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Rousseau believed in the general will, where the government acts on behalf of the people to pursue the common good. Rawls proposed a veil of ignorance, where people in the original position would choose a just society without knowing their own characteristics. For Rousseau and Rawls, pursuing self-interest ultimately benefits society as a whole. Societies have evolved from hunting/gathering to more complex forms such as pastoral, horticultural, agrarian, feudal, industrial, and post-industrial societies, with changing social structures and relationships.
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Introduction of Philosophy in the Human Person Handouts
Rousseau believed in the general will, where the government acts on behalf of the people to pursue the common good. Rawls proposed a veil of ignorance, where people in the original position would choose a just society without knowing their own characteristics. For Rousseau and Rawls, pursuing self-interest ultimately benefits society as a whole. Societies have evolved from hunting/gathering to more complex forms such as pastoral, horticultural, agrarian, feudal, industrial, and post-industrial societies, with changing social structures and relationships.
Rousseau believed in the general will, where the government acts on behalf of the people to pursue the common good. Rawls proposed a veil of ignorance, where people in the original position would choose a just society without knowing their own characteristics. For Rousseau and Rawls, pursuing self-interest ultimately benefits society as a whole. Societies have evolved from hunting/gathering to more complex forms such as pastoral, horticultural, agrarian, feudal, industrial, and post-industrial societies, with changing social structures and relationships.
Philosophy Handouts By working to attain the common good, a person is
General Will now able to create opportunities for himself or
by Jean Jacque Rousseau herself as well as others. believed that even if the people are the ones who The collective effort of individual persons towards organized society and established an authority or the common good ensures that each member of gov’t in extreme cases, the gov’t is able to impose the community will be able to live in a world where its will on the people they can pursue their own perfection and based on the assumption that the people have fulfilment. empowered the gov’t to act on their behalf, and that it is considered to be the best judge of what is most beneficial for society ORIGINAL POSITION WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETIES? by John Rawls 1.)HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY give emphasis to individual decision- making in Earliest and simplest form of society. Characterized society by its small size and is composed mainly of families. redefined by Rawls the social contract and explained Nomadic because they spend most of their time that human beings approach social cooperation in a searching for food and thus, have no permanent rational manner in order to meet their individual territory. – Not very varied its members are self-interests generally treated equally and decisions are usually humans as having a “veil of ignorance” or no arrived at through a consensus. knowledge of one’s own characteristics such as Role of its member and the division of labor is not gender, race, or social status very clearly defined.
SELF - INTEREST 2.)PASTORAL SOCIETY
human would naturally seek a just and fair society in an Characterized by the domestication of animals for effort to look out for their own interest food for a more stable and predictable food supply people choose to cooperate since it is beneficial to meet Have larger populations than hunting and their self – interests but this selfish interest benefits gathering societies and remain longer in one society as a whole, since the actions of individuals in produce surplus food and resources, which they meeting their individual needs also further the interests trade with other societies. of the other members of society Enables the people to engage in other activities apart from those necessary for survival, such as * It is important to note that in a society, one is not handicrafts. compromised for the sake of the other: the individual is This eventually leads to the emergence of not in any way violated for the sake of the community and specialized tasks in the community. vice versa 3.)HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY COMMON GOOD engages in the small –scale cultivation of plants, Human beings compelled to come together, fruits, and vegetables and the domestication of establish relationships with each other, and work animals. together as a united group because of the natural Semi-nomadic, means that they travel to another desire for goodness. place when they have already depleted the Human persons drives us to do what is good, and resources in one area. we recognize that other persons also desire Roles and responsibilities are more clearly defined goodness as well. When more than one person with many tasks assigned according to gender. desires and works to achieve the same good, then Similar to the pastoral society, there is also a it can be said that a common good exists among surplus of good, which sometimes leads to them. inequalities among its members. The common good refers to the social conditions The individuals were often very family – and clan- which enable person and groups to fulfill their orientated, and their behavior and actions were goals and achieve well-being. restricted by tradition. The common good applies to all members of The assignment of tasks and occupations were society. often based on gender, with women doing mostly This means that not only do all members benefit domestic work in the home, while the men engage from it, all have the responsibility to work for it. in hunting and farming. 4. Agrarian or agricultural society Is a significant departure from the agrarian This type of society is a further evolution of the society, as many of the relations are not family or pastoral and horticultural societies community-based Agricultural involves the large-scale and long-term An important factor in social relations is the cultivation of crops and domestication of animals workplace , and people often interact with Characterized by improved technology and the individuals who do not come from the same use of tools to aid in farming family , clan , or community Improved technology and farming methods result Impersonal relationships prevail among in increased production, giving rise to a growing individuals population in agricultural societies 7. POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Large population of agricultural societies leads to Is marked by the establishment of societies based a structured social system that helps manage on knowledge, information and sales of services resources and its members Led by the human mind and aided by highly 5. FEUDAL SOCIETY advanced technology, the trend has shift from Based on the ownership of land industry to the generation, storage, manipulation, Arose out developments in Western Europe and sale of information during Medieval times, when rival kingdom were Information influences the behavior of people and engaged in conflict over resources, particularly has thus become a very important commodity in the land post-industrial society Rulers grant their followers or vassals the right to Member of this society have higher educational manage parcels of land attainment, better training, and specialized roles In return for their services, they are provided VIRTUAL SOCIETY – people organize military protection themselves through communication Members of society organized base on status technology and the Internet - product of a Those who own land are considered the most post-industrial society powerful and influential member of society while Individuals in a virtual society often engage in the peasants are considered the lowest group complex relationships Give rise to individuals who value relations among HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE OUR DEVELOPMENT family members and with other members in the AS PERSON? community People are often conscious of their place within a. The person and the society have a very dynamic society and are mindful of the hierarchy relationship in which one cannot exist without the People where belong to the “higher classes” are other treated with respect by the members of the b. Society influences our development as persons in community various ways 6. INDUSTIAL SOCIETY *norms – set of traits and behavior that society Industrial society is based on the use of considers acceptable, and are thus specialized machinery in the production of goods encouraged and passed on to other and services members Technological advances resulted in improved *laws – formal and stringent norms that establish trade and commerce and better life conditions for and define acceptable behavior of the many people citizens Work is done in factories and public education is *folkways – less formal norms that arise from more prevalent tradition and do not result in punishment However, the emergence of industrial societies is when violated characterized by greater inequalities in wealth, *social system – organized and pattern set of power, and influence relationship among individuals and groups Industrial societies are often define by the nature that compose a society of work and the prevailing industry in an area *social role – actions and behavior expected of a Capitalist or business owners are considered the certain individual most influential *social groups/ classes – individuals who share This type of society is also characterized by similar backgrounds or perform similar cultural diversity and the presence of bureaucratic roles are grouped together forms of organizations *social institution - certain groups perform vital functions in society are recognized c. Society also transforms human relation which Suffering takes place when we patiently leads to the transformation of its members endure unpleasantness, discomfort, and * social values – actions or ideals that are pain. It can be experience physically ( we considered important by society experience physical sensations such as HOW DOES SOCIETY ENABLE E TO BECOME A BETTER PERSON? discomfort, hunger, distress and pain) or a. Society recognizes the capability of the person to mentally ( involves emotional and mental develop, and provides its members with state such depression, anxiety, fear, opportunities to better themselves loneliness and grief . b. Persons can also undertake to contribute to Suffering is generally viewed as an society through their decisions and actions. undesirable condition, and that we naturally One important way a person can contribute to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Another view a social change is by enacting his/her social responsibilities states that suffering is necessary in shaping * social movement our existence because without it , we are unable to grow and our positive experiences lose meaning and significance. HUMAN PERSONS AS ORIENTED TOWARDS THEIR As we approach our death, we experience IMPENDING DEATH both happiness and suffering. The two are not Death is the end of bodily functions which really meant to be polar opposites, for they signals the end of a person’s life. It also refers can also enrich one another. to the separation of the body and the soul. As inter subjective beings who have a The human person is an embodied spirit or tendency to form bonds with others, it is the unity of a body and a spirit .The body natural that the meaning of life be found grows and dies, while the soul continues to when we open ourselves to others. This exist even after the body has passed. means that although we will eventually die, While there is no freedom in the inevitability we have an opportunity to enrich our lives as of death, we have the freedom to live our well as the lives of others. lives well or not. Temporality challenges us to make choices that will be good for us and the people around us. Although we are oriented towards our death, death is not the goal of life. The challenge is to live a meaningful life. Happiness is a state of being, not just an emotional experience or a chosen attitude. We do not choose happiness; we choose the means to achieve it. A good is a source of happiness and it has three kinds. A noble good is one which is pursued for its own sake; it is good in itself. A useful good is considered good so long as it serves as a means to an end; its goodness is found only from what it can provide. A pleasurable good is good so long as it provides some form of pleasure, though it doesn’t have to be physical. The kind of happiness that can be gained from a good is also closely tied to its nature. Real happiness can be found in more permanent and meaning full things.