UNIT 4 Norepinephrine
Examples of Chemistry in Daily Life Norepinephrine, as is clear from its other name Noradrenaline, stimulates
by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
http://asdn.net/asdn/chemistry/chemistry_of_love.php
Chemistry is a big part of your everyday life. You find chemistry in daily life
in the foods you eat, the air you breathe, cleaning chemicals, your
emotions and literally every object you can see or touch. Here's a look at 10
examples of everyday chemistry. Some common chemistry may be obvious,
but others might surprise you.
Attraction, love and relationships are fueled by actual chemicals, well, who
hasn't heard that line nowadays? So many different hypothesizes of the
processes of falling in love and out of it were recently proposed and so
many different candidates of chemicals named to be blamed that the
subject gets more and more complicated. Let's try to pull all of them
together and get a clear picture for to date, because with the modern level
of science may be as soon as tomorrow another interesting piece of puzzle
of the matter will be discovered.
First let's define what we are talking about, the term "chemicals" are by far
too broad. Chemicals responsible for our behavior in love and relationships
belong to the class of "neurochemicals", compounds forming largely in the
brain and participating in neural activity. The brain, in its turn, passes them
to other parts of the body, but "in the head" it all gets started.
First attraction, first "sparks" in the air followed by falling in love are caused
by combination of three neurochemicals: phenylethylamine,
norepinephrine and dopamine. Later stages of long relationships are
guiding by another two: oxytocin and serotonin. That's our five candidates
for today. Let’s take a more close look on the first three:
the production of adrenaline, which makes our heart race, and the palms
sweat. Norepinephrine is getting released from neurons, or, simply, nerve
cells in the brain, which are called noradrenergic neurons, of course.
The noradrenergic neurons in the brain form a sort of system, which is, in
its turn, called norepinephrine system, that, when activated, exerts effects
on large areas of the brain [1]. By this action we can call it a
neurotransmitter system, because its main function is the transmission of
nerve impulse, which causes the other nerve to fire and pass the message
along the "chain". The noradrenaline system consists of just 1500 neurons
on each side of the brain, which is tiny compared to the total amount of
more than 100 billion neurons in the brain. Nevertheless, when activated,
the system plays major roles in the brain, Norepinephrine performs its
actions on the target cells by binding to and activating its adrenergic
receptors. The target cell expression of different types of receptors
determines the ultimate cellular effect, and thus norepinephrine has
different actions on different cell types. The main targets of the
norepinephrine system to "ignite" are receptors in spinal cord, thalamus,
phypothalamus, neocortex, etc.
Dopamine
Dopamine is a neurochemical that is getting released by the brain when we
feel good, for instance, by the influence of a good food [3] or reading a
fascinating book. It also makes people more "talkative" and excitable. It
affects brain processes that control emotional response, movement, ability
to express pleasure, but also pain.
Dopamine is very similar in structure to the norepinephrine, and is actually
its precursor [4]. What does that mean? There will be no adrenaline
produced, no sweating and heart racing if the brain cannot produce enough
dopamine first. The natural sources fordopamine are proteins from such
sources as meat, nuts and egg whites, they are getting broken down by the
digestive system into amino acids such as l-tyrosine, a precursor to
dopamine. So, if you want to be more vulnerable, a vegetarian diet is not
for you.
Dopamine is the most mysterious of these three neurochemicals. Arvid
Carlsson was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for
showing that dopamine is not just a precursor of norepinephrine but a
neurotransmitter, as well. This means that in addition to the
norepinephrine system, there is also a dopamine neurotransmitter system.
Briefly, dopamine makes us feel better and better by activating as many as
five types of different receptors in the brain [5], which, of course, are called
"dopamine receptors". Most of them are associated with the pleasure
system of the brain, providing feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement to
motivate a person proactively to perform certain activities.
Sociability is also closely tied to dopamine neurotransmission. Low
dopamine receptor-binding is found in people with social anxiety. Traits
common to negative schizophrenia (social withdrawal, apathy,) are thought
to be related to a hypodopaminergic state in certain areas of the brain. A
state of becoming hypersocial, is also credited to an increase in dopamine.
So, we can say, that dopamine has a dual role: it can act as a
neuromodulator and a neurotransmitter. At the same time? Or one role is
getting activated after another? Still a mystery. May be you will be the one
to solve it?
Phenylethylamine
The last but not the least is phenylethylamine (PEA), acts as a releasing
agent of norepinephrine and dopamine [6]. The first attraction causes us to
produce more PEA, which results in those dizzying feelings associated with
romantic love. Large quantities of PEA increase both physical and
emotional energy [7] and at the same time release more dopamine.
PEA deserves a special attention because it is famous for being found in
chocolate. You've probably heard that eating chocolate makes you feel
good and even happy. And mostly, all sources are saying that it is because
chocolate contains PEA [8].
Now you know that it is mostly dopamine which makes us feel good from
the tasty food, and as far as PEA is concerned, it role, unfortunately, has
been exaggerated. Phenethylamine from chocolate is getting rapidly
metabolized by the different enzymes of gastrointestinal tract, preventing
significant concentrations from reaching the brain. So, when you eat
chocolate, you feel good from a sweet taste, and not the concentration of
PEA in it. In fact, phenylethylamine levels are higher in cheese and sausages
[9], which are not associated with chemistry of love, well, at least by now.
Compare to the other two, PEA acts more as a neuromodulator rather than
a neurotransmitter [10], [11]. While increasing the extracellular levels of
dopamine, it also modulates noradrenergic transmission (as we have called
the ignition of norepinephrine system). In other words, it would be fair to
say, that PEA is more of a "helper" for bighting up the action of the
previous two players. The mechanism for PEA "helping" is still not very
clear, but most probably, when present in the brain, PEA is captured into
the presynaptic vesicles and occupies the space normally taken by
dopamine [12]. This leads to an increase in dopamine free-circulating,
therefore enhancing dopaminergic transmission.
So, only when these three chemicals combine together, we feel the real
"chemistry" of love. It is due to this combination that new lovers feel
euphoric and energized and can talk days and nights long.
A. Translate those paragraphs above into Bahasa Indonesia.
BAB 4
Contoh-Contoh Kimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari
Kimia merupakan sebagian besar hal yang ada dalam kehidupan kita sehari-
hari. Anda dapat bertemu dengan kimia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dalam
makanan yang Anda makan, udara yang Anda hirup, membersihkan bahan
kimia, emosi Anda, dan secara harfiah termasuk setiap benda yang dapat
Anda lihat atau sentuh. Berikut ini adalah 10 contoh kimia dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari. Beberapa kimia umum mungkin sudah terlihat jelas, tetapi yang
lain mungkin bisa membuat Anda terkejut.
Daya tarik, cinta dan hubungan dipicu oleh bahan kimia yang sebenarnya,
jadi, siapa yang belum pernah mendengar hal itu saat ini? Begitu banyak
pernyataan yang berbeda mengenai proses terjadinya jatuh cinta dan di
luar itu baru saja banyak yang memberikan pendapat dan begitu banyak
perbedaan mengenai istilah kimia untuk disalahkan, sehingga subjek
menjadi semakin rumit. Mari kita coba untuk menarik semuanya secara
bersamaan dan mendapatkan gambaran yang jelas untuk saat ini, karena
dengan tingkat ilmu pengetahuan yang lebih modern mungkin secepatnya
esok sepotong teka-teki yang menarik dari masalah ini akan ditemukan.
Pertama mari kita definisikan apa yang sedang kita bicarakan, istilah "bahan
kimia" sejauh ini terlalu luas. Bahan kimia yang bertanggungjawab atas
perilaku kita dalam cinta dan hubungan termasuk kelas "neurokimia",
senyawa yang sebagian besar terbentuk di otak dan berpartisipasi dalam
aktivitas saraf. Otak, pada gilirannya, melewati berbagai macam bagian di
dalam tubuh, tetapi "di kepala" semuanya baru dimulai.
Daya tarik pertama, "percikan" pertama di udara diikuti oleh rasa jatuh
cinta yang disebabkan oleh kombinasi tiga neurokimia: phenylethylamine,
norepinefrin, dan dopamin. Kemudian pada tahap lanjut hubungan panjang
yang dibimbing oleh dua lainnya: oksitosin dan serotonin.
Itu adalah lima kandidat kami untuk hari ini. Mari kita lihat lebih jelas
kepada tiga hal pertama:
Norepinefrin
Norepinefrin, merupakan nama lain Noradrenalin, merangsang produksi
adrenalin, yang membuat jantung kita berdebar, dan telapak tangan
berkeringat. Norepinefrin dilepaskan dari neuron, atau hanya sel saraf di
otak, yang disebut neuron noradrenergik, tentu saja.
Neuron noradrenergik di otak membentuk semacam sistem, yang pada
gilirannya, disebut sistem norepinefrin, ketika diaktifkan, memberi efek
pada sebagian besar otak [1]. Dengan tindakan ini kita dapat menyebutnya
sebagai sistem neurotransmitter, karena fungsi utamanya adalah transmisi
impuls saraf, yang menyebabkan saraf lain menembak dan meneruskan
pesan di sepanjang "rantai". Sistem noradrenalin terdiri dari 1500 neuron di
setiap sisi otak, yang sangat kecil jika dibandingkan dengan jumlah total
lebih dari 100 miliar neuron di otak. Namun demikian, ketika diaktifkan,
sistem memainkan peran utama di otak, Norepinefrin melakukan
tindakannya pada sel target dengan mengikat dan mengaktifkan reseptor
adrenergiknya. Ekspresi sel target dari berbagai jenis reseptor menentukan
efek seluler akhir, dan dengan demikian norepinefrin memiliki tindakan
berbeda pada jenis sel yang berbeda. Sasaran utama sistem norepinefrin
untuk "menyala" adalah reseptor di sum-sum tulang belakang, thalamus,
phypothalamus, neokorteks, dll.
Dopamin
Dopamin adalah neurokimia yang dilepaskan oleh otak ketika kita merasa
baik, misalnya, oleh pengaruh makanan yang baik [3] atau membaca buku
yang menarik. Itu juga membuat orang lebih "cerewet" dan bersemangat.
Hal itu mempengaruhi proses otak yang mengendalikan respons emosional,
gerakan, kemampuan mengekspresikan kesenangan, dan juga rasa sakit.
Dopamin sangat mirip dengan struktur norepinefrin, dan sebenarnya it
pendahulunya [4]. Apa artinya? Tidak akan ada adrenalin yang dihasilkan,
tidak ada berkeringat dan jantung berdetak jika otak tidak dapat
menghasilkan cukup dopamin terlebih dahulu. Sumber alami fordopamine
adalah protein dari sumber-sumber seperti daging, kacang-kacangan dan
putih telur, mereka dipecah oleh sistem pencernaan menjadi asam amino
seperti l-tirosin, prekursor untuk dopamin. Jadi, jika Anda ingin menjadi
lebih rentan, diet vegetarian bukan untuk Anda.
Dopamin adalah yang paling misterius dari ketiga neurokimia ini. Arvid
Carlsson dianugerahi Hadiah Nobel 2000 dalam Fisiologi atau Kedokteran
karena menunjukkan bahwa dopamin bukan hanya pendahulu norepinefrin
tetapi juga neurotransmiter. Ini berarti bahwa selain sistem norepinefrin,
ada juga sistem neurotransmitter dopamin. Secara singkat, dopamin
membuat kita merasa lebih baik dan lebih baik dengan mengaktifkan
sebanyak lima jenis reseptor yang berbeda di otak [5], yang tentu saja
disebut "reseptor dopamin". Kebanyakan dari mereka berhubungan
dengan sistem kesenangan otak, memberikan perasaan kenikmatan dan
penguatan untuk memotivasi seseorang secara proaktif untuk melakukan
aktivitas tertentu.
Sociability juga berkaitan erat dengan neurotransmission dopamine.
Pengikatan reseptor dopamin rendah ditemukan pada orang dengan
kecemasan sosial. Sifat umum untuk skizofrenia negatif (penarikan sosial,
apati,) dianggap terkait dengan keadaan hypodopaminergic di daerah-
daerah tertentu dari otak. Keadaan menjadi hipersosial, juga dikreditkan ke
peningkatan dopamin.
Jadi, kita dapat mengatakan, bahwa dopamin memiliki peran ganda: ia
dapat berperan sebagai neuromodulator dan neurotransmiter. Pada waktu
bersamaan? Atau satu peran diaktifkan setelah peran lainnya? Masih
merupakan misteri. Mungkin Anda akan menjadi orang yang
memecahkannya?
Phenylethylamine
Yang terakhir tetapi tidak sedikit adalah phenylethylamine (PEA), bertindak
sebagai agen pelepas norepinefrin dan dopamin [6]. Daya tarik pertama
menyebabkan kita menghasilkan lebih banyak PEA, yang menghasilkan
perasaan yang memusingkan yang terkait dengan cinta romantis. PEA
dalam jumlah besar meningkatkan energi fisik dan emosional [7] dan pada
saat yang sama melepaskan lebih banyak dopamin.
PEA layak mendapat perhatian khusus karena terkenal karena ditemukan
dalam cokelat. Anda mungkin pernah mendengar bahwa makan cokelat
membuat Anda merasa baik dan bahkan bahagia. Dan kebanyakan, semua
sumber mengatakan hal itu karena coklat mengandung PEA [8].
Sekarang Anda tahu bahwa kebanyakan dopamin dapat membuat kita
merasa baik dari makanan lezat, dan sejauh menyangkut PEA, itu peran,
sayangnya, telah dibesar-besarkan. Phenethylamine dari cokelat semakin
cepat dimetabolisme oleh berbagai enzim saluran pencernaan, mencegah
konsentrasi yang signifikan mencapai otak. Jadi, ketika Anda makan cokelat,
Anda merasa baik dengan merasakan rasa manis, dan bukan konsentrasi
PEA di dalamnya. Bahkan, kadar phenylethylamine lebih tinggi pada keju
dan sosis [9], yang tidak terkait dengan cinta menurut kimia, jadi,
setidaknya sekarang.
Dibandingkan dengan dua lainnya, PEA bertindak lebih sebagai
neuromodulator daripada neurotransmitter [10], [11]. Sementara
meningkatkan kadar dopamin ekstraseluler, ia juga memodulasi transmisi
noradrenergik (seperti yang kita sebut pengapian sistem norepinefrin).
Dengan kata lain, akan adil untuk mengatakan, bahwa PEA lebih dari
"penolong" untuk mengincar aksi dari dua pemain sebelumnya. Mekanisme
untuk PEA "membantu" masih belum terlalu jelas, tetapi kemungkinan
besar, ketika hadir di otak, PEA ditangkap ke dalam vesikula presinaptik dan
menempati ruang yang biasanya diambil oleh dopamin [12]. Hal ini
menyebabkan peningkatan dopamin bebas-sirkulasi, sehingga
meningkatkan transmisi dopaminergik.
Jadi, hanya ketika ketiga bahan kimia ini bergabung bersama, kita
merasakan "chemistry" cinta yang sesungguhnya. Karena kombinasi inilah
para pecinta baru merasa gembira dan bersemangat dan dapat berbicara
berhari-hari dan di malam yang panjang.
B. Answer the following questions and discuss them :
1. Mention some physical chemistry in daily life ?
Foods you eat, the air you breathe, cleaning chemicals, ice float,
feels falling in love, and many more. Your emotions and literally
every object you can see or touch.
2. What do you know about Norepinephrine, Dopamine and
Phenethylamine ?
 Norepinephrine, as is clear from its other name Noradrenaline,
stimulates the production of adrenaline, which makes our heart
race, and the palms sweat. Norepinephrine is getting released
from neurons, or, simply, nerve cells in the brain, which are
called noradrenergic neurons.
 Dopamine is a neurochemical that is getting released by the
brain when we feel good, for instance, by the influence of a
good food [3] or reading a fascinating book. It also makes
people more "talkative" and excitable. It affects brain processes
that control emotional response, movement, ability to express
pleasure, but also pain.
 phenylethylamine (PEA) is a neurochemical in acts as a
releasing agent of norepinephrine and dopamine. The first
attraction causes us to produce more PEA, which results in
those dizzying feelings associated with romantic love. Large
quantities of PEA increase both physical and emotional energy.
3. How are their functions ?
 The function of norepinephrine is neurotransmitter system,
because its main function is the transmission of nerve impulse,
which causes the other nerve to fire and pass the message along
the "chain".
 The function of Dopamine is makes us feel better and better by
activating as many as five types of different receptors in the brain
[5], which, of course, are called "dopamine receptors". Most of
them are associated with the pleasure system of the brain,
providing feelings of enjoyment and reinforcement to motivate a
person proactively to perform certain activities.
 The function of Phenylethylamine (PEA) is acts as a releasing agent
of norepinephrine and dopamine. The first attraction causes us to
produce more PEA, which results in those dizzying feelings
associated with romantic love. Large quantities of PEA increase
both physical and emotional energy and at the same time release
more dopamine.
C. Focus on Grammar 8. Having discussed the matter at length, my father took the job out of
state.
Lesson 7 9. Paying attention, I heard a lovely ringing in the distant bell tower.
Participles and Participial Phrases
10. Disappointed by the loss, the fans quietly left the stadium.
A participle is one type of verbal. Remember that verbals are verb
11. We saw Junko courteously thanking everyone.
forms that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. A participle
functions as an adjective when it modifies a noun or a pronoun. A 12. I listened to the willow’s sad, creaking branches.
present participle always ends in -ing. Past participles usually end in
-ed. 13. Finding the assignments difficult, Isra sought help from a tutor.
14. During the performance everyone could probably hear my pounding
The child watched the spinning top.
We admired the freshly planted flowers. heart.

A participial phrase contains a participle and any modifiers needed
to complete its meaning.
Warmed by the fire, we took off our jackets.
Having misplaced my keys, I could not get into my house.
Exercise 1 : Draw a line under the participle or participial phrase in
each sentence.
15. Having done my homework, I left for hockey practice.
16. Valerie finds her after-school job challenging.
17. The winning steer at the fair came from Springfield.
18. The sad film left many moviegoers sobbing gently.
19. Startled by the noise, we jumped from our chairs.
20. Protected by his seat belt, Sean walked away from the accident.

Looking around, we saw many friends.

1. The winding road led to a large house on a hill.

2. Knowing the answer, I raised my hand.
3. Alonzo’s shaking hands gave away the fact that he was nervous.
4. Guided by a strong sense of direction, I found my way out of the forest.
5. The locked cage contained a Bengal tiger.
6. Playing major league hockey, Rafael fulfilled his dream.
7. We see Jenny racing to the curb for the mail every day.
Exercise 2 : Underline each participle or participial phrase and draw an 14. The insects, attracted by the food, ruined our picnic.
arrow to the noun or pronoun it modifies.
15. Yelling from across the field, Russ reminded us to bring our uniforms.

16. The tin can uncovered by my metal detector was worthless.

The students, determined to make a difference, organized a clean-up effort.
17. We chose the line by the field house as our starting point.
1. Having concluded my speech, I stepped away from the podium.
18. Covered with ice and snow, the car would not start.
2. Dressed as a pirate, my little brother had a cardboard sword.
19. Ty was confused by the note lying on the counter.
3. The runners, tired from the race, rest on a nearby bench.
20. The dripping faucet got on everyone’s nerves.
4. Having received her letter, I wrote back right away.

5. Searching the room for my jacket, I found my hat instead.

6. Tracked by the hunters, the deer ran swiftly.

7. Those arriving after the bell will be marked tardy.

8. The city’s authorities felt a growing concern about the high crime rate.

9. Everyone came to the pep rally wearing the school colors.

10. That juice, derived from the leaves of the aloe plant, is used to treat

burns.

11. Disturbed by the lack of cooperation, the coach dismissed us early.

12. Rescued by the firefighters, the kitten was shaking.

13. Promising he’d be home on time, Jeff left for the movies.
 11. Dividing the chores made life easier at our house.
Lesson 8
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases 12. After waiting for an hour, we gave up and went home.

A gerund is another type of verbal that ends in -ing. It is a verb form
that is used as a noun. A gerund may function as a subject, an object
of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
Nina made us laugh by packing for the trip two weeks in advance.
A gerund phrase includes a gerund and any complements and
modifiers needed to complete its meaning.
The rules prohibited eating anywhere in the library.
Exercise 1 : Underline the gerunds or gerund phrases in each sentence.
13. Coloring is a popular activity with most children.
14. We enjoyed seeing videotapes of our childhood.
15. Carmen would like to try skydiving.
16. Practicing constantly helped Mike with his basketball layups.
17. Singing the fight song is a tradition before each football game.
18. Jessica’s snoring keeps everyone awake.
19. Did Lena give a reason for refusing to go to class?
20. My sister studies toward a degree in accounting.

Rich is responsible for bringing the equipment to practice.

1. Logging is the process of harvesting trees and delivering them to

manufacturing facilities.
2. Writing papers for English is something Jay enjoys.
3. Charlie complained of hearing noises outside.
4. My sister and I helped mom with her fall planting.
5. Doctors are constantly finding new cures for diseases.
6. Flying is our first choice of vacation transportation.
7. I told Laura that she should consider acting as a career.
8. Mrs. Baker’s unique teaching made her class popular.
9. Being in enclosed places makes Tonya nervous.
10. My brother plans on returning home after a year in Spain.
Exercise 2 : Underline the gerund or gerund phrase in each sentence. 13. Despite her injury, Diana still likes skating.
Above each, write S if the gerund functions as a subject, O
if it functions as an object of a verb, or OP if it functions as 14. Listening is important in following directions.
an object of a preposition.
15. His interest in wrestling began at an early age.
O
Ray enjoys listening to music from the 60’s. 16. Zack is good at conveying his point to others.

17. The actors in the play were busy with learning their lines.
1. Calling is the best choice.
18. Gaining the trust of his friends is important to Len.
2. David gives racing most of his time.
19. Meagan took pride in designing the homecoming float.
3. George lightened the mood by whistling.
20. Watching television has never interested Mia.
4. Olivia devotes her time to helping others.

5. Omar and Brian are responsible for training their dogs.

6. Catching a big fish made the day at the lake worthwhile.

7. The ancients had no way of knowing the weather ahead of time.

8. Mother was against celebrating her birthday.

9. Living in the Middle East for a year was an adventure for the whole

family.

10. Mining coal was my grandfather’s job as a young man.

11. Brushing regularly protected me from cavities.

12. Kirsten devoted a week to preparing for the final exam.

Exercise 2 Underline the gerund or gerund phrase in each sentence. 17. The actors in the play were busy with learning their lines.
Above each, write S if thegerund functions as a subject, O if it
18. Gaining the trust of his friends is important to Len.OP
functions as an object of a verb, or OP if it functions as an object of a
preposition. 19. Meagan took pride in designing the homecoming float.S
O
20. Watching television has never interested Mia.
Example :Ray enjoys listening to music from the 60’s.

S
1. Calling is the best choice.
2. David gives racing most of his time.OP
3. George lightened the mood by whistling.OP
4. Olivia devotes her time to helping others.OP
5. Omar and Brian are responsible for training their dogs.S
6. Catching a big fish made the day at the lake worthwhile.OP
7. The ancients had no way of knowing the weather ahead of time.OP
8. Mother was against celebrating her birthday.S
9. Living in the Middle East for a year was an adventure for the whole
family.S
10. Mining coal was my grandfather’s job as a young man.S
11. Brushing regularly protected me from cavities.OP
12. Kirsten devoted a week to preparing for the final exam.O
13. Despite her injury, Diana still likes skating.S OP
14. Listening is important in following directions.OP
15. His interest in wrestling began at an early age.OP
16. Zack is good at conveying his point to others.OP