Finite-Temperature Field Theory

Finite-temperature Field Theory
Aleksi Vuorinen
CERN
Initial Conditions in Heavy Ion Collisions

Goa, India, September 2008
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Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Basics of Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics
Scalar fields at finite temperature
Interacting scalar fields
Why is finite T /µ physics (≈ QCD) interesting?
High energy physics applications

I Heavy ion experiments ⇒ Need
quantitive understanding of
non-Abelian plasmas at
I High T and small/moderate µ
I Moderately large couplings
I In and (especially) out of
equilibrium
I Early universe thermodynamics
I Signatures of phase transitions
I EW baryogenesis
I Cosmic relics
I Neutron star cores logo

In these lectures we will, however, only cover the very basics of

finite-T formalism, restricting ourselves to
I Equilibrium physics — imaginary-time formalism
I Purely perturbative tools
For other approaches/setups, see in particular Guy Moore’s

lectures...
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Plan of the lectures
I Lecture 1: Basic tools in finite-temperature field theory

I Reminder of statistical physics
I Scalar field theories and equilibrium thermodynamics
I Interacting scalar fields at T 6= 0: λϕ4 theory
I Lecture 2: Gauge field theories and linear response
I More tools for finite-temperature calculations
I Gauge symmetry, QED and QCD
I Linear response theory
I Lecture 3: Special applications in QCD
I Phases of hot and dense QCD
I The IR problem
I Dimensional reduction and high-T effective theories
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Some useful reading
Material used in preparing these lectures:

I J. Kapusta, Finite-temperature field theory
I M. Le Bellac, Thermal field theory
I A. Rebhan, Thermal gauge field theories, hep-ph/0105183
I D. Rischke, Quark-gluon plasma in equilibrium,
nucl-th/0305030
I ...
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Outline

Statistical QM
Simple examples

Partition function for scalar field theory
Non-interacting examples

Feynman rules at finite temperature
Thermodynamics of ϕ4 theory
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Statistical QM
Simple examples
Outline

Statistical QM
Simple examples


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Statistical QM
Simple examples
Grand canonical ensemble

I Assume system that is free to exchange both energy and
particles with a reservoir
I ”Grand canonical ensemble”
I System described by temperature T and chemical
potentials µi
I Basic operator statistical density matrix ρ̂
h i
ρ̂ ≡ Z −1 exp −β(Ĥ − µi N̂i ) ,
| {z }
≡ H̄
hÂi = Tr[ρ̂Â]
I β = 1/T and µ Lagrangian multipliers ensuring
conservation of E and Ni
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Statistical QM
Simple examples
Grand canonical ensemble

I Assume system that is free to exchange both energy and
particles with a reservoir
I ”Grand canonical ensemble”
I System described by temperature T and chemical
potentials µi
I Basic operator statistical density matrix ρ̂
h i
ρ̂ ≡ Z −1 exp −β(Ĥ − µi N̂i ) ,
| {z }
≡ H̄
hÂi = Tr[ρ̂Â]
I β = 1/T and µ Lagrangian multipliers ensuring
conservation of E and Ni
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Statistical QM
Simple examples
I Most important quantity in equilibrium thermodynamics:

The partition function Z
X X
Z (V , T , µi ) = Tr e−β H̄ = hi|e−β H̄ |ii = e−βEi
i
I Several thermodynamic quantities available through
derivatives of Z (due to above relation for expectation
values)
1
p = −Ω/V = ln Z ,
βV
1 ∂P
Ni = hN̂i i =
V ∂µi
1 1 ∂ln Z
ε = hĤi = −
V V ∂β
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Statistical QM
Simple examples
I Most important quantity in equilibrium thermodynamics:

The partition function Z
X X
Z (V , T , µi ) = Tr e−β H̄ = hi|e−β H̄ |ii = e−βEi
i
I Several thermodynamic quantities available through
derivatives of Z (due to above relation for expectation
values)
1
p = −Ω/V = ln Z ,
βV
1 ∂P
Ni = hN̂i i =
V ∂µi
1 1 ∂ln Z
ε = hĤi = −
V V ∂β
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Statistical QM
Simple examples
1 1 β
s = S/V = h−lnρ̂i = ln Z + hĤ − µi N̂i i
V V V
∂P
= = β(P + ε − µi Ni )
∂T
I Finally obtain energy through other quantities as
E = −PV + TS + µi Ni
I Important to note: Thermodynamic pressure =

hydrodynamics pressure = 13 hT ii i
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Statistical QM
Simple examples
1 1 β
V V V
∂P
= = β(P + ε − µi Ni )
∂T

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Statistical QM
Simple examples
1 1 β
V V V
∂P
= = β(P + ε − µi Ni )
∂T

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Statistical QM
Simple examples
QM harmonic oscillator
Use energy basis to obtain (in canonical ensemble):
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Statistical QM
Simple examples
One degree of freedom

I Consider one state system with E = ω, and ignore zero
point energy
Ĥ | ni = ω N̂ | ni = n ω | ni
I For bosons/fermions with chemical potential µ, obtain
∞
X 1
Zb = Tr e−β(ω−µ)N̂ = hn | e−β(ω−µ)N̂ | ni = ,
1− e−β(ω−µ)
n=1
1
X
Zf = Tr e−β(ω−µ)N̂ = hn | e−β(ω−µ)N̂ | ni = 1 + e−β(ω−µ)
n=1
I Taking derivatives...
1
Nb = , Eb = ωNb
eβ(ω−µ) −1
1
Nf = , Ef = ωNf
eβ(ω−µ) + 1 logo

Statistical QM
Simple examples

point energy
Ĥ | ni = ω N̂ | ni = n ω | ni
∞
X 1
1− e−β(ω−µ)
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
Nb = , Eb = ωNb
eβ(ω−µ) −1
1
Nf = , Ef = ωNf

Statistical QM
Simple examples

point energy
Ĥ | ni = ω N̂ | ni = n ω | ni
∞
X 1
1− e−β(ω−µ)
n=1
1
X
n=1
1
Nb = , Eb = ωNb
eβ(ω−µ) −1
1
Nf = , Ef = ωNf

Outline

Statistical QM
Simple examples


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Partition function
I Consider real scalar field theory with no chemical
potentials
Z Z
S = dt d3 xL,
1n o
L = (∂t φ)2 − (∂i φ)2 − V (φ)
2
I To obtain equilibrium thermodynamics, want to compute
partition function
Z
Z = Dφhφ | e−β Ĥ | φi
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Partition function
I Consider real scalar field theory with no chemical
potentials
Z Z
S = dt d3 xL,
1n o
L = (∂t φ)2 − (∂i φ)2 − V (φ)
2
I To obtain equilibrium thermodynamics, want to compute
partition function
Z
Z = Dφhφ | e−β Ĥ | φi
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I Recall path integral for transition amplitudes in QFT:

hφb (x) | e−i Ĥ(t1 −t0 ) | φa (x)i
" Z #
Z t1 Z
= N Dϕ exp i dt d 3 x L
t0
ϕ(t0 ,x)=φa (x)
ϕ(t1 ,x)=φb (x)
I For thermodynamic purposes, set t0 = t1 , t → −iτ :

Z β−it0 Z
iS → − dτ dd xLE ,
−it0
1n o
LE = (∂t ϕ)2 + (∂i ϕ)2 + V (ϕ)
2
I Finally, taking the trace...
" Z #
Z β−it0 Z
d
Z = N Dϕ exp − dτ d xLE
periodic −it0 logo


hφb (x) | e−i Ĥ(t1 −t0 ) | φa (x)i
" Z #
Z t1 Z
t0
ϕ(t0 ,x)=φa (x)
ϕ(t1 ,x)=φb (x)

Z β−it0 Z
−it0
1n o
LE = (∂t ϕ)2 + (∂i ϕ)2 + V (ϕ)
2
" Z #
Z β−it0 Z
d


hφb (x) | e−i Ĥ(t1 −t0 ) | φa (x)i
" Z #
Z t1 Z
t0
ϕ(t0 ,x)=φa (x)
ϕ(t1 ,x)=φb (x)

Z β−it0 Z
−it0
1n o
LE = (∂t ϕ)2 + (∂i ϕ)2 + V (ϕ)
2
" Z #
Z β−it0 Z
d

A few things to note:

I Periodicity of fields: Integrate over all ϕ satisfying
ϕ(−it0 , x) = ϕ(β − it0 , x)
I Simple consequence of taking the trace
I Compactness of time direction
I For equilibrium thermodynamics, may set t0 = 0
I Real Gaussian path integral
I No issues of existence/convergence
I Inclusion of finite chemical potentials straightforward
(coming up in detail...)
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Side remark: Direct proof of periodicity

I Define thermal (time-ordered) Green’s function
n o
GB (x, y; τ, 0) = Tr ρ̂Tτ φ̂(x, τ )φ̂(y, 0)
I Using cyclic property of the trace...

n o
GB (x, y; τ, 0) = Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ eβ Ĥ φ̂(y, 0)e−β Ĥ φ̂(x, τ )
n o
= Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ φ̂(y, β)φ̂(x, τ )
n o
= Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ Tτ φ̂(x, τ )φ̂(y, β)

= GB (x, y; τ, β)
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Massive scalar fields
1
I Specialize now to V (ϕ) = 2 m 2 ϕ2
I One free bosonic dof
I Following rules of Gaussian integration
( )
−1/2
2 2 2
ln Z = ln N det (−∂τ − ∂i + m )
1
= − Tr ln (−∂τ2 − ∂i2 + m2 ) + const.
2
I How to take a trace of an operator containing derivatives?
I Go to momentum space!
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1
( )
−1/2
2 2 2
ln Z = ln N det (−∂τ − ∂i + m )
1
= − Tr ln (−∂τ2 − ∂i2 + m2 ) + const.
2
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1
( )
−1/2
2 2 2
ln Z = ln N det (−∂τ − ∂i + m )
1
= − Tr ln (−∂τ2 − ∂i2 + m2 ) + const.
2
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1
( )
−1/2
2 2 2
ln Z = ln N det (−∂τ − ∂i + m )
1
= − Tr ln (−∂τ2 − ∂i2 + m2 ) + const.
2
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I Expand fields in terms of their Fourier modes

X Z d3 p
ϕ(τ, x) = T 3
ei(p·x+ωn τ ) ϕn (p),
n
(2π)
ωn = 2nπT , n ∈ Z
I Fourier series in τ direction due to compactness of
temporal direction
I Now, a short exercise produces (up to T -indep. constant)
d3 p β 2 (p2 + m2 )
Z
V X 2
ln Z = − ln n +
2 n (2π)3 (2π)2
Z
d3 p
p 2
p + m2 √
−β p2 +m2
= −V + ln 1 − e
(2π)3 2T
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I Reminiscent of point particle result for bosons!

X Z d3 p
ϕ(τ, x) = T 3
n
(2π)
temporal direction
d3 p β 2 (p2 + m2 )
Z
V X 2
ln Z = − ln n +
2 n (2π)3 (2π)2
Z
d3 p
p 2
p + m2 √
−β p2 +m2
= −V + ln 1 − e
(2π)3 2T
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X Z d3 p
ϕ(τ, x) = T 3
n
(2π)
temporal direction
d3 p β 2 (p2 + m2 )
Z
V X 2
ln Z = − ln n +
2 n (2π)3 (2π)2
Z
d3 p
p 2
p + m2 √
−β p2 +m2
= −V + ln 1 − e
(2π)3 2T
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Brief note on fermions

I For free Dirac fermions, going from QFT transition
amplitude to finite-T partition function proceeds as above
" Z #
Z Z β
Z = Dψ̄Dψ exp − dτ d3 xLE ,
0

L = ψ̄ γ0 ∂τ − iγi ∂i + m ψ
I What about periodicity?

I Spinor fields satisfy canonical anticommutation relations
and are represented by Grassmann variables
I Let’s try to repeat our proof of periodicity for bosonic
fields... logo


" Z #
Z Z β
0

L = ψ̄ γ0 ∂τ − iγi ∂i + m ψ

fields... logo


" Z #
Z Z β
0

L = ψ̄ γ0 ∂τ − iγi ∂i + m ψ

fields... logo

I Define again thermal Green’s function

n o
GF (x, y; τ, 0) = Tr ρ̂Tτ ψ̂(x, τ )ψ̂(y, 0)
I This time field operators anticommute!
n o
GF (x, y; τ, 0) = Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ eβ Ĥ ψ̂(y, 0)e−β Ĥ ψ̂(x, τ )
n o
= Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ ψ̂(y, β)ψ̂(x, τ )
n o
= −Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ Tτ ψ̂(x, τ )ψ̂(y, β)

= −GF (x, y; τ, β)
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I Define again thermal Green’s function

n o
GF (x, y; τ, 0) = Tr ρ̂Tτ ψ̂(x, τ )ψ̂(y, 0)
I This time field operators anticommute!
n o
GF (x, y; τ, 0) = Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ eβ Ĥ ψ̂(y, 0)e−β Ĥ ψ̂(x, τ )
n o
= Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ ψ̂(y, β)ψ̂(x, τ )
n o
= −Z −1 Tr e−β Ĥ Tτ ψ̂(x, τ )ψ̂(y, β)

= −GF (x, y; τ, β)
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I Conclusion: Fermion fields antiperiodic in time inside the

path integral!
ψ(β, x) = −ψ(0, x)
⇒
XZ d3 p i(p·x+ωn τ )
ψ(τ, x) = T e ψn (p),
n
(2π)3
ωn = (2n + 1)πT , n ∈ Z
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Outline

Statistical QM
Simple examples


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Scalar field theory with self-interactions

I Consider a scalar field theory with interaction term
proportional to small parameter λ
I Action S = S0 + λSI
I Now expand in coupling
( Z )
ln Z = ln N Dϕ e−(S0 +λSI )
periodic
∞
( )
(−λSI )k
Z X
= ln N Dϕ e−S0
periodic k!
k=0
∞
( )
Dϕ e−S0 SIk
R
X (−λ)k
= ln Z0 + ln 1 + R
k! Dϕ e−S0
k=1
I Note underlying assumption here: [S0 , SI ] = 0 logo

Scalar field theory with self-interactions

I Consider a scalar field theory with interaction term
proportional to small parameter λ
I Action S = S0 + λSI
I Now expand in coupling
( Z )
ln Z = ln N Dϕ e−(S0 +λSI )
periodic
∞
( )
(−λSI )k
Z X
= ln N Dϕ e−S0
periodic k!
k=0
∞
( )
Dϕ e−S0 SIk
R
X (−λ)k
= ln Z0 + ln 1 + R
k! Dϕ e−S0
k=1
I Note underlying assumption here: [S0 , SI ] = 0 logo

I Conclusion: In evaluating Z , end up computing expectation

values of powers of SI within unperturbed theory
Dϕ e−S0 SIk
R
k
hSI i0 = R
Dϕ e−S0
I No external legs: Partition function available through the

computation of vacuum diagrams
I As usual, powers of λ count loop order
I Challenge: Derive Feynman rules at finite temperature
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Dϕ e−S0 SIk
R
k
hSI i0 = R
Dϕ e−S0

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Dϕ e−S0 SIk
R
k
hSI i0 = R
Dϕ e−S0

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Feynman rules for φ4 theory

I Assume massive scalar theory with LI = ϕ4
I Graphs composed of four-ϕ vertices and propagators
1
D0 (ωn , p) =
ωn2 + p 2 + m2
I Feynman rules almost the same as at T = 0:
I As usual, only need to compute connected diagrams
I Same symmetry factors, vertex functions, etc.
I Only changes due to discrete values of p0 :
R d4 p P R d3 p
I In integration measure: (2π)4
→ T n (2π)3
I In vertices: δ (4) (P1 − P2 ) → δn1 ,n2 δ (3) (p1 − p2 )
I Question: How to evaluate the necessary sum-integrals?
I Will be covered in more detail later...
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1
D0 (ωn , p) =
ωn2 + p 2 + m2
R d4 p P R d3 p
→ T n (2π)3
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1
D0 (ωn , p) =
ωn2 + p 2 + m2
R d4 p P R d3 p
→ T n (2π)3
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1
D0 (ωn , p) =
ωn2 + p 2 + m2
R d4 p P R d3 p
→ T n (2π)3
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Example: Pressure of massless ϕ4 theory

I To obtain pressure of ϕ4 theory to 4 loops, must evaluate
I Up to two loops:
Z 2
1 P
p(T ) = p0 (T ) − 3λ 2 2
P ωn + p
Z 2
P 1
≡ p0 (T ) − 3λ 2
P P
where the sum-integral reads... logo

Example: Pressure of massless ϕ4 theory

I To obtain pressure of ϕ4 theory to 4 loops, must evaluate
I Up to two loops:
Z 2
1 P
p(T ) = p0 (T ) − 3λ 2 2
P ωn + p
Z 2
P 1
≡ p0 (T ) − 3λ 2
P P
where the sum-integral reads... logo

∞ Z
d3−2ε p
Z
P 1 2ε
X 1
2
= Λ T 3−2ε
P P n=−∞
(2π) p + (2nπT )2
2
∞
2Γ(−1/2 + ε) X
= Λ2ε T (2πT )1−2ε n1−2ε
(4π)3/2−ε n=1
2Γ(−1/2 + ε)
= 3/2−ε
Λ2ε T (2πT )1−2ε ζ(−1 + 2ε)
(4π)
T2
= + O(ε)
12
I Recalling the free theory result, finally obtain
π2T 4

15
p(T ) = 1 − 2 λ + O(λ2 )
90 8π logo

∞ Z
d3−2ε p
Z
P 1 2ε
X 1
2
= Λ T 3−2ε
P P n=−∞
(2π) p + (2nπT )2
2
∞
2Γ(−1/2 + ε) X
= Λ2ε T (2πT )1−2ε n1−2ε
(4π)3/2−ε n=1
2Γ(−1/2 + ε)
= 3/2−ε
Λ2ε T (2πT )1−2ε ζ(−1 + 2ε)
(4π)
T2
= + O(ε)
12
I Recalling the free theory result, finally obtain
π2T 4

15
p(T ) = 1 − 2 λ + O(λ2 )
90 8π logo

Finite-Temperature Field Theory

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Finite-temperature Field Theory

Initial Conditions in Heavy Ion Collisions

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Why is finite T /µ physics (≈ QCD) interesting?

High energy physics applications

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

In these lectures we will, however, only cover the very basics of

For other approaches/setups, see in particular Guy Moore’s

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Plan of the lectures

I Lecture 1: Basic tools in finite-temperature field theory

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Some useful reading

Material used in preparing these lectures:

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Basics of Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics

Scalar fields at finite temperature

Interacting scalar fields

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Basics of Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics

Scalar fields at finite temperature

Interacting scalar fields

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Grand canonical ensemble

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Grand canonical ensemble

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Most important quantity in equilibrium thermodynamics:

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Most important quantity in equilibrium thermodynamics:

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Important to note: Thermodynamic pressure =

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Important to note: Thermodynamic pressure =

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Important to note: Thermodynamic pressure =

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

One degree of freedom

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

One degree of freedom

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

One degree of freedom

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Basics of Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics

Scalar fields at finite temperature

Interacting scalar fields

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Recall path integral for transition amplitudes in QFT:

I For thermodynamic purposes, set t0 = t1 , t → −iτ :

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Recall path integral for transition amplitudes in QFT:

I For thermodynamic purposes, set t0 = t1 , t → −iτ :

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

I Recall path integral for transition amplitudes in QFT:

I For thermodynamic purposes, set t0 = t1 , t → −iτ :

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

A few things to note:

Aleksi Vuorinen, CERN Finite-temperature Field Theory

Side remark: Direct proof of periodicity

I Using cyclic property of the trace...