RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Graph Explanation (This is to clarify any questions on the graphs later on)
1st column represents the time interval where t=0 is the moment the tracer is injected
2nd column represents the siemens (electrical conductivity) of the packed bed outlet at each time
interval or also known as 𝐶(𝑡)
3rd column’s objective is to find the area under the graph of CT1 vs Time or also known as,
𝑇
∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, T=Total time for experiment to complete, this is to use in plotting the E(t) curve

(Area under graph = 55804.25𝜇s.min/cm)

𝑇
4th column is E(t) found using the formula, 𝐸(𝑡) = 𝐶(𝑡)/ ∫0 𝐶(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

5th column is just multiplying t and E(t), this is for the next column
6th column’s objective is to find the area under the graph tE(t) vs t graph. This is to obtain 𝑡𝑚 , the
𝑇
mean residence time using the formula, 𝑡𝑚 = ∫0 𝑡𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 [Area under graph or 𝑡𝑚 = 10.2239min]

7th column is 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 , this will be used in further calculations

8th column is (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2, this will be used in further calculations

9th column is 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 , this is to plot 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 vs 𝑡 graph

10th column’s objective is to find the area under the 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 vs 𝑡 graph. This is to obtain 𝜎 2 ,
𝑇
the variance of experimental data using the formula, 𝜎 2 = ∫0 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )2 dt [Area under the
graph or 𝜎 2 =12.4237 (min )2

11th column is (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3, this will be used in further calculations

12th column is 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 , this is to plot 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 vs 𝑡 graph

13th column’s objective is to find the area under the 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 vs 𝑡 graph. This is to obtain data
1 𝑇
to calculate 𝑠 3 , the skewness using the formula 𝑠 3 = ( 3 ) ∫0 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 dt
𝜎2
Experiment A (Step Change Input with Counter Current Mode)

TASKS:

(a) Obtain E(t) Curve

Step Change Input (Counter Current Mode)

6000.0
5000.0
CT1 (μs/cm)

4000.0
3000.0
2000.0
1000.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (min)

Series2 Series3

CT1 vs Time

E(t) graph for Step Change Input (Counter Current

Mode)
0.1000
0.0800
E(t) [min^-1]

0.0600

0.0400
0.0200
0.0000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (min)

Series2

E(t) vs Time, E(t) Curve

(b) Determine the mean residence time,𝑡𝑚 , of the system.

tE(t) graph for Step Change Input (Counter Current

Mode)
1.6000
1.4000
1.2000
1.0000
tE(t)

0.8000
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (min)

Series2

tE(t) vs Time

16
𝑡𝑚 = ∫0 𝑡𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , Area under the graph = 10.2339 min

(c) Determine the variance,𝜎 2 and the skewness,𝑠 3 of the system.

𝜎 2 =12.4237 min^2

𝜎 = sqrt(12.4237) = 3.5247 min

1 𝑇 1
𝑠 3 = ( 3 ) ∫0 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 dt =( 3 ) (−10.3896) = -1.57 min^(11/3)
𝜎2 3.52472

(d) Does your system has negligible dispersion or large dispersion? (Hint: Give your comment
based on the value of the dimensionless group, D/uL)
Experiment B (Pulse Input with Counter Current Mode)

TASKS:

(a) Obtain E(t) Curve

Pulse Input (Counter-Current Mode)

5000
4000
CT1 (μs/cm)

3000
2000
1000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (min)

Series1 Series2 Series3

CT1 vs Time

E(t) graph for Pulse Input (Counter Current Mode)

0.15
E(t) [min^-1]

0.1

0.05

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (min)

Series1 Series2

E(t) vs Time, E(t) Curve

(b) Determine the mean residence time,𝑡𝑚 , of the system.

tE(t) graph for Pulse Input (Counter Current Mode)

1.2
1
0.8
tE(t)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (min)

Series1 Series2

tE(t) vs Time

18
𝑡𝑚 = ∫0 𝑡𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , Area under the graph = 8.9063 min

(c) Determine the variance,𝜎 2 and the skewness,𝑠 3 of the system.

𝜎 2 =12.1499 min^2

𝜎 = sqrt(12.1499) = 3.4857 min

1 𝑇 1
𝑠 3 = ( 3 ) ∫0 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 dt =( 3 ) (15.0523) = 2.3130 min^(11/3)
𝜎2 3.48572

(d) Does your system has negligible dispersion or large dispersion? (Hint: Give your comment
based on the value of the dimensionless group, D/uL)
Experiment C (Step Change Input with Co-Current Mode)

TASKS:

(a) Obtain E(t) Curve

Step Change Input (Co-Current Mode)

5000.0
CT2 (μs/cm)

4000.0
3000.0
2000.0
1000.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

Series2 Series3

CT2 vs Time

E(t) graph for Step Change Input (Co-Current Mode)

0.0700
0.0600
E(t) [min^-1]

0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

Series2

E(t) vs Time, E(t) Curve

(b) Determine the mean residence time,𝑡𝑚 , of the system.

tE(t) graph for Step Change Input (Co-Current Mode)

2.0000

1.5000
tE(t)

1.0000

0.5000

0.0000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

Series2

tE(t) vs Time

25
𝑡𝑚 = ∫0 𝑡𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , Area under the graph = 16.1034 min

(c) Determine the variance,𝜎 2 and the skewness,𝑠 3 of the system.

𝜎 2 =28.9578 min^2

𝜎 = sqrt(28.9578) = 5.3812 min

1 𝑇 1
𝑠 3 = ( 3 ) ∫0 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 dt =( 3 ) (−28.4597) = -2.2798 min^(11/3)
𝜎2 5.38122

(d) Does your system has negligible dispersion or large dispersion? (Hint: Give your comment
based on the value of the dimensionless group, D/uL)
Experiment D (Pulse Input with Co-Current Mode)

TASKS:

(a) Obtain E(t) Curve

Pulse Input (Co-Current Mode)

2000.0
CT2 (μs/cm)

1500.0
1000.0
500.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

Series2 Series3

CT2 vs Time

E(t) graph for Pulse Input (Co-Current Mode)

0.1000
E(t) [min^-1]

0.0800
0.0600
0.0400
0.0200
0.0000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

Series2

E(t) vs Time, E(t) Curve

(b) Determine the mean residence time,𝑡𝑚 , of the system.

tE(t) graph for Pulse Input (Co-Current Mode)

1.0000

0.8000

0.6000
tE(t)

0.4000

0.2000

0.0000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

Series2

tE(t) vs Time

22
𝑡𝑚 = ∫0 𝑡𝐸(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , Area under the graph = 11.2352 min

(c) Determine the variance,𝜎 2 and the skewness,𝑠 3 of the system.

𝜎 2 =24.8479 min^2

𝜎 = sqrt(24.8479) = 4.9848 min

1 𝑇 1
𝑠 3 = ( 3 ) ∫0 𝐸(𝑡) ∗ (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑚 )3 dt =( 3 ) (5.2128) = 3.2787 min^(11/3)
𝜎2 4.98482

(d) Does your system has negligible dispersion or large dispersion? (Hint: Give your comment
based on the value of the dimensionless group, D/uL)