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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Topic 3

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STANDARDS

SCOPE

 Types of Exposures
 Definition
 Threshold Limit Value
 Limitation
 Duration of Exposure
 Biological Standard
 Malaysian Occupational Exposure Standard

Dr. AA, UTM, 2011 Page 1


MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Types Of Standard

1. Voluntary Standard
- American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH)
- Threshold Limit Value (TLVs)
2. Compulsory Standard
- Permissible Exposure Limit

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

 Threshold limit values (TLVs)refer to airborne concentrations of


substances and represent conditions under which it is believed
that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after
day without adverse health effects
 Because of wide variation in individual susceptibility, however,
a small percentage of workers may experience discomfort from
some substances at concentrations at or below the TLV
 A smaller percentage may be affected more seriously by
aggravation of a pre-existing condition or by development of an
occupational illness

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

TLV (USA)

 Published by ACGIH
 Established in 1946 (updated annually)
 Approximately 750 chemicals covered
 Guidelines not law
 Documentation of TLVs and BEIs
 Method of adoption
 “Balancing of health considerations and cost to
industry”–ACGIH 1948

Examples of TLV

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Standards of Exposures (USECHH 2000)

 "permissible exposure limit" means a ceiling limit or an eight-


hour time-weighted average airborne concentration or the
maximum exposure limit;
 "ceiling limit" means the airborne concentration that should
not be exceeded during any part of the working day;
 "time-weighted average" in relation to airborne concentration,
means an average airborne concentration over a specified
period of time;
 "maximum exposure limit" means a fifteen-minute time-
weighted average airborne concentration which is three times
the eight-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration
of the chemicals specified in Schedule I; - same as STEL (ACGIH)

Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH)

1. TLV-TWA Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted


Average (TLV-TWA): 8 Hour time weighted average
2. Time Weighted Average– Short Term Exposure Limit
(TLV-STEL): TLV for short term exposure,
Contaminant concentration averaged over a 15-
minute period
3. Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling (TLV-C): maximum
concentration that cannot be exceeded at any time /
location at work. This is an instantaneous
concentration; or concentration averaged over a 15
minute period if technology does not exist to
measure instantaneous concentrations
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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

General Formula for TWA

c t
i 1
i i
TWA  n

t
i 1
i

ci is concentration during ith interval


ti is duration of the ith interval

Evaluating Exposure to Volatile Toxicant by


Monitoring

 Worker exposures using online continuous monitoring of


air concentrations of toxicants (C), the measured time–
weighted average concentration is,

1 tw
TWA8  C (t )dt
8 0

TWA is time weighted average


C(t) is concentration in ppm or mg/m3 of chemical in air
tw is the worker shift time in hours

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

For workers exposed for more than


8 hour
 Since the computation is normalized to 8
hours, if workers are exposed to TLV~TWA
level for 12 continuous hours, then
TWA=(8/12)(TWA8)

 Thus higher TLV is tolerated ? Think…

8-hour Time Weighted Average

For a worker who works at various locations in


the plant, his/her exposure is measured using
intermittent samples at fixed points,

t1 t2 tn
 C1 (t )dt   C 2 (t )dt  ...  Cn (t )dt
TWA8  0 0 0
8
t1c1  t2c2  ...  t n cn
TWA8 
8
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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Example

 PEL for the chemical involved is 12 ppm


 Partial period samples
– 4 hours @ 11 ppm, 2 hours @ 14 ppm, 2 hours @ 20 ppm
 TWA calculation

(4hr)(11ppm)  (2hr)(14ppm)  (2hr)(20ppm)


TWA 
(4  2  2) hr
TWA  14ppm

TLV for Mixture

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Evaluation of Exposure to Volatile Toxicant


by Monitoring

For exposure to mixture of toxicants (assuming the


effects are additive), the TWA for mixture is,
n

 Ci
TWAmix  i
1
n
C

i
i
(TWA )
1 i

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Compliance of mixture

For exposure to mixture of toxicants (assuming the


effects are additive)

c1 c c
 2  ...  n  1.0
EL1 EL2 ELn
C is the measured 8-hour TWA concentration
EL is the exposure limit for substance

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Adjustments of PEL

Adjustments of PEL

 Mathematically, correction can be made, thus


requiring lower PEL
 Medical supervision during early adjustment use
advisable
 Should not be used to justify very high exposures as
“allowable” where exposure periods are short
 Adjustments don’t have the benefit of historical use
and long term observation
 Apply adjustments to Exposure Limits with caution
because the dose/effect relationship is not linear

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Workers of extended hours (> 8 hour shift)

 Many worker work longer than 8 hour per day or 40


hours per week
 Simplest form, dose (concentration x time) is held
constant and new allowable concentration is calculated

(Callowed )T8hr  (Callowed )TXhr

Other more complicated adjustment calculations can


account for pharmacokinetic behaviour

Example

 What is the PEL for benzene over a 12-hour shift given


an 8-hour PEL of 1.0ppm?

(Callowed )T8hr  (Callowed )T Xhr


(Callowed )T8hr (1.0ppm)(8 hr)
or x  
(Callowed ) (12 hr)
x  0.67ppm

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Another example

 PEL for the chemical involved is 12 ppm


 Partial period samples
– 4 hours @ 11 ppm, 2 hours @ 14 ppm
 TWA calculation
(4hr)(11pp m)  (2hr)(14pp m)
TWA 
(4  2) hr
6 hour - TWA  12ppm
 So what is the 8 hours TWA?

CARCINOGEN

Category:

 A1: Confirmed human carcinogen


 A2: Suspected human carcinogen
 A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown
relevance to humans
 A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
 A5: Not suspected as a human carcinogen

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

BIOLOGICAL STANDARD

 Analysis of substances that do not change in body


tissues
– Analysis for metabolite
– Analysis of variation of enzyme or biochemical levels
 Biological Exposure Indices (BEI)
– Measurement of chemical determinant in a biological media
– Examples
• Acetone in urine
• S-Phenylmercapturic acid (metabolite of benzene) in urine
• n-Hexane in end-exhaled air
• Lead in blood
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Occupational Standard of Exposure


in Malaysia
 AKTA KILANG & JENTERA 1967
– Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Timah Hitam)
1984
– Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Proses Asbestos)
1986
– Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Habuk Galian)
1989
– Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Pendedahan
Bising) 1989
 AKTA KESELAMATAN & KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN 1994
– Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan
Pekerjaan (Penggunaan & Standard Pendedahan Kepada
Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000

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MKH1313 - Industrial Hygiene

Example of PEL (FMA 1967)

 Permissible Exposure Limit:


– Lead: 150 microgram per cubic meter of air
– Asbestos : 1 fiber per mililiter of air
– Mineral Dust:
• 5 mg/m3 for respirable dust);
• 10 mg/m3 for total dust
• 0.1 mg/m3 for respirable quartz)
 Permissible Exposure Limit for Noise
• Limits as specified in schedule 1 for exposure other that
8 hours
• 90 dB(A) for 8 hours. 115dB(A) maximum, 140 dB peak
for impulse noise
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Dr. AA, UTM, 2011 Page 13

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