Volume 1
Generator
Protection
2005 Protection Seminar
Contents
• Generator Basics
• Generator Protection Upgrade Tutorial
• Implementing Power Plant Control Logic
Scheme Logic
Generator Basics
Short Circuits
Device Numbers
Generator Basics
Generator Step-up
Transformer
Generator
Field CT VT
Gen.
Excitation
AVR
Transformer
Static
Exciter
Generator Basics
Fault Inception
High Side of
Generator
Breaker
Currents
Generator
Neutral
Terminal
Currents
Generator Basics
watt seconds
6000
Watt-seconds
Total
4000
Generator
2000
System
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
time, sec
Discussed in
Device Function Tutorial
Section
21 Distance Relay. Backup for system 11
and generator zone phase faults.
24 Volts/Hz protection for generator 6
overexcitation.
32 Reverse power relay. Anti-motoring 14
protection.
40 Loss-of-field protection. 8
46 Negative sequence unbalance 10
current protection for the generator.
Generator Basics
Discussed in
Device Function Tutorial
Section
49 Stator Thermal Protection. 14
51GN Time overcurrent ground relay. 4 & 11
51TN Backup for ground faults. 4 & 11
51V Voltage-controlled or voltage- 11
restrained time overcurrent relay.
Backup for system and generator
phase faults.
59 Overvoltage protection. 6
Discussed in
Device Function Tutorial
Section
78 Loss-of-synchronism protection. 9
81 Frequency relay. Both 5
underfrequency protection.
86 Hand-reset lockout auxiliary relay. 14
87G Differential relay. Primary phase-fault 2
protection for the generator.
87N Stator ground fault differential . 4
87T Differential relay. Primary protection 2
for the transformer.
87U Differential relay for overall generator 2
and transformer protection.
Generator Basics
G ST GT-1 G GT-2 G
M M M M M
Generator Basics
GENERATOR
BASICS
QUESTIONS ?
Generator
Protection
Generator Protection Upgrade Tutorial
Upgrade Tutorial
Generator Protection Upgrade
Discussion Objectives
Why upgrade generator protection?
Q&A
Generator Protection Upgrade
To recognize deficiency
To perform the work
Improved Security
- Distance Element Enhancements
Load encroachment blinding
Power swing blocking (for stable swings)
Generator Protection Upgrade
ANSI/IEEE Standards
Latest developments reflected in:
Medium – up to 12.5 MW
Generator Protection Upgrade
Large – up to 50 MW
Generator Protection Upgrade
Large Machine
Protection
IEEE C37.102
Unit Connected,
High Z Grounded
Generator Protection Upgrade
Generator Protection
Internal Fault Abnormal Operating
- Stator Phase Conditions
- Stator and Field - Over/under voltage
Ground - Overexcitation
System Back Up for - Load Unbalance
Faults - Loss of Field
- Phase and Ground - Loss of Synchronism
- Frequency
Sequential Shutdown - Loss of prime mover
- Power sensitivity
- Inadvertent Energizing
Sync Security - Compromised potential
- Sync Check source (blown fuse)
- Open trip circuit
Generator Protection Upgrade
System
Field Ground Ground
Stator
Ground
Exciter
G System
Stator
Phase
System
Phase
Generator Protection Upgrade
G System
Abnormal
Inadvertent Frequency
Energizing,
Abnormal Pole Flashover
Frequency Loss of
Reverse Breaker Synchronism
Power Failure
Generator Protection Upgrade
- Safety
- Ability to detect less harmful (hopefully)
phase-to-ground fault before phase-to-phase
fault occurs
- Limit damage from ground faults
- Stop transient overvoltages
- Provide ground source for other system
protection (other zones)
Generator Protection Upgrade
G System
Generator Protection Upgrade
- Moderately expensive
- Used when generators are unit connected
- System ground source obtained from unit xfmr
- Generator damage minimized or mitigated from
ground fault
- Ground fault current typically <=10A
G System
Generator Protection Upgrade
G System
Generator Protection Upgrade
52
F3
Hybrid Ground
51
51
N
Converts from low to
52
F2
high if internal
52
generator fault is
B
51
51
N detected
52
F1
52
G 87
GD
G
51
G Trip
Excitation,
Prime Mover
VS
59
N
Generator Protection Upgrade
G
Generator Protection Upgrade
BUS
G
Generator Protection Upgrade
G
Generator Protection Upgrade
59N Element
1.0
Voltage at Neutral
pu
(60 Hz)
0.5
pu
0
0% 50% 100%
N Fault Position T
27TN Supervision
Phase voltage
- No phase voltage, cannot generate 3rd harmonic
voltage
Power
- 3rd harmonic typically increases as power output
increases
27TN Supervision
Generator Protection Upgrade
3rd harmonic values tend to increase with power and VAr loading
Fault near neutral causes 3rd harmonic voltage at neutral to go to zero volts
Generator Protection Upgrade
59N-1
59N-2
27TN 59D
0% 100%
Generator Protection Upgrade
Frequency independent
Generator Protection Upgrade
* V
59N-1
59N-2
27TH 59D
64S
0% 100%
Generator Protection Upgrade
Ground fault on
BUS system is detected
by grounded
generator’s 51N
67 67 67
element
N N N
Coordinated with
G G G system relays, they
should trip before
51N
51 51 51
N N N
67N, wrong
direction, no trip
R R R
Generator Protection Upgrade
67 87
N GD
G G
51
N
R
Generator Protection Upgrade
• Fault in
BUS ungrounded
machine detected
by 67N
• 67N trips before
G G
67 67
N N
51N of grounded
87
GD
87
GD
machine
51 51
• 87GD for fast
N N
tripping for fault on
grounded machine
• Trip selectivity
R R maintained
Generator Protection Upgrade
Hybrid Ground
Dynamic switching from low to high when internal
generator fault is detected
52
G
87
GD
G
51
G Trip
Excitation,
Prime Mover
VS
59
N
Generator Protection Upgrade
51N
With single
generator 67N
With 2 or more
generators on 67N
bus
With single
generator 87GD
With 2 or more
generators on
bus
87GD
0% 100%
Generator Protection Upgrade
Commutation
Brush
Grounding
Brush
Generator Protection Upgrade
Commutation
Brush
Grounding
Brush
Generator Protection Upgrade
64F: Field/Rotor Ground Faults
64B: Brush Lift Off
Generator Protection Upgrade
Rotor
Ground Fault
Detection
Slip Ring
Grounding
Brush
Brush (Typ.)
+ R -
Exciter System
Generator Protection Upgrade
Detect Turn-to-Turn
Faults with Individual
Definite Time Phase
Overcurrent Pickup
Adjustment
Generator Protection Upgrade
21 – Distance Load
Fault (for Z1, Z2, Z3)
Element Impendance Blinder
+X
XL
Z3
XT Z2
Z1
-R +R
-X Power
PowerSwing
Swingoror
Z1, Z2 and Z3 used to trip Load
LoadEncroachment
Encraochment
Z1 set to 80% of GSU, Z2 set to 120% of GSU
Z3 set to overreach remote bus
Generator Protection Upgrade
21 – Distance
Element
21 – Distance Fault Load
Element Impendance Blinder
(for Z1 & Z2)
+X
XL
Z3
XT Z2
Z1
-R +R
-X Pow erSwing
Power Sw ing
or or
Z1 and Z2 used to trip LoadEncroachment
Load Encraochment
Z1 set to 80% of GSU, Z2 set to overreach remote bus
Z3 used for power swing blocking; Z3 blocks Z2
Generator Protection Upgrade
Power Transfer
Pe = Pm
|Eg| |Es|
Pe = sin (Θg - Θs)
X
Power Transfer
Pe = Pm
|Eg| |Es|
Pe = sin (Θg - Θs)
X
Unstable
Stable
Generator Protection Upgrade
Loss of Field
GE and Westinghouse Methods
Multiple Loss-of-
Field Mho
Implementations
VAR to Better Fit
OUT
Normal Reactive
WATT
Capability
Curves
VAR Loss
IN of
Field
P-Q Plane
- Downed conductors
- Stuck poles switches and breakers
Generator Ratings
Nameplate
- Constant Withstand
- “K” Factor
Generator Protection Upgrade
Generator
Ratings
Typical
K Values
Salient Pole
Generators
40
Synchronous
Generators
30
Generator Protection Upgrade
Overexcitation (24)
Causes of V/HZ Problems
Generator voltage regulator problems
- Operating error during off-line manual regulator
operation
- Control failure
- VT fuse loss in voltage regulator (AVR) sensing
voltage
System problems
- Unit load rejection: full load, partial rejection
- Power system islanding during major disturbances
Generator Protection Upgrade
Overexcitation (24)
Used to protect machine against excessive V/Hz
(overfluxing)
Legacy Protection
Typically “stair-step” two definite time setpoints
Two definite time elements
Instantaneous Reset
Generator Protection Upgrade
Overexcitation (24)
Modern Protection
Definite time elements
Inverse curves
Overexcitation (24)
Typical plot
using definite
time and
inverse curve
Generator Protection Upgrade
Overexcitation (24)
Modern Protection
V/Hz measurement operational range: 2-80 Hz
- Necessary to avoid damage to steam turbine generators
during rotor pre-warming at startup
- Necessary to avoid damage to converter-start gas turbine
generators at startup
- In both instances, the generator frequency during startup and
shut down can be as low as 2 Hz
- NOTE: An Overvoltage (59) function, designed to work
properly up to 120 Hz, is important for Hydro Generators
where the generators can experience high speed (high
frequency) during full load rejection. Since the V/Hz during
this condition is low, the 24 function will not operate, and the
59 function will provide proper protection
from overvoltage.
Generator Protection Upgrade
59
Restricted
58
57
Prohibited
Inadvertent Energizing
Operating errors
Breaker head flashover
Control circuit malfunctions
Combination of above
Generator Protection Upgrade
Fuse Loss
Fuse loss (loss of voltage potential) can cause
voltage sensitive elements to misoperate
Fuse Loss
One VT
Two VTs
Generator Protection Upgrade
M-3425
1
52b Status Trip Circuit
Control/Status
Monitoring Monitoring Input
Input Input 2
Output
Contact
-
Generator Protection Upgrade
Notes:
A) TDOE = time delay on energizing, times from PS (preset) to zero. While timing, output = 0; when timed out (at 0),
output = 1
B) TDOE default at 20 cycles, range 0-120 cycles (or more)
C) Time delay is employed to account for indeterminate breaker position as "a" and "b" contacts change state. It prevents
nuisance alarms during the transition state.
D) The control/status input used in the DC circuit accepts an external DC voltage source (versus being self-wetted).
Generator Protection Upgrade
I/O
Standard and Expanded I/O
- Standard I/O (horizontal and vertical mount)
6 Control/Status Inputs
Breaker Trip Coil Input
8 Control Outputs (Trip Rated)
Self diagnostic contact
Optional sync input and field ground inputs
- Expanded I/O (horizontal mount)
14 Control/Status Inputs
Breaker Trip Coil Input
23 Control Outputs (Trip Rated)
Self diagnostic contact
Optional sync input and field ground inputs
Ability to have many discrete outputs for alarming,
annunciating and trip voting schemes
More inputs to track plant status for event logging and
oscillography
Generator Protection Upgrade
I/O
Standard
Expanded
Generator Protection Upgrade
Relay Configuration
Delta-Y Transform to allow appropriate operation of
Distance (21) Elements
Example:
Relay
Configuration
Generator Protection Upgrade
Example:
Element
Selection
Generator Protection Upgrade
Example:
Element
Setting
Generator Protection Upgrade
IPScom
Example:
I/O Assignment
Example:
I/O
Assignment
Generator Protection Upgrade
Example:
Settings
Summary
Generator Protection Upgrade
Programmable
Logic
Generator Protection Upgrade
Programmable
Logic
Generator Protection Upgrade
Impedance,
Sync Info
Voltages
Currents
I/O Status
Generator Protection Upgrade
Elements
trigger on
trip, drop out,
pick up
I/O triggers
on pick up,
drop out
Generator Protection Upgrade
Phasor Display (Vectors)
0.00 0.0
Oscillography
Determine if relay and circuit breaker operated
properly
- Identify relay, control or breaker problem
- Generators do experience faults / abnormal
conditions
In the machine or the system?
Speed generator’s return to service
- Identify type of testing needed
- Provide data to generator manufacturer
Gives plant engineer data to force unit off-line for
inspection
Uncovers unexpected problems
- Synchronizing, shutdown
Comtrade Format
Oscillographs
(*.cfg)
Generator Protection Upgrade
B C D
A F
G H I K L M N
Generator Protection Upgrade
A) All analog traces. This view shows peak values. RMS values may also
be displayed
B) Controls for going to the beginning or end of a record, as well as
nudging forward or backward in time in a record
C) Zoom controls
D) Display controls for analog traces, RMS traces, fundamental waveform
display, frequency trace, power trace, power factor trace, phasor
diagram, impedance diagram and power diagram
E) Marker #1
F) Marker #2
G) Time at Marker #1
H) Time at Marker #2
I) Control status input and contact output traces (discrete I/O)
J) Scaling for each analog trace. This can be set automatically or manually
adjusted
K) Date and timestamp for record
L) Time of trip command
M) Time at Marker #1
N) Time at Marker #2
Generator Protection Upgrade
P
Q
R
S
Generator Protection Upgrade
Impedance Trajectory
Over Record
Marker #1
Impedance Values
at Marker #1
Impedance Values
Marker #2 at Marker #2
Power Trajectory
Over Record
Marker #1
Marker #1
Ph-Gnd Fault
Ph-Ph Fault
3-Ph Fault
Gen feeding fault into low side of GSU, no low side breaker
Example of Ph-Gnd fault evolving into 3-Ph Fault
Insulation breakdown due to high voltage
21P backup element tripped
Generator Protection Upgrade
Communications
Communications PC Software package for setpoint
interrogation/modification, metering, monitoring, and
downloading oscillographic records
Communications
Telephony, PC at Plant, Integration
Generator Protection Upgrade
Communications
Generator Protection Upgrade
Utility System
52
Unit
87
Areas for
G
M-3425A Typical Connection Diagram VT *
50N
Targets
Upgrade
(Optional)
Integral HM I
(Optional) 25 52
VT Gen
Metering
W aveform Capture
81R 81A 81 59 27 24
IRIG-B
Front RS232
CT Areas for Upgrade
Communication
Rear Ethernet
Port (Optional) 3V o VT *
Rear RS-485
Communication
Multiple Setting M-3921
Groups +
Programmable I/O
-
Alternate
Polarity
27 67N
TN
VT
To 87 CT
Termnal 50N 51N
27 GD
59D 59N R CTs
32
R
Summary
There are a number of serious protection
shortcomings on generators with relays older than
10 years (plants commissioned <1993)
- IPP
- Industrial
Generator Protection Upgrade
Summary
Generator owners should address these risks
through comprehensive upgrade programs to protect
their generator investment
Generator Protection
Beckwith Electric Is Generation Security
Upgrade Tutorial
Questions
Generator Protection Upgrade
The End
Generator
Protection
Implementing Power Plant Control Logic
Scheme Logic
TRIP#1 /Arm Fire Prot. TRIP#2 / Arm Fire Prot. TRIP#3 SV13T SV14T
Supervised by 60FL 60FL 60FL+27 32+IN7 27+IN4 IN3 27+IN3
21 24-2 40-1&2 40-2 59-1 59-2 87-1/2 IPS#1 IPS#2 59N-1&2 27TN-1&2 81-1 IPS#4 32-1 78 46-2 81-2 25 IPS#3 IPS#5 IPS#6
Out1 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X X, X
Out2 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X X, X
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm X X X X
Out5 UCC PLC X X X X
Out6 BF Initiate X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Out7 BF Initiate X
Out8 Trip Gen CB X
Out9 Trip Field CB X
Out10 Close PIV X
Out11 Trip 86U X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Out14 Trip Field CB X X X X X X X X X
Out15 De Excite X X X X
Out16 IPSLogic#6 X X X X X
Out17
Out10 X
Out18
Out19
Out20 Block TIV X X
Out21 PAM PLC X X X X
Out22 Sync Check X
86U
IPSLogic#3 IPSLogic#6
IN12 TDDO Output(s) IN15
AND Output(s)
Seal-in Out16
BC Hydro application requires Seal-in of the ARM Fire Protection and Block TIV trip outputs.
Out1,Out2 and Out20 have output contact seal-in setting time of 1 - 8160 cycles. IPSLogic#5
IN14 TDDO Output(s)
Scheme Logic
Customer BECO
Input Input Description/Purpose
IN102 IN1 Gen CB Status
IN101 IN2 86U Status
IN103 IN3 Sync Condense Status
IN104 IN4 Governor in Manual
IN205 IN5 Wicket Gate at SNL
IN207 IN7 Exciter Low Level
IN8 Sync Condense Status
IN201 IN11 86G Trip Sequence Initiate
IN202 IN12 86GH Trip Sequence Initiate
IN203 IN13 86N Trip Sequence Initiate
IN204 IN14 86NH Trip Sequence Initiate
Scheme Logic
Customer BECO
Output Output Purpose
Out101 Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out102 Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Out103 Out3 Test point
Out104 Out4 PML Alarm
Out105 Out5 UCC PLC
Out106 Out6 BF Initiate
Out201 Out11 Trip 86U
Out202 Out12 Trip Gen CB
Out204 Out14 Trip Field CB
Out205 Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out207 Out17 Close PIV
Out210 Out20 Block TIV
Out211 Out21 PAM PLC
Out212 Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
TRIP3
OOST OR
4602T
27B81P X X X X
AND
81D2T AND X X X X
X X X X
IN103
BECO Logic X X X X
32-1
AND
IN3
X X X X
78 OR TRIP3
46-2
27
AND
81-2 AND
X X X X
IN8
Scheme Logic
78 OR TRIP3
46-2
27 X X X X
AND
81-2 AND X X X X
X X X X
IN8
IN3 active
when closed
IN8 active
when open
Scheme Logic
20
Cutoff Voltage
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency
IPS#1
IPSLogic#1 Initiating Outputs Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
Initiating Inputs Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
AND
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate X
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB X
Out14 Trip Field CB X
Out15 De Excite
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
IN104
IN203
X X X X
BECO Logic
59N1
27TN
TRIP2
32P2T AND OR
IN7 X X X X
27
81-1 AND
IN4
IN13 IPSlogic#4
Scheme Logic
IN7
Supervised by 32+IN7
27TN-1&2
Out1 Arm Fire Prot. X
Out2 Arm Fire Prot. X
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
Out5 UCC PLC
Out6 BF Initiate
Out11 Trip 86U X
Out12 Trip Gen CB
Out14 Trip Field CB
Out15 De Excite
X
Out16 IPSLogic#6
Out17 Close PIV
Out20 Block TIV
Out21 PAM PLC
Out22 Sync Check
Scheme Logic
Customer Logic
Seal-in Circuit
87U
Arm Fire Supervised by
87R Protection 32+IN7
OR
59N-1&2 27TN-1&2
64G1
Out1 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X
64G2 Out2 Arm Fire Prot. X, X X, X
AND
32P2T AND IN101 Out3 Test point
IN207 Out4 PML Alarm
Customer Logic
Seal-in Circuit
SV13T SV14T
SV13T
Block TIV Supervised by
OR
SV14T IPS#3 IPS#5
Out1 Arm Fire Prot.
Out2 Arm Fire Prot.
AND
IN101
Out3 Test point
Out4 PML Alarm
SV13T
Trip3
Trip2 Trip Gen
Breaker
SV14T OR SV7DO OR
AND
BFI
IN205
AND
Trip1
BECO Logic
SV13T
Trip3
OUT16 TDDO
1 - 8160 ~
Outputs Supervised by
AND
IPS#6
IN5
Arm Fire Prot.
THE END
000
2
1:
d
re
0
te
90
g is
Re
IS O