ASSIGNMENTS

METROLOGY
Q1-What is GD&T?
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is a graphic language used on engineering
drawings to communicate allowable part feature variation – or tolerances – to manufacturing
and quality personnel. It is based on how parts fit and function in their assemblies.
ADVANTAGES
Yes, as Kelly said, the disadvantage is the lack of knowledge by many people, both
in the actual design and also downstream in the process.
Two examples: Some people say that GD&T increases the cost of a part. Not true --
the characteristics that GD&T addresses (size, shape, position, etc.) had to be
checked anyway, and may have merely been implied. The GD&T just uses a
standardized method to address them clearly.
Another example of lack of knowledge is a designer applying something like
concentricity without understanding the full meaning of that symbol. Concentricity
is nice in theory, but it is difficult to measure and should usually be replaced with
position or runout.
 This method of establishing tolerances enables improved design, reduced manufacturing
costs and streamlined quality inspection.
 GD&T can be applied to one-off designs as well as high volume manufacturing. It can
improve the design of any product type including sheet metal, castings and mouldings,
fabricated and machined components, tooling, fixtures and gauges.
 GD&T allows you to specify exactly what you need for parts to function, relaxing
tolerances, and controlling variations in size, form, orientation, location and profile.
 Traditional co-ordinate or plus-minus tolerancing simply does not have the tools to
communicate these requirements. GD&T ensures part interchangeability, allows the
selection of less costly manufacturing and assembly methods, improves communication,
and by helping designers understand the effects of manufacturing variation, improves
design

Q2- Write 3 examples of Clearance fits, interference fits and transition fits .
CLEARANCE FITS:
1) Fits with great clearances with parts having great tolerances.
Use: Pivots, latches, fits of parts exposed to corrosive effects, contamination with dust
and thermal or mechanical deformations.
2) Running fits with very small clearances for accurate guiding of shafts. Without any
noticeable clearance after assembly.
Use: Parts of machine tools, sliding gears and clutch disks, crankshaft journals, pistons
of hydraulic machines, rods sliding in bearings, grinding machine spindles.
3) Slipping fits of parts with great tolerances. The parts can easily be slid one into the other
and turn.
Use: Easily demountable parts, distance rings, parts of machines fixed to shafts using
pins, bolts, rivets or welds.

Transition fits:
 1) Tight fits with small clearances or negligible interference. The parts can be assembled or
disassembled manually.
Use: Easily dismountable fits of hubs of gears, pulleys and bushings, retaining rings,
frequently removed bearing bushings.
2) Similar fits with small clearances or small interferences. The parts can be assembled or
disassembled without great force using a rubber mallet.
Use: Demountable fits of hubs of gears and pulleys, manual wheels, clutches, brake
disks.
3) Fixed fits with negligible clearances or small interferences. Mounting of fits using
pressing and light force.
4) Use: Fixed plugs, driven bushings, armatures of electric motors on shafts, gear rims,
flushed bolts.

INTERFERENCE FITS:
1) Pressed fits with guaranteed interference. Assembly of the parts can be carried out
using cold pressing.
Use: Hubs of clutch disks, bearing bushings.
2) Pressed fits with medium interference. Assembly of parts using hot pressing. Assembly
using cold pressing only with use of large forces.
Use: Permanent coupling of gears with shafts, bearing bushings.
3) Pressed fits with big interferences. Assembly using pressing and great forces under
different temperatures of the parts.
Use: permanent couplings of gears with shafts, flanges.

Q3- Definition of all the symbols used in GD&T

GD&T SYMBOLS, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS:
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD & T) (sometimes refered to as GDT) Is a set of
standard symbols which are used to define parts and assembly features and their tolerance
zones in dimensioning engineering drawings. Also, it defines a part based on how it functions.
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing helps individuals to understand the design intent by
allowing better tools for describing the drawings.
Currently, ASME Y14.5M - 1994 is the accepted geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
standard.

COMMON TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

SYMBOL NAME DESCRIPTION
Basic A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size,
Dimension profile, orientation, or location of a feature or datum target. It is the
basis from which permissible variations are established by
tolerances on other dimensions, in notes, or in feature control
frames.
Datum A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true
geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature. A datum is the
origin from which the location or geometric characteristics of
features of a part are established.
Datum A specific line, or area on a part used to establish a datum.
Target
Datum
Point
 Maximum The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum
Material amount of material within the stated limits of size-for example,
Condition minimum hole diameter, maximum shaft diameter.
(MMC)
Least The condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount
Material of material within the stated limits of size-for example, maximum
Condition hole diameter, minimum shaft diameter.
(LMC)
Regardless The term used to indicate that a geometric tolerance or datum
of Feature reference applies at any increment of size of the feature within its
Size (RFS) size tolerance.
Full The total movement of an indicator when appropriately applied to a
Indicator surface to measure its variations (formerly called total indicator
Movement reading-TIR).
(FIM)
Virtual The boundary generated by the collective effects of the specified
Condition MMC limit of size of a feature and any applicable geometric
tolerances.

Symbol Name Description

Feature The feature control frame consists of: A) type of
Control control (geometric characteristic), B) tolerance zone,
Frame C) tolerance zone modifiers (i.e., MMC or RFS), D)
datum references if applicable and any datum
reference modifiers.

TOLERANCES
Symbol Name Description Toleranc
e
Flatness A two dimensional tolerance zone defined by two Form
parallel planes within which the entire surface must lie.
Straightness A condition where an element of a surface or an axis is
a straight line.
Circularity A condition on a surface of revolution (cylinder, cone,
sphere) where all points of the surface intersected by
any plane perpendicular to a common axis (cylinder,
cone) or passing through a common center (sphere)
are equidistant from the axis of the center.
Cylindricity A condition on a surface of revolution in which all points
of the surface are equidistant from a common axis.
Perpendicula The condition of a surface, axis, median plane, or line Orientati
rity which is exactly at 90 degrees with respect to a datum on
(squareness) plane or axis.
Angularity The distance between two parallel planes, inclined at a
specified basic angle in which the surface, axis, or
center plane of the feature must lie.
Parallelism The condition of a surface or axis which is equidistant
at all points from a datum of reference.
 True Position A zone within which the center, axis, or center plane of Location
a feature of size is permitted to vary from its true
(theoretically exact) position.
Concentricity A cylindrical tolerance zone whose axis coincides with
the datum axis and within which all cross-sectional
axes of the feature being controlled must lie. (note: this
is very expensive and time consuming to measure.
Recommended that you try position or runout as an
alternative tolerance.)
Profile of a A uniform two dimensional zone limited by two parallel Profile
Line zone lines extending along the length of a feature.
Profile of a A uniform three dimensional zone contained between
Surface two envelope surfaces separated by the tolerance zone
across the entire length of a surface.
Runout A composite tolerance used to control the relationship Runout
of one or more features of a part to a datum axis during
a full 360 degree rotation about the datum axis.
Each circular element of the feature/part must be within
the runout tolerance.
Total Runout A composite tolerance used to control the relationship
of one or more features of a part to a datum axis during
a full 360 degree rotation about the datum axis.

Q4- Write MMC and LMC of different assembly parts

 Eg. Spectacles
Q5- design a plug gauge go and not go ,

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

WORK STUDY

1. Define work. (1)

2. What are basic motion elements? Give some examples. (1)
3. What is a work element? (1)
4. What is the difference between the labor productivity ratio and the labor
productivity index? (2)
As a business owner, you must measure productivity to know if the money
you spend on labor is paying off in terms of output. The labor productivity
ratio is the simplest way to find out if you're getting the production you
 need. Use this ratio on a regular basis, and you'll remain aware of your
employees' productivity.
The labor productivity ratio, in its simplest form, looks like this:
output/input. Simply divide the amount of output you're getting by the
amount of work you're putting into it. This requires you to assign numbers to
both input and output so that you get a meaningful figure.

Labour Productivity Index (LPI) is an important economic indicator of

an economy. It shows how efficiently labour input is used for
generating real output and is very useful for analysing the contribution
of changes in labour productivity to various industries and the
economy as a whole. Factors affecting changes in LPI include
changes in technology, organisational structures, management
practices and capital, etc.

5. A given task performed by a worker can be considered to consist of the

basic productive work content and excess nonproductive activities. (a)
What is meant by the term basic productive work content? (b) What is
meant by the term excess nonproductive activities? (2)
The basic work content of the product or operation
Work content means, of course, the amount of work "contained in"
a given product or a process measured in "work-hours" or
"machine hours".
- A work-hour is the labor of one person for one hour.
- A machine-hour is the running of a machine or piece of plant for
one hour.
The basic work content is the time taken to manufacture the
product or to perform the operation if the design or specification of
the product or service provided were perfect, if the process or
method of operation were perfectly carried out, and if there were
no loss of working time from any cause whatsoever during the
period of the operation (other than legitimate rest pauses permitted
to the operative).
The basic work content is the irreducible minimum time
theoretically required to produce one unit of output.This is
obviously a perfect condition which never occurs in practice,
 although it may sometimes be approached, especially in line
manufacturing or process industries. In general, however, actual
operation times are far in excess of it on account of excess work
content.

What is meant by the term excess nonproductive activities?-basic productive

work content – the theoretical minimum amount of work required to
accomplish a task, where the amount of work is expressed in terms of time
2-excess nonproductive activities – the extra physical and mental actions
performed by the worker that do not add any value to the task, nor do they
facilitate the productive work content that does add value
1.13 What are the three categories of excess nonproductive activities, as
they are defined the in the text? excess activities caused by: 1. poor design of
the product or service 2. inefficient methods, poor work layout, and
interruptions 3. the human factor
6. A work group of 20 workers in a certain month produced 8600 units of
output working 8 hr/day for 21 days. (a) What is the labor productivity
ratio for this month? (b) In the next month, the same worker group
produced 8000 units but there were 22 workdays in the month and the size
of the work group was reduced to 14 workers. What is the labor
productivity ratio for this second month? (c) What is the productivity index
using the first month as a base? (2)
7. What is meant by the term normal performance?
Normal performance refers to a pace of working that can be
maintained throughout an entire work shift (in which periodic rest
breaks are allowed) by a properly trained average worker without
deleterious short term or long effects on the worker’s health or
physical well-being.
8. What is meant by the term normal time for a task? (1)
The normal time for a task is the time required to accomplish one
cycle of the task when working at 100% performance (normal
performance).
9. What does PFD stand for? What is the purpose of the PFD allowance in
determining the standard time for a task?
PFD stands for personal time, fatigue, and delays. The purpose of the
PFD allowance is to provide a small amount of additional time above
 the normal time to account for losses due to personal time, fatigue
(rest breaks), and delays that occur periodically during the work shift.
10.A worker performs a repetitive assembly task at a workbench to
assemble products. Each product consists of 25 components. Various
hand tools are used in the task. The standard time for the work cycle is
7.45 min, based on using a PFD allowance factor of 15%. If the worker
completes 75 product units during an 8-hour shift, determine (a) the
number of standard hours accomplished and (b) worker efficiency. (c)
If the worker took only one rest break, lasting 13 min, and experienced
no other interruptions during the 8 hours of shift time, determine her
worker performance. (4)
11.The normal time for a work cycle in a worker-machine system is 6.27 min.
For setting the standard time, the PFD allowance factor is 12%, and the
machine allowance factor is 25%. The work cycle includes manual
elements totaling a normal time of 5.92 min, all but 0.65 min of which are
performed as internal elements. Determine (a) the standard time for the
cycle and (b) the daily output at standard performance. (c) During an 8-
hour shift, the worker lost 39 min due to personal time, rest breaks, and
delays, and she produced 72 pieces. What was the worker’s pace on the
operator-controlled portion of the shift? (4)