Topic 3
SCOPE
Types of Exposures
Definition
Threshold Limit Value
Limitation
Duration of Exposure
Biological Standard
Malaysian Occupational Exposure Standard
Types Of Standard
1. Voluntary Standard
- American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH)
- Threshold Limit Value (TLVs)
2. Compulsory Standard
- Permissible Exposure Limit
TLV (USA)
Published by ACGIH
Established in 1946 (updated annually)
Approximately 750 chemicals covered
Guidelines not law
Documentation of TLVs and BEIs
Method of adoption
“Balancing of health considerations and cost to
industry”–ACGIH 1948
Examples of TLV
c t
i 1
i i
TWA n
t
i 1
i
1 tw
TWA8 C (t )dt
8 0
10
t1 t2 tn
C1 (t )dt C 2 (t )dt ... Cn (t )dt
TWA8 0 0 0
8
t1c1 t2c2 ... t n cn
TWA8
8
12
Example
Ci
TWAmix i
1
n
C
i
i
(TWA )
1 i
15
Compliance of mixture
c1 c c
2 ... n 1.0
EL1 EL2 ELn
C is the measured 8-hour TWA concentration
EL is the exposure limit for substance
16
Adjustments of PEL
Adjustments of PEL
Example
Another example
CARCINOGEN
Category:
22
BIOLOGICAL STANDARD
24