not enough scientific

evidence to support aloe vera for any of its other uses.

The Flower Expert (2017), Sampaguita

http://www.theflowerexpert.com/content/aboutflowers/tropicalflowers

/sampaguita

Sampaguita (Jasminum sambac) is a sweetly tropical flower.

Belonging to the wide genus of Jasmines (Jasminum), Sampaguita is the

common name of the species Jasminum sambac. Sampaguita is also known

as Philippine Jasmine, Arabian Jasmine, Pikake in Hawaii, Grand Duke of

Tuscany, Kampupot, and Melati.

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Lamiales

Family: Oleaceae

Genus: Jasminum

The species Jasminum sambac is native to southern Asia, in India, Myanmar

and Sri Lanka. Sampaguita is serving as the National Flower for two

countries – Philippines and Indonesia. The beautiful ornamental

Sampaguita blooms cover the glossy green leafed bushed type ever

bloomer. The Sampaguita is also well known in Asia for its use in teas and

religious offering, symbolizing divine hope.

Sampaguita grow on a woody vine or semi-climbing shrub, which

reaches a height of 1,2 meters. The leaves are ovate or rounded in shape

and 6 to 12 cm long. The leaves and Sampaguita flowers grow on short

stalks. The Sampaguita flowers bloom either singly or as bundles of

blossoms at the top of the branches. Blooming all through the year,

Sampaguita are pure white, small, dainty, star-shaped blossoms. The

flowers open at night and wilt in less than a day. The Sampaguita flower has

about 8-10 calyx teeth that are very slender, and 5 to 8 mm long. The

Sampaguita's corolla tube is slender and 1 to 1.5 cm long, the limb is usually
 double and 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter. The 2 stamens on the Sampaguita are

included with a 2-celled ovary.

Sampaguita's distinct sweet, heady fragrance is its unique feature. The

essential oil from the flowers is similar to jasmin (Jasminum grandiflores).

Sampaguita flowers do not bear seeds, therefore the plant is cultivated by

cuttings. Sampaguita was imported into the Philippines in the 17th century

from Himalayan areas. The Sampaguita is a native part of the Philippine

landscape for centuries. The plant is originally from India and is grown

throughout India today. About eight cultivars are generally listed for

Sampaguita.Some varieties of Sampaguitas can grow as large as

small roses in India.

Varieties of Sampaguita

There are three varieties of Sampaguita, commonly referred to as

Single Petal, Double and Double-Double. The double layered Sampaguita

are called 'kampupot,' which are less fragrant. The three major varieties:

'Maid of Orleans', 'Belle of India' and 'Grand Duke' - differ from each other

by the shape of leaves and flowers structure. The fourth popular variety

Mysore Mulli, a variation of the 'Belle of India'.

 Maid of Orleans: Single with five rounded petals

 Belle of India:Semi-double or single (single and double flowers on the

same plant) with elongated petals

 Grand Duke of Tuscany: clusters of flowers (sometimes single flower).

Only the central flower is truly double-rossete. Side flowers are semi-

double, and like miniature roses

Facts About Sampaguita

 Sampaguita is considered a symbol of fidelity, purity, devotion,

strength and dedication.

 In the Philippines, the Sampaguita is called by various names: sambac,

sampagung, campopot, lumabi, kulatai, pongso, malur and manul.

 The name Sampaguita is a Spanish term that comes from the

Philippino words "sumpa kita," which mean 'I promise you.'

 The Chinese emperor of the Sung dynasty had Sampaguita growing in

his palace grounds to enjoy its heavenly fragrance.

 Even the kings of Afghanistan, Nepal and Persia had Jasmine planted, in

the 1400s.

 Since ancient times, Jasmine has been cultivated for its essential oils.

 Varieties of Jasmine, like J. grandiflorum, are especially used in

perfumes.
 Though, Sampaguita (unlike other Jasmine varieties) is not a key

ingredient in top-price perfumes, its scent and makeup have given it

important uses.

 Sampaguita has been used for hair ornamentation in India, China and

Philippines as well.

 Malaysians scent the hair oil from coconut with Sampaguita scents.

 Sampaguita is also used medicinally. Its perfume is believed to relieve a

many ailments including headaches and promotes a feeling of well

being.

 Sampaguita roots were used to treat wounds and snake bites. The

leaves and the flowers have antipyretic and decongestant properties

 Sampaguita flower extract acts as a deodorant.

Growing Sampaguita

 Sampaguita plant cuttings are easy to root. More plants means more

blooms at one given time and the more fragrance!

 Plant them in 3 gal pots. The plants are both full sun or shade tolerant.

 Use a good potting soil (with lots of organic matter like peat moss and

humus).
 If the plant is exposed to certain conditions for a long time it gets used to

them, and may get stressed after the conditions change significantly.

However, gradual change should be fine.

 The smaller the plant, the easier it gets adjusted to new conditions.

 The potting mix must be well-drained. Never use top soil or garden soil

for potting to avoid rotting in roots.

 All Sampaguita plants need lots of light for blooming. Bright light

along with regular fertilization will encourage blooming.

 Move the plant into a larger pot every spring or when the plant

overgrows the pot.

Sampaguita Plant Care

 Fertilize the plants monthly with a balanced fertilizer from spring through

fall.

 The stems should be tied to supports and keep the soil evenly moist

through the growing season.

 Pruning of sampaguita should be taken up after flowering to keep the

plants thinned and shaped.

 Protect from frost in temperate regions.

 As a tropical plant, the Sampaguita loves heat, it grows best when the

soil around it stays moist but not soggy.

 Do not over-fertilize or over water.

 Bigger flowers need plenty of sun.

Chapter III

Methodology

3.1 Materials

Main Ingredients

MATERIALS QUANTITY

Aloe vera gel 1 Tbsp

Ethyl alcohol 50 mL

Flower extract 3 Tbsp

Water ½ cup
 Apparatus

ITEMS

Knife Container

Tablespoon Bowl

Blender Stove

3.2 METHODS

1. Prepare all the materials needed. Provide newspaper and set it on

the table to avoid mess or stains on any surface.

2. Put ½ cup of water and flowers into a bowl and boil for flower extract

to come out. Set aside.

3. Get aloe vera gel or extract by using a knife to cut it in half and

squeezing out the substance inside.

4. Put aloe vera gel in the blender. Blend to break down the gel that

will serve as moisturizer.

5. Add 50 mL of ethyl alcohol that works as the cleanser.
6. After that, add 3 Tbsp. of flower extract for fragrance.
7. Blend altogether to create natural hand sanitizer.
8. Transfer the solution in a container.

Chapter IV
 Results and Discussion

4.1 Findings (Qualitative)

Evaluation

NOT VERY
CATEGORY SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY

TEXTURE ✔

COLOR ✔

VISCOSITY ✔

SCENT ✔

PRICE ✔

Comparison

HAND SANITIZER WITH

COMMERCIAL
CATEGORY ALOE VERA AND
HAND SANITIZER
SAMPAGUITA

TEXTURE Slightly sticky. Silky.

Light green due to natural color

COLOR Clear.
of the components.

VISCOSITY Too thin and liquid-y. Thick and gel-like.

Chemical
SCENT Alcohol overpowers. fragrances
overpower.

PRICE Quite expensive. Fair.

4.2 Product
 The overall appearance of the product depends on the person, but in

general, it is not that appealing. The color is natural but unusual for hand

sanitizers. Commonly, commercial hand sanitizers portray a clear or

transparent, but the product has its components’ natural colors and is

opaque. There is also the presence of a precipitate due to small particles

left in the mixture. Also, it is not gel-like as commercial hand sanitizers. The

scent can be quite overpowering, too. Nonetheless, once used, the scent

stays for long and gives a long-lasting nice smell to the area where the

sanitizer was applied.

Chapter V
 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

The researchers conclude that the aloe vera and sampaguita could

be a replacement to components commercial hand sanitizers have; the

commonly used chemicals which cause health risks; triclosan, parabens,

and chemical fragrance. The objectives were met except for the supplication

of an alternative hand sanitizer that is low-end, meaning cheap.

Nonetheless, the product met the objectives of being an alternative hand

sanitizer which components were made up of organic materials.

5.2 Recommendation

The researchers recommend that more aloe vera gel be used so that

the product would have the viscosity it needs to attain to become a hand

sanitizer instead of becoming another liquid cleanser. Also, it is optional to

use glycerine to add thickness to the texture of the solution. Other fragrant

plants could also be used, individually or a mixture, in order to create a better

aroma for the product.