Technical Presentation on

“Innovative Technology in Highways

Satander Kumar
 Development of Technologies
2015
2.15

1650
1.65
1150
1.15
0650
0.65
Column
0150
0.15 Year of
Year Column
-0.35
• Cement - most consumed man made product in world

• Consumes more energy

• Need: 4th Largest Producer of GHG-India

• Contributing up to 7-8% of GHG,

• Aim :

 GHG Reduction

 Pollution Control

 Cost effectiveness

 Need Based +
 Added advantages
 Eco- Cement/Concrete Industry
1 tone cement need 1.5 ton raw- 700 million calorie

• Plants modified to emit GHG gases (Co2 /Nox) - permissible limit

• Alternate to cement- Geopolymer or alkali activated mineral

admixtures - fly ash, slag, silica fume

• Micro cement using nano particles

• waste products- potential energy.

• Porous Concrete Pavement – Rain Harvesting

• Self compacting flowable

 FRERE ROAD = 8” (4”+4”) MUMBAI 1960
First Mechanised Road NH -2, h= 300 mm
1: 2: 4 M 25

Matunga Bombay 1960 200 mm First Mechanised Road with slip form paver 1992-93

First Mechanized Concrete Road Danish, 1939

First Mechanised Road = 8” (4”+4”) Bombay Poona ,
9
Mumbai- Pune 1939 106 ft/hour (0.5 m/min)
Yamuna Expressway

Rain water Harvesting

 4. Laying Cell Filled Concrete Pavement
3. Thin White Topping Bangalore

1. Laying Roller Compacted Concrete 2. Compaction Roller Compacted Concret

Fibre Geo Textile
.. ......................................
PVC Backing

CONCRETE CLOTH

(6-14 mm thickness )

IRC: SP: 83 EOT /M 200

Automatic Insertion of Tie bars Automatic Insertion of dowel bars

Brooming with soft brush Broomed brush/Tines skid resistance surface

 CONMET BARODA/BRDC/Walia
AB Mumbai/Walia Delhi

• Flattening of Tyre

• Do not have old tyre /Tube

• Do not have -High tyre pressure

• Do not have sharp edges

• Donot have agg in joints/tyre grooves

• Speed less than 100 km/hr with break

• Diamond grinding of projected steel 15

 Whitetopping Construction

Cement Concrete over old

Bituminous pavement

• Milling- rutting > 50 mm

• Minimum Asphalt 75 mm

• Maharastra Karnataka Exp.

 HARD TEXTURING IN PROCESS TEXTURING/TINNING

Machine /Diamon grinding for milling /retexturing concrete DIGITAL VERNIER C- TEXTURING/TINNING
 White Topping for Sustainable Road Infrastructure”
- 50 mm -200 mm

Dr. Ramachandra (CMA) & Satander Kumar- 75mm

Solution for frequent rutting/cracking asphalt pavement

is white topping, i.e placement of a cement concrete overlay
on top of asphalt pavement even under poor drainage, weak
subgrade for all traffic or to solve levelling problem.
CROSS- SECTION OF ULTRA THIN WHITE TOPPING
USING FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
 NEED OF WHITE TOPPING

• Ban on heating of bitumen in capital

• Ban on mining, GHG

• Bituminous mix brought from distances

• More chances -pot holes formation under heavy traffic

• Vertical clearance in bridges/underpasses

• Property Level in Market/habitation

Whitetopping and Its behaviour
 Salient Features of White Topping/
Short panelled Rigid Pavement
• Joints spacing 8-10 times Thickness

• More transfer of load to the underlying

• Uses potential value of lower layers

• Due to bond between the top and the existing bituminous layer

• Close joint spacing to make flexible behaviour

• Durability and compatibility due to Fibres in white topping

• Needs minimum 75 mm HMA or BBD 1 mm or stabilised layer or lean

concrete or WBM minimum 75 mm
 Construction - Whitetopping
• Existing bituminous layer Milled 50 mm in case damaged

• Surface broomed by compressed air to remove debris

• Surface of HMA covered with cement slurry to reduce heat

and bonding

• Preferred PQC 75 mm- 180 mm M 40 Joint spacing 1m.

• No sealant, no polythene sheet, no dowelbars

First UTWT 125 mm in Length 20 m in
2003 Pune

24
 CRRI

CSIR Ghaziabad
 Whitetopping Construction
Whitewash/Slurry wash
• Surface Temp. < 45 deg C

• Prevents heat build-up or

Excessive mix Temp.

• Maintains hard paving

surface.

• Milling- rutted/cracked
> 50 mm
PQC work over Stabilised layer in Progress
 Finished Road
• Tining (Texture depth ) 3mm Width
• 4 mm Depth
Composite Pavement
 In case of Heavily Damaged Flexible
Pavements- slurry seal with Modified
Emulsion IRC:SP:81-2008
 ULTR THIN WHITE-TOPPING

Ultra-thin white-topping is the

placement of a thin plain cement
concrete (PCC) pavement over an
existing hot mix asphalt pavement
(HMA)
CROSS- SECTION OF ULTRA THIN WHITE TOPPING
USING FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
Abrasion, % = 0.2- 0.24 Conventional

Abrasion, % = 0.15- 0.23 FRC

(- 5- 25%)
Abrasion, % = 0.08 % HPFRC

DS, % = 0.06 Conventional

DS, % = 0.03 FRC, (-50%)

Crash barrier
SWING BRIDGE
 Suspension Bridge
• Can span 600 to 2100m

• Most suspension bridges have truss system beneath

roadway

• to resist bending and twisting

Golden Gate Bridge -

San Francisco
 Suspension Br.
Suspension br.
(Laxman Jhula) Rishikesh
span 135m, 1929

Punalur Kerala
( 1877)

44
Vidya Sagar Setu

1992
Hooghly River,

Cable Stayed
457.2 m span
Pylon height 128 m,

L = 823 m,
Longest span in Asia,

Howrah - Kolkata 45
View of the Hybrid Cable Stay Br.

46
Pre cast Longest span Bridges
 worlds Longest Suspension
 Bridge Japan 1998
 Span= 1.9 km
 Longest since 1998
Worlds Tallest Suspension Br
Akasi Kaikyo Bridge Japan
H = 298 m
L -= 3.9 km

48
 Worlds Longest Cable Stayed Bridge
Worlds Tallest Cable Stayed -2004 China –Russky bridge, 10km
France – Millau Span = 342 m Span = 1.01 km
L = 2.46 km 2008
W= 32 m L = 10.1km
H = 343 m H 227 m

49
50
Jadukata Bridge
$92 million. cost
India will have highest railway bridge in world over river Chenab.

1.3-km-long bridge is a part of the 73-km-long Katra-Dharam section

of Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)-Kashmir valley.

DMRC
1. THICKER (500 mm)

2. Thinner, (200mm)

3. Very Thinner (100mm)

Effect of Pre-stressing and
High Grade – Green Tech.

PRESTRESSING PIERS CAPS AT

FARIDABAD NH-2
 INNOVATIVE BRIDGES IN INDIA

Mahatma Gandhi Setu:

longest river bridge

5.575KM long in the world,

Patna
Kathipara Interchange- Chennai
Chemical Admixtures: IS: 9103-1979
Improperly consolidated Concrete

1% Air Void reduces 6% Compressive strength

 News » States
Jaipur, December 31, 2009
Updated: January 1, 2010
00:26 IST
MOUNTING TOLL: National Disaster Response Bridge collapse toll rises to 37
Force personnel search for missing bodies
trapped in the debris of the collapsed bridge at
Chambal River in Kota, Rajasthan on
Wednesday. Photo: PTI
 Air cooled Slag
Granulated Blast Furnace
Slag (GBFS) (IS: 12089)
IS:
Micro silica
agglomerate Fly ash IS: 3812

Cement Silica fume (nano)

particle

IS: 15388
Microsilica production is a--- by product of Ferro silicon Industry
Smelting plant with furnaces,
coolers and baghouse
Quartz, coke and
wood as raw
materials

Microsilica

Silicon or ferro-silicon
2000 oC
electric arc furnace
 IS: 3812 Part 1 Processing of Fly
ash

 Further Pulverisation of coal

 Types of coal

 Temperature of burning

 Reactivity

 Fineness / Particle size.

 Lignite fly A. contains -

CaO more than 15 %

AT PRESENT FLY ASH IS BEING MIXED WITH SODIUM HYDRO

FLY ASH FOR CEMENT CONCRETE

• Lighter fraction, which goes

up the chimney and is caught
by electrostatic precipitator
(ESP) is known as fly ash
(about 80% of the total ash)
 TYPES OF ASH
• BOTTOM ASH
- COLLECTED AT BOTTOM OF BOILER FURNACE
- CONSTITUTES 20% OF TOTAL ASH
ОООО

ОО •••

• FLY ASH -
COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS OF
ELECTROSTATIC -PRECIPITATORS
- CONSTITUTES 80% OF TOTAL ASH

• POND ASH
- BOTTOM ASH + FLYASH- MIXED SLURRY FORM

- DUMPED IN ASH POND - POND ASH (IRCSP58)

Class-F (ASTM C-618) Class-C
Low calcium fly ashes High calcium fly ashes
CaO < 10% CaO 10 to 30%
carbon content < 5% carbon contents < 2%
S. Fly ash Silica fume
No.
1. Pozzolanic light grey Pozzolanic dark grey or
powder bluish green
2. Combustion of Reduction of high purity
pulverized coal in quartz with coal in an
electric power electric arc furnace in the
generating plant manufacture of silicon or
ferrosilicon alloys.
3. Typical size 20 . size 0.1
4. Silica upto 60-70% Silica > 90%
5. Carbon content 2-5% Carbon content – nil
6. Sp. Gr. 2.2 – 2.8 2.10 – 2.25
7. Prevent alkali aggregate Prevent alkali aggregate
reaction reaction
8 Reduction in sulphate Reduction in sulphate
attack in concrete attack in concrete
9. Reduces water demand Increases water demand
in concrete
JJ HOSPITAL FLYOVER, MUMBAI
Use of HPC Thin section
 ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

• Has cement matrix

• Compressive strength = 150 to 250 MPa

• IIT Delhi Developing M 500 equal to steel strength

• Steel fibers- ductile, impact resistance- IRC:SP:46

• Tensile strengths >7 MPa

 M 200 Grade (2000kg/cm2) at 28 days
IIT Delhi M 500 at 28 days
e 1; Mix Proportion of Very High Strength Durable Concrete

Material Appx. Amount in kg/cubic m of concrete

Cement 780
Slag Fine 180
Silica Fume 180
Sand 370
Coarse aggregate 10 mm 816
Admixture 18
Water 158 74
Material Amount in Kg Density Absolute
Volume cum
Cement 780 3150 0.2476
Slag Fine 180 2900 0.0620
Silica Fume 180 2300 0.0783
Sand 370 2700 0.1370
Coarse 816 2700 0.3022
aggregate
+ 4.75 mm
Admixture 18 1210 0.0149
Water 158 1000 0.1580
Total 1.0000
 MICROCRETE
• Microcrete is a pre-bagged self-compacting concrete.

• Good flow properties -reduce heat generation.

• Large volume repairs -

• blended cement,
• graded aggregates (passing 2.36 mm)
• additives
• controlled expansion
• good bonding
 MICROCRETE- 2nd Definition

• Active solid,

• Site mixed with clean water,

• Self emulsifies

• deep penetrating,

• water repellent
 Specification
• Do not apply -thickness of over 5mm - water proofing.

• Patch/repair compound.

• Initial Set 1 hour

• Final Set 2.5 hours

• Compressive Strength 28 MPa at 28 days

DMRC
1. THICKER (500 mm)

2. Thinner, (200mm)
3. Very Thinner ( 100mm)
Effect of Pre-stressing and
High Grade – Green Tech.

PRESTRESSING PIERS CAPS AT

FARIDABAD NH-2
• IRC:SP:109 - Thin Dia. Piles Saves 40-60 % Material

• Conventional :
• Normal pile 750- 1000mm Dia
• Vertical and horizontal clearance more
• Safety less

• Innovative Idea IRCSP:109:

SDP grout reinforced steel or structural steel.
Metallic/nonmetallic casing
Internationally micro or mini piles 150-200mm`
 Special Concrete
• High Performance Concrete IRC:SP:70/IRC:114/IRC:SP:62

• SCC- (Max 90% use in Japan) B 4 Committee

• No mechanical
• smooth surface
• revolutionizing the precast industry.

Okamura in 1986 –Ozawa

Maekawa at the University of Tokyo

• Thin Pavement
 Self-compacting concrete (SCC)

• Able to flow & consolidate under its own weight,

• Completely fill the formwork even in presence

of dense reinforcement,

• maintaining homogeneity

• Without need for additional compaction

 Need For SCC

• Access to allow vibration is impossible

• Complicated forms

• Congested reinforcement

• Pouring from a single point is possible

• Cost savings –Integral bridge, thin section with high strength

Advantages of Self Compacting Concrete in Roads and structures

IRC: SP:62,
IRC:SP:70
IRC 44

1. Enhanced productivity,

2. Minimize repair of finished surface

3. Reduced manpower

4. Reduces coarse aggregates

5. Minimizes electrical/mechanical energy

USE Pumped Concrete SAVE ELECTRICITY
 Pumped Concrete
• Passing 250 micron = 15-30%

• Passing 125 micron = 5-30%

• Admixture IS 9103

• Air content 2% - 3%
 BASIC OF Mix Design SCC
• Powder or Fines < 0.125mm.

• Cement, flyash and that fraction of sand < 0.125mm.

• water/powder ratio ----- 0.8 to 1.1.

 SCC = Improvement in Performance

Figure 3 Condition of Concrete of SCC (Higashi-Oozu Viaduct, Japan)

 IS : ‘9012 –1978

Indian Standard on :

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SHOTCRETING

( Fourth Reprint NOVEMBER 1995 )
 Definition
IS:
• Shotcrete is mortar or concrete conveyed
through a hose and pneumatically projected
at high velocity on to a surface.

• The force of the jet impinging on the surface

compacts the material.
 Shotcrete materials
• i) Portland cement,
ii) Fibres,
iii) Lightweight aggregate,
iv) Water,
v) Admixtures.

• Curved or thin concrete structures

• Shallow repairs,
• Create thick members,
• Swimming pools,
• Fire-proofing structural steel,
 Shotcrete/Epoxy
resins Low viscosity

For repair Honey Combing

Repair Honey Combed Surface

Surface Percentage of Rebound
• Floor or slabs 5-15
• Sloping and vertical walls 15-30
• Overhead work 25-50
 RAP/ WASTE MATERIALS/PRECAST COMPONENTS

• Precast Box Culve/Push segment

• Use of C&D waste

• FRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced polymer) in side cracks

• Precast block in bigger patches
• Sand in wider cracks
• 1/3rd Cut at longitudinal or construction joints
C S: 63
 Use of recycled aggregate in concrete and mortar

Hierarchy of techniques for C&D

waste treatment
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Dispose (a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Recycled aggregate
(RA) is produced by
crushing some
categories of C&D
waste in mobile or
stationary recycling
(f) (g) (h)
plants.
PROCESSING OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION DELHI

University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering 3/6

 Advance Equipment
• digital/laser thermometer,

• kits for rapid testing of water and pH meter

• RO water - grouting strand-prestressing

• CNC (Computer numerical Control CAD)

• Pull-out tester IRC 112,

• Winder Probe test /Bullet test IRC 112

 MOBILE CRUSHERS

Figure 2 Figure 3 Figures 4 Figure 5.

Mobile Impact Crusher Mobile Cone Crusher Mobile Jaw Crusher Mobile VSI Crusher
Automatic plastering machine
Two Lift Construction MOBILE CRUSHERS
Determines the spring constant “K”

K= F/d ( Total applied load)/ (Deflection)

If K is less than or equal to 100 kN/mm - flexible

100<K < or equal to 250 kN/mm - average

250<K < or equal to 400 kN/mm- - stiff

K >400 kN/mm- - very stiff

 P
P

X
A B
y= d/2 d d
y= d/2 d d

C ?ℓ/3
/3 ? /3 ?ℓ/3
/3 D Y ?/2
ℓ/2 ?/2
ℓ//2 Z
ℓ/3
ℓ?
P/2 P/2 P/2 ℓ? P/2

C. W. BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6 BM = P/2x ℓ/2 = Pℓ/4

BM = P/2x ℓ/3 = Pℓ/6 BM = P/2x ℓ/2 = Pℓ/4
M = f M = f
IM = y f I = yf
M
I y I y
f = M*y f = M*y
F= I F= I
= (Pℓ/6 x d/2) = (Pℓ/4 x d/2)/
= (Pℓ/6
bd3/12x d/2)/ bd3/12 = (Pℓ/4 x d/2)/ bd3/12
bd3/12
Pℓ/bd2
= =Pℓ/bd 2 = 3/2[Pℓ/bd
3/2Pℓ/bd22]
Case 1 Fb = (Pℓ)/ (bd2) if a> 20cm for 15cm

25kn i.e 2.5 ton = 2500*60/15*15*15 = 4.44 MPa

= 10,000*450/350*30*30 = 1.5 MPa
Case 2:
Fb = (3PXa)/ (bd2) P
(For if a< 20cm ---17cm-- ---20 cm---- ----------------

but > 17 cm ------------------- ℓ ------------------

for 15cm) --a---
( a= 17-20cm)

Case 3: For if a< 17 cm for 15cm DISCARD

a= distance between line of fracture and nearest support,
on centre line of the tensile side of specimens
Automatic Road Unevenness Recorder/Bump Integrator
 IRI ( International
Roughness Index )=

0.0032x (BI)0.89
Bump Integrator
DIP STICK
 DEFLECTOMETER

1. Include a circular loading plate of 300 - 450 mm diameter.

2. A rubber pad of 5 mm thickness is glued

3. A falling mass i 50 - 350 kg /700 kg

4. height of fall 100 - 600 mm - load pulses

5. The target peak load 40 kN to 60 kN or higher may be applied

6. deflection of the order of 0.20mm

104
FWD test near a
shoulder joint 105
Working Principal of FWD
 Deflection same

P A.Wider Area
B. Smaller area

dmax

B
i) Shape of Load Pulse is half sine
ii) Duration of Pulse 25 milli- seconds
iii) Automated Temperature Sensing
iv) Automated air Temperature Sensing
Evaluation of Load Transfer Efficiency at Joints
LOAD
d2 d1

If d2/d1≤ 0.6, the Transverse joint is damaged

or d2 > 0.6 d1

If d2/d1≤ 0.4, the Longitudinal joint is damaged

or d2 > 0.4 d1 110

111
Principle of FWD
 Ground Penetrating Radar

Results based on antenna frequency and dampness of

granular material
Ground Penetrating Radar
Falling Weight Deflectometer
SN BBD Deflection Core Cutting FWD Remarks
1 Static load Destructive Dynamic , simulate field Measures
under estimate, Residual life
does not of avement
simulate
2 Thin and less - Used for both The overlay
stiff requirement
3 Labour intensive Labour Not labour intensive Condition of
and time intensive and existing road
consuming time
consuming Computed
4 Test results are - Tests are not affected, as test modulii of
affected by time is in micro seconds each layer
moving traffic
5 Repeatability ? Repeatability ? Good FP upto 600
micron and
RP upto 80
6 Donot predict Donot predict Predict properties of eac
micron
properties of properties of ayer
each layer each layer
Spacing
116of
deflection Evaluation Process

Distance
117
Detection of Voids

118
FWD test on area with and without void
Deflections,mmx10-3

Test on voids

Test on area without voids

Load, kN

119
Composite Cement- IS: 16415-2015
• Cement 35-65% - 35 kg cement
• Fly ash 15-35% - 35 kg fly ash
• Slag 20-50% - 30 kg slag

• 3 day compressive strength 16 MPa,

• 7 days “ 22 MPa
• 28 days “ 33 MPa
Performance improver Mineral admixtures, lime stone powder, slag etc 5%
Properties 33 Grade OPC 43 Grade OPC 43 Grade S 53 Grade OPC 53 Grade S

FINENESS 225 225 370 225 370

m2/kg
Setting IS Time 30 30 60 30 60
FS 600 600 600 600 600
Min CS 3 D 16 23 23 27 27
Min 7D 22 33 37.5 37 37.5
Min 28 D 33 43 43 53 53
Max 28 D 48 58 - - --
 IS: 383-2016
Coarse and Fine Aggregates for
concrete
 Manufactured Aggregate

• Agg manufactured from other than natural

resources by processing materials, using thermal or
other process such as separation, washing, crushing
and scrubbing like Recycled Concrete Aggregates
(RCA) – in FA

• .Recycled agg may also in CA

 Maximum Utilization
Coarse Type Plain Cement Reinforced Lean Concrete
agg Concrete Concrete Less than M 15
Iron Slag 50 25 100
Steel Slag 25 nil 100
RCA 25 20 upto M 25 100

Copper slag 40 35 50
RCA 25 20 upto M 25 100

Chlorides = 0.5%
Sulphates = 0.04 %
Water absorption = 5% upto 10% With precaution
 LIMITS FOR CONCRETE

WEARING OTHER
COURSE WORKS

CRUSHING VALUE Max. 30 % If >Max.

10% fine minimum load 5 t

IMPACT VALUE Max. 30 % Max.45 %

M 65 22%

ABRASION VALUE Max. 35% Max. 50 %

 Grading Zone 1 Grading Zone II Grading Zone III Grading Zone IV
Sieve
size Fineness modulus 5.1 FM= 4.6 FM 2.5
FM 1.8

10 mm
100 100 100 100
4.75
mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100

2.36
mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100

30

15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100

5 50

0 15

NOTE out side the limit except 600 micron upto 5% Permissible
126
No change in blue values, 150 micron value 0-20% crushed stone sand
 Crack Depth Ferroscan (Cover meter) for
Measurement Detecting and Measuring
using SURFER Depth of a Cover, Position of
Reinforcing Bars
Machinery required at site for small work- Space required

Small Gen Set Plate compactor Screed Vibrator

Joint Cutting

Dewatering Set Floater

Fully Pre cast STRUCTURES- Good Green Technology
 Hawara Bridge under Construction

Methodology almost similar to Pre cast Technology

1874-1879
Pre Cast Prestressed Concrete Piles
Individual Pre cast components Piers/Mould
NH 2 L&T
Launching/Lifting Pre cast panel NH-2
Transportation 180 ton
Girder (Prestressed)- each
side of Pier Head

Transportation 80-90 ton

Pier Head
Pre cast Pier Head Wider at Curve portion of –NH 2 near Badarpur
Precast Concrete Spine Segments- 60 tonnes
Wing
Segment
Prestressing cables

How to
Join ?

stitch
segments for
joining
Drains and panel

• Growing trees- insitu ?

Precast RE Concrete after
castingPanel
 USUAL
SHAPES

• Method 1. Wet Cast

• Method 2. Dry Cast

• Causeways
Pre cast Concrete Bridge Elements
Pre cast Beam/Manhole
cover/drainage spot
Pre cast Dirt wall
Height and horizontal gauge must
Height and horizontal gauge must
 Application in India
• 6 Lanning of Chandikhole- Jagatpur Bhubneshwar Km
419- km 62, NH 5 Cuttack Orissa - NHDP - V
Brigade, Kanakpur
Techspan® Bangalore BC

Mould

Delhi MCD
Structure- Black cotton soil
• Prismatic – Characterized
by vertical oriented
aggregates or pillars with
flat tops.

• elongated columns vary in

length with different soils.

• Prismatic structure is
commonly seen in soils
with high clay content and
in horizons dominated by
high shrink-swell clays.
 SOIL - Munsell Color Chart
• Identify soil color - uniformly describe soil composition.

• Desire to fit a contour, such as pyramid, cone, cylinder or cube

• Albert H. Munsell, “A Pigment Color System and Notation”[3]
–
Hematite Iron Oxide Fe2 O3 Red

Iron Sulphide Fe S Black

Dolomite Ca Mg CO3 White

 IS: 1498/IRC:SP:72-2015
Clay ~ CBR 2-3 %
Silt ~ CBR 5-6 %
Sand ~ CBR 10-12 %
Gravel ~ CBR 12-30%

Figure: Indian standard grain size soil classification system

 IRC:SP:72-2015-- Appendix D
Quick Estimation of CBR Ref 18 of MORD Specification

Plastic Soil , CBR in % =

75 75
[1+0.728 (P0.075)*PI]

For R2 = 0.67

P0.075 is % passing 0.075 mm in decimal

PI Plasticity Index of Soil, %

 IRC:SP:72-2015-- Appendix B page 40
Quick Estimation of CBR Ref 18 of MORD Specification for
Preliminary Report

Non-Plastic Soil

CBR = 28.091 ( D60)*0.3581,

For R2 = 0.84

D60 Diameter in mm of the grain size corresponding to

60% Finer
 Unified soil classification-
IS: 1498
– Coarse grained soils

• G = Gravel and gravelly soils

• S = Sand and sandy soils
• W = Well graded, fairly clean material
• P = Poorly graded material

– Fine grained soils

• M = Inorganic silts
• C = Inorganic clays
• O = Organic silts and clays
Unified soil classification IS:1498 - A line

GC and SC

SM
 Unified soil classification IS: 1498
Major division Symbol Brief description of soil type Laboratory test results

Gravel, ‘G’ Clean gravel with less GW Well graded gravels and gravel sand mixes Cu > 4, Cc = 1 to 3
more than half than 5% fines
of the coarse GP Poorly graded gravels and gravel sand mixes Not meeting Cu and Cc
Coarse grained materials
(more than 50% particles

fraction larger requirements of GW

retained on 75 m sieve

than 4.76 mm Gravels with GM Silty gravels and gravel sand mixes Atterberg limits below A
sieve appreciable percent of line or PI less than 4
fines (more than 5%)
GC Clayey gravels and gravel sand mixes Atterberg limits above A
line or PI greater than 7
Sands, ‘S’ more Clean sands with less SW Well graded sands and gravely sands Cu > 6, Cc = 1 to 3
than half of the than 5% fines
coarse fraction SP Poorly graded sands and gravely sands Not meeting Cu and Cc
finer than 4.76 requirements of SW
mm sieve Sands with SM Silty sands and sand-silt mixes Atterberg limits below A
appreciable percent of line or PI less than 4
fines (more than 5%)
SC Clayey sands and sand clay mixes Atterberg limits above A
line or PI greater than 7
Silts and clays with liquid limit less than ML Inorganic silts, clayey silt or fine sand Classification by
Fine grained materials

50 (L) plasticity chart

particles retained on

CL Inorganic clays, gravely, sandy or silty

OL Organic silt and silty clays

(Less than 50%

75 m sieve

Silts and clays with liquid limit more than MH Inorganic silt elastic and micaceous silts
50 (L)
CH Inorganic fat clays

OH Organic silt and clays

Highly organic soils Pt Peat and other highly organic soil

 Specifications
• IRC Special Publication No 59

• Reinforced earth walls:IRC:SP:102

• IRC: 113-2013- Guidelines for the Design and Construction

of Geo Synthetic Reinforced Embankment on Soft Soils

• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways- Specification for

Road and Bridge Works (Fifth Revision)- 2013, Section 700-
 1. Geotextiles in India – An Introduction
 Geosynthetics are planar products manufactured from polymeric or natural materials used with soil, rock,
or other geotechnical-related material as part of a project or system.

Product Categories

Geotextiles Geogrids Geonets Geomembranes Geocomposites Geocells Others

Continuous Plastic filaments Extruded Continuous Products Relatively • Geomats

sheets of woven, and tapes etc. polymer ribs sheets of manufactured thick, three- • Geo-clayliners
nonwoven, formed into a set in net like impermeable using a dimensional • Geofoam
knitted or stitch- very open, grid fashion with plastic and are combination of networks • Geobags
bonded fibres or like small not textiles. two or more made of strips • Geotubes
yarns. The sheets configuration apertures. Impermeable geosynthetics of polymeric • Geopipes
are flexible and having larger fabric acts as a sheet. The • Erosion Control
permeable and apertures. barrier. strips are Blankets(ECB)
generally have joined • Turf
the appearance together to Reinforcement
of a fabric. form conjoint Mats(TRM)
cells.
• Polymeric fibres (Organic fibres)

– Polypropylene fibres,

–Aspect ratio 80- 280

– Polyester,
–Dia 0.04 to 0.15 mm

– Cellulose acetate – 1kg/cum ( 0.2 %)

–Rs 200- 300/kg

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