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Passerine
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known
as perching birds or – less accurately – as songbirds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by the
Passerines
arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching. With more than 110 families Temporal range: Eocene-Recent,
and some 6,409 identified species,[1][2] Passeriformes is the largest order of birds and among the most diverse orders of 52.5–0 Ma
terrestrial vertebrates.[3] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PgN

The passerines contain several groups of brood parasites such as the viduas, cuckoo-finches, and the cowbirds. Most
passerines are omnivorous, while the shrikes are carnivorous.

The terms "passerine" and "Passeriformes" are derived from Passer domesticus, the scientific name of the eponymous
species (the house sparrow) and ultimately from the Latin term passer, which refers to sparrows and similar small birds.

Contents
Description
Anatomy
Eggs and nests Clockwise from top right: Palestine

Origin and evolution sunbird (Cinnyris osea), blue jay

Fossil record (Cyanocitta cristata), house sparrow
Earliest passerines
(Passer domesticus), great tit (Parus
Early European passerines
American fossils major), hooded crow (Corvus cornix),
southern masked weaver (Ploceus
Systematics and taxonomy
Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families
velatus)
Arrangement of families 0:00 MENU
Suborder Acanthisitti
Song of a purple-crowned fairywren
Suborder Tyranni (Suboscines)
Suborder Passeri (songbirds or oscines) (Malurus coronatus)
Phylogeny
Scientific classification
Footnotes
Kingdom: Animalia
References
External links Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Psittacopasserae
Description
Order: Passeriformes
The order is divided into three suborders, Tyranni (suboscines), Passeri (oscines), and the basal Acanthisitti[4]. Oscines
Linnaeus, 1758
have the best control of their syrinx muscles among birds, producing a wide range of songs and other vocalizations (though
some of them, such as the crows, do not sound musical to human beings); some such as the lyrebird are accomplished Suborders
imitators. The acanthisittids or New Zealand wrens are tiny birds restricted to New Zealand, at least in modern times; they
were long placed in Passeri; their taxonomic position is uncertain, although they seem to be a distinct and very ancient Acanthisitti
group. Tyranni
Most passerines are smaller than typical members of other avian orders. The heaviest and altogether largest passerines are Passeri
the thick-billed raven and the larger races of common raven, each exceeding 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and 70 cm (28 in). The superb and see text
lyrebird and some birds-of-paradise, due to very long tails or tail coverts, are longer overall. The smallest passerine is the
short-tailed pygmy tyrant, at 6.5 cm (2.6 in) and 4.2 g (0.15 oz). Diversity
Roughly 100 families, 6,409
Anatomy species
The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backward, called anisodactyl arrangement. This
arrangement enables the passerine birds to perch upon vertical surfaces, such as trees and cliffs. The toes have no webbing or
joining, but in some cotingas, the second and third toes are united at their basal third. The hind toe joins the leg at the same
level as the front toes. The passeriformes have this toe arrangement in common with hunting birds like eagles and falcons.

The leg arrangement of passerine birds contains a special adaptation for perching. A tendon in the rear of the leg running
from the underside of the toes to the muscle behind the tibiotarsus will automatically be pulled and tighten when the leg
bends, causing the foot to curl and become stiff when the bird lands on a branch. This enables passerines to sleep while
perching without falling off.[5][6]
Pterylosis or the feather tracts in a
Most passerine birds develop 12 tail feathers, although the superb lyrebird has 16.[7] Certain species of passerines have stiff typical passerine
tail feathers, which help the birds balance themselves when perching upon vertical surfaces. Some passerines, specifically in
the family Ploceidae, are well known for their elaborate sexual ornaments, including extremely long tails. A well-known
example is the long-tailed widowbird.

Eggs and nests

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The chicks of passerines are altricial: blind, featherless, and helpless when hatched from their eggs. Hence, the chicks require extensive parental care. Most passerines
lay coloured eggs, in contrast with nonpasserines, most of whose eggs are white except in some ground-nesting groups such as Charadriiformes and nightjars, where
camouflage is necessary, and in some parasitic cuckoos, which match the passerine host's egg. Vinous-throated parrotbill has two egg colours, white and blue. This can
prevent the brood parasitic Common cuckoo.

Clutches vary considerably in size: some larger passerines of Australia such as lyrebirds and scrub-robins lay only a single egg, most smaller passerines in warmer
climates lay between two and five, while in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, hole-nesting species like tits can lay up to a dozen and other species around
five or six. The family Viduidae do not build their own nests, instead, they lay eggs in other birds' nests.

Origin and evolution

The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late 20th century. In many cases, passerine
families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities that, it is now believed, are the result of convergent evolution, not a close genetic relationship.
For example, the wrens of the Americas and Eurasia; those of Australia; and those of New Zealand look superficially similar and behave in similar ways, and yet belong
to three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining Passeriformes.[8]

Much research remains to be done, but advances in molecular biology and improved paleobiogeographical data gradually are revealing a clearer picture of passerine
origins and evolution that reconciles molecular affinities, the constraints of morphology and the specifics of the fossil record.[9][10] The first passerines are now thought to
have evolved in the Southern Hemisphere in the late Paleocene or early Eocene, around 50 million years ago.[11][10]

The initial split was between the New Zealand wrens (Acanthisittidae) and all other passerines, and the second split involved the Tyranni (suboscines) and the Passeri
(oscines or songbirds). The latter experienced a great radiation of forms out of the Australian continent. A major branch of the Passeri, parvorder Passerida, expanded
deep into Eurasia and Africa, where a further explosive radiation of new lineages occurred.[10] This eventually led to three major Passerida lineages comprising about
4,000 species, which in addition to the Corvida and numerous minor lineages make up songbird diversity today. Extensive biogeographical mixing happens, with
northern forms returning to the south, southern forms moving north, and so on.

Fossil record

Earliest passerines
Perching bird osteology, especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic.[12] However, the early fossil record is poor because
the first Passeriformes were apparently on the small side of the present size range, and their delicate bones did not preserve
well. Queensland Museum specimens F20688 (carpometacarpus) and F24685 (tibiotarsus) from Murgon, Queensland, are
fossil bone fragments initially assigned to Passeriformes.[13] However, the material is too fragmentary and their affinities have
been questioned.[14] Several more recent fossils from the Oligocene of Europe that are more complete definitely represent
early passeriforms, although their exact position in the evolutionary tree is not known.

From the Bathans Formation at the Manuherikia River in Otago, New Zealand, MNZ S42815 (a distal right tarsometatarsus of
a tui-sized bird) and several bones of at least one species of saddleback-sized bird have recently been described. These date Male superb lyrebird (Menura
novaehollandiae): This very
from the Early to Middle Miocene (Awamoan to Lillburnian, 19–16 mya).[15]
primitive songbird shows strong
Modern knowledge about the living passerines' interrelationships (see the list of families below) suggests that the last sexual dimorphism, with a peculiarly
apomorphic display of plumage in
common ancestor of all living Passeriformes was a small forest bird, probably with a stubby tail[16] and an overall drab
males.
coloration, but possibly with marked sexual dimorphism. The latter trait seems to have been lost and re-evolved multiple
times in songbird evolution alone, judging from its distribution among the extant lineages. Sexual dichromatism is very rare
among the basal lineages of Passerida, and probably their plesiomorphic condition. But among the youngest passerid clade, the Passeroidea, extremely colorful males
and drab females are common, if not the rule. On the other hand, among the basalmost Passeri a considerable number of strongly dimorphic lineages exist, too, such as
the very ancient Menuridae, as well as many Meliphagoidea and Corvoidea. Sexual dimorphism is also not uncommon in the Acanthisittidae and prominent in some
suboscines such as the Pipridae and Cotingidae.

Early European passerines

In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the Oligocene onward, but most are too fragmentary for a
more definite placement:

Wieslochia (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany)

Jamna (Early Oligocene of Jamna Dolna, Poland)
Resoviaornis (Early Oligocene of Wola Rafałowska, Poland)
Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Luberon, France) – suboscine or basal[17]
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France) – several suboscine and oscine taxa[18] Wieslochia fossil
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France and Germany) – basal?[19]
Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszőlős, Hungary) – at least 2 taxa, possibly 3; at least one
probably Oscines[20]
Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Felsőtárkány, Hungary) – oscine?[21]
Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary) – Sylvioidea (Sylviidae? Cettiidae?)[22]
Wieslochia was possibly not a member of any extant suborder. That not only the Passeri expanded much beyond their region of origin is proven by an undetermined
broadbill (Eurylaimidae) from the Early Miocene (roughly 20 mya) of Wintershof, Germany, and the indeterminant Late Oligocene suboscine from France listed above.
Even very basal Passeriformes might have been common in Europe until the Middle Miocene, some 12 mya.[23] Extant Passeri super-families were quite distinct by that
time and are known since about 12–13 mya when modern genera were present in the corvoidean and basal songbirds. The modern diversity of Passerida genera is known
mostly from the Late Miocene onwards and into the Pliocene (about 10–2 mya). Pleistocene and early Holocene lagerstätten (<1.8 mya) yield numerous extant species,
and many yield almost nothing but extant species or their chronospecies and paleosubspecies.

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American fossils
In the Americas, the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing suboscine families are documented. Apart from the
indeterminable MACN-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina),[24] an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the
Late Miocene of California, United States: the Palaeoscinidae with the single genus Paleoscinis. "Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene of Florida) probably belongs to an
extant family, most likely passeroidean.

Systematics and taxonomy

Corvida and Passerida were classified as parvorders in the suborder Passeri; in accord with the usual taxonomic practice, they would probably be ranked as infraorders.
As originally envisioned in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, they contained, respectively, the large superfamilies Corvoidea and Meliphagoidea, as well as minor lineages,
and the superfamilies Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea, and Passeroidea.

The arrangement has been found to be oversimplified by more recent research. Since the mid-2000s, literally, dozens of studies are being published that try rather
successfully to resolve the phylogeny of the passeriform radiation. For example, the Corvida in the traditional sense was a rather arbitrary assemblage of early and/or
minor lineages of passeriform birds of Old World origin, generally from the region of Australia, New Zealand, and Wallacea. The Passeri, though, can be made
monophyletic by moving some families about, but the "clean" three-superfamily-arrangement has turned out to be far more complex and it is uncertain whether future
authors will stick to it.

Major "wastebin" families such as the Old World warblers and Old World babblers have turned out to be paraphyletic and are being rearranged. Several taxa turned out
to represent highly distinct species-poor lineages, so new families had to be established, some of them – like the stitchbird of New Zealand and the Eurasian bearded
reedling – monotypic with only one living species.[25] In the Passeri alone, a number of minor lineages will eventually be recognized as distinct superfamilies. For
example, the kinglets constitute a single genus with less than 10 species today but seem to have been among the first perching bird lineages to diverge as the group
spread across Eurasia. No particularly close relatives of them have been found among comprehensive studies of the living Passeri, though they might be fairly close to
some little-studied tropical Asian groups. Treatment of the nuthatches, wrens, and their closest relatives as a distinct super-family Certhioidea is increasingly considered
justified; the same might eventually apply to the tits and their closest relatives.

This process is still continuing. Therefore, the arrangement as presented here is subject to change. However, it should take precedence over unreferenced conflicting
treatments in family, genus, and species articles here.

Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families

This list is in taxonomic order, placing related species/groups next to each other. The Passerida subdivisions are updated as
needed from the default sequence of the Handbook of the Birds of the World,[26] based on the most modern and
comprehensive studies.[27]

Arrangement of families
The families are sorted into a somewhat novel sequence unlike that in older works, where e.g. Corvidae are placed last. This is
because so many reallocations have taken place since about 2005 that a definite taxonomy has not been established yet,
although the phylogeny is by and large resolved. The present sequence is an attempt to preserve as much of the traditional New Zealand rock wren (Xenicus
gilviventris), one of the two surviving
sequence while giving priority to adequately addressing the phylogenetic relationships between the families. Based on John
species of suborder Acanthisitti
Boyd's Taxonomy in Flux Checklist 3.5.[28]

Suborder Acanthisitti
Acanthisittidae: New Zealand wrens

Suborder Tyranni (Suboscines) Javan banded pitta (Hydrornis

guajanus), an Old World suboscine.
Infraorder Eurylaimides – Old World suboscines (or broad-billed suboscines), probably a separate suborder

Superfamily Pittoidea

Pittidae: pittas Andean cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola

Superfamily Eurylaimoidea – broadbills and allies peruvianus) a New World suboscine
Eurylaimidae: broadbills
Philepittidae: asities
Sapayoidae: broad-billed sapayoa
Infraorder Tyrannides – New World suboscines

Superfamily Tyrannoidea – "bronchophones"

Pipridae: manakins
Cotingidae: cotingas
Tityridae: tityras and allies
Oxyruncidae: sharpbills
Onychorhynchidae: royal flycatchers & allies
Pipritidae: piprites
Platyrinchidae: spadebills
Tachurididae: many-colored rush tyrants
Rhynchocyclidae: mionectine Flycatchers
Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers
Superfamily Furnarioidea – tracheophones

Melanopareiidae: crescentchests
Thamnophilidae: antbirds
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Conopophagidae: gnateaters and gnatpittas
Grallariidae: antpittas
Rhinocryptidae: typical tapaculos
Formicariidae: antthrushes
Furnariidae: ovenbirds and woodcreepers

Suborder Passeri (songbirds or oscines)

Infraorder Menurides – the most ancient true songbirds, endemic to Australia, sometimes considered a superfamily "Menuroidea"

Menuridae: lyrebirds
Atrichornithidae: scrub-birds

Infraorder Climacterides – Possible superfamily "Ptilonorhynchoidea" – bowerbirds and Australian treecreepers,

endemic to Australia, New Guinea, two very dissimilar families, one smallish and inconspicuous, the other sizeable,
usually brightly colored and/or conspicuously vocal, and with extremely unusual mating habits

Climacteridae: Australian treecreepers

Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbirds
Infraorder Meliphagides – mainly insectivores and nectarivores, distribution centered on Australo-Melanesian region
extending into surroundings, notably the Pacific.

Maluridae: fairywrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens

Dasyornithidae: bristlebirds, formerly in Acanthizidae
Meliphagidae: honeyeaters
Pardalotidae: pardalotes
Meliphagoidea incertae sedis
Male regent bowerbird (Sericulus
Acanthorhynchus: spinebills, usually included in Meliphagidae, might be considered a monotypic family if chrysocephalus, Ptilonorhynchidae)
Pardalotidae are considered valid too
Acanthizidae: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones
Infraorder Orthonychides – logrunners and pseudo-babblers, insectivores, endemic to Australia, New Guinea, mid-sized and rather inconspicuous, wings short
and round but tails well-developed plumage grey and brown with black and white markings, males and females look alike

Orthonychidae: logrunners
Pomatostomidae: pseudo-babblers
Infraorder Corvides – a highly diverse group of global distribution, but most plentiful in the Australasian region and surroundings: The oldest truly globally
successful group of passerines, they include among them what may well be the most intelligent and the most spectacular of the order.

Mohouoidea

Mohouidae
Pachycephaloidea

Pachycephalidae: whistlers
Oreoicidae: Australo-Papuan bellbirds
Falcunculidae: crested shriketits
Psophodidae: quail-thrushes & jewel-babblers
Orioloidea

Eulacestomidae: Wattled ploughbills

Neosittidae: sittellas
Oriolidae: Old World orioles & figbirds
Paramythiidae: painted berrypeckers
Psophodidae: whipbirds & wedgebills
Vireonidae: vireos
Campephagoidea

Campephagidae: cuckoo-shrikes and trillers

Malaconotoidea

Artamidae: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs, and Australian magpie

Machaerirhynchidae: boatbills
Aegithinidae: ioras
Pityriaseidae: Bornean bristlehead, tentatively placed here
Malaconotidae: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras, and boubous
Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes and relatives, formerly in Passerida, probably paraphyletic
Vangidae: vangas
Corvoidea

Rhipiduridae: fantails
Dicruridae: drongos
Ifritidae: blue-capped ifrit
Melampittidae: melampittas Wilson's bird-of-paradise
Corcoracidae: white-winged chough and apostlebird (Cicinnurus respublica) a corvoid
Paradisaeidae: birds-of-paradise oscine.
Monarchidae: monarch flycatchers
Laniidae: shrikes
Corvidae: crows, ravens, and jays
Corvoidea incertae sedis

Vireolanius: shrike-vireos, usually included in Vireonidae, possibly a monotypic family

Erpornis: white-bellied erpornis, formerly in Yuhina (Passerida: Timaliidae); possibly a monotypic family, possibly in Vireonidae
Colluricinclidae: shrike-thrushes, often included in Pachycephalidae, but perhaps recognizable as a subfamily at least

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Pitohuidae: pitohuis, usually included in Pachycephalidae, but seem closer to Oriolidae and best considered a distinct family including Oreoica and possibly
other Pachycephalidae sensu lato.

Infraorder Passerides
Male stitchbird or hihi (Notiomystis
Melanocharitida
cincta) showing convergence with
Melanocharitidae (berrypeckers and longbills) honeyeaters
Cnemophilida

Cnemophilidae (satinbirds)
Petroicida
Tiny goldcrest (Regulus regulus)
Callaeidae (New Zealand wattlebirds) belongs to a minor but highly distinct
Notiomystidae (stitchbird) lineage of Passeri
Petroicidae (Australian robins)
Eupetida – rockfowl and allies, eat large arthropods and sometimes small vertebrates. Relictual distribution in three
areas of the Old World tropics, mid-sized to large songbirds with strong legs, adapted to move long distances on foot
across rough ground, males and females look alike
Reed warblers, such as this Blyth's
Picathartidae (rockfowl) reed warbler (Acrocephalus
Chaetopidae (rock-jumpers), recently split from the Turdidae dumetorum), are now in the
Eupetidae (Malaysian rail-babbler), recently split from the Cinclosomatidae Acrocephalidae
Paroidea – titmice and allies, might be included in Sylvioidea, feed mainly on arthropods, seeds, and berries, widely
distributed but absent from South America and the Australian region, smallish round-bodied acrobatic birds, often
brightly colored with large patches of yellow, blue, green, black and white, males and females usually look quite alike

Stenostiridae: ("flycatcher-tits"), a newly assembled family.

Hyliotidae: (hyliotas), recently split from the Sylviidae, basal to/in Passerida, restricted to the Afrotropics, resemble
"Old World warblers", but quite colorful
Remizidae: (penduline tits), sometimes included in the Paridae
Paridae: (tits, chickadees, and titmice)
Sylvioidea: – "Old World warblers/babblers" and allies, generally insectivores, sometimes supplemented with berries,
distribution centered on the Indo-Pacific region, few occur in the Australian region and fewer still in the Americas,
usually slender and drab birds, few have pronounced sexual dimorphism blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and its
Nicatoridae: (nicators), have been classed as bulbuls in the past, but appear to have no close relatives relatives stand well apart from rest
Panuridae: (bearded reedling), formerly classed as a parrotbill, but seems to be closest to the larks of the Sylvioidea sensu lato
Alaudidae: (larks)
Macrosphenidae: African warblers such as longbills and crombecs, a recently proposed family whose composition
is still uncertain
Cisticolidae: cisticolas and allies
Acrocephalidae: marsh- and tree-warblers, recently split from the Sylviidae
Pnoepygidae: pygmy wren-babblers, apparently unrelated to other babblers
Locustellidae: grass-warblers and allies, recently split from the Sylviidae
Donacobiidae: the black-capped donacobius, previously classed as a wren, but probably closest to the
Locustellidae or Bernieridae
Bernieridae: Malagasy warblers, a newly assembled family
Hirundinidae: swallows and martins
Pycnonotidae: bulbuls
Phylloscopidae: leaf-warblers and allies, recently split from the Sylviidae
Cettiidae: ground-warblers and allies, recently split from the Sylviidae Brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta
Hyliidae pusilla), nuthatches can climb
Aegithalidae: long-tailed tits or bushtits[29] downwards head-first
Sylviidae: Sylvia warblers and allies
Zosteropidae: white-eyes and allies
Timaliidae: tree babblers
Pellorneidae: ground babblers
Leiothrichidae: laughingthrushes and allies
Reguloidea

Regulidae (kinglets), tiny forest-dwelling insectivores, found only in the Northern Hemisphere, greenish above,
whitish below and striking (at close range) head pattern of black and yellow to red stripes, sexual dimorphism
slight
Bombycilloidea – waxwings and allies, included in the Muscicapoidea if Sittoidea/Certhioidea are also included there,
omnivores but strongly prefer juicy fruit and nectar, Laurasian, essentially limited to the Northern Hemisphere, mid-
sized and typically fairly inconspicuous except for their habit of roaming around in noisy flocks, plumage typically Hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus),
grey-hued and with silk-like texture, but many have a conspicuous black face and/or yellow ornaments, several like many Muscicapoidea a stout
melanic lineages, sexual dimorphism slight if any. Hylocitrea might be included here as monotypic family. and cryptic bird with complex
vocalizations.
Elachuridae: spotted elachura
Mohoidae[30][31]
Ptiliogonatidae: silky flycatchers, tentatively placed here
Bombycillidae: waxwings
Dulidae: palmchat, tentatively placed here
Hypocoliidae: hypocolius, tentatively placed here
Certhioidea – wrens, treecreepers and allies. Sometimes included in Muscicapoidea. Occur in the Americas and Eurasia, though mostly north of the Alpide belt.
Distribution and the basal fossil Certhiops indicates the Certhioidea probably originated around the end of the Paleogene somewhere around the North Atlantic.
Small, often tiny, tend to be conspicuously plump but nimble; many accomplished climbers. Plumage extremely cryptic or somewhat colorful, in the latter case
typically blue-grey at least on the upperside. Sexes look identical or almost so, but may differ strongly in vocalizations.

Tichodromadidae: wallcreeper: Traditionally placed as a subfamily of the nuthatches and more rarely of the treecreepers, no study has been able to verify
either placement this far. Thus it is better considered a monotypic family, at least for the time being.
Sittidae: nuthatches
Certhiidae: treecreepers
Salpornithidae: spotted creepers. Tentatively placed here; often considered a subfamily of the Certhidae.
Troglodytidae: wrens

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Polioptilidae: gnatcatchers
Muscicapoidea – "Old World flycatchers", starlings and allies. Mostly insectivores, near-global distribution centered
on Old World tropics. One family endemic to Americas. Nearly absent (except introductions) from the Australian
region. Usually rather robust for their size, some species (especially of Cinclidae, Buphagidae and Mimidae) are quite
dark and dull while others are commonly colorful or/and iridescent. Sexual dimorphism often absent, sometimes
pronounced.

Cinclidae: dippers, the most aquatic members of the whole clade.

Turdidae: thrushes and allies. Monophyly needs confirmation.
Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats. Monophyly needs confirmation.
Buphagidae: oxpeckers. Formerly usually included in Sturnidae. Like these male (right) and female
Sturnidae: starlings and possibly Philippine creepers. Placement of latter in Muscicapoidea seems good, but Gouldian finches (Erythrura
inclusion in Sturnidae requires confirmation; possibly distinct family Rhabdornithidae. gouldiae), many Passeroidea are
Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers very colorful
Passeroidea – "finches", "New World warblers/blackbirds" and allies. Mostly herbivores including many seed-eaters
but some specialized insectivores; near-global distribution centered on Palearctic and Americas. Includes the nine-
primaried oscines (probably a subclade). A very high proportion of colorful and highly sexually dimorphic forms.

Promeropidae (Sugarbirds), living fossils with a nondescript "honeyeater" or "warbler" phenotype, a Capensis relict
lineage only found in Africa south of the Equatorial region, Include keystone species for fynbos and some
Afromontane forest ecosystems, sexual dimorphism does not appear pronounced, but includes many little-studied
species
Arcanatoridae (Dapplethroat & allies)
Dicaeidae (flowerpeckers), sunbirds and flowerpeckers, might be included in Passeroidea, eat mostly nectar,
pollen, and berries, supplemented with arthropods, generally restricted to the Old World tropics, plumage usually
extremely colorful at least in males, usually a few contrasting hues (commonly including black and/or white, and
usually including red) and in some with metallic sheen, sexual dimorphism usually pronounced, females in most Lesser striped swallow (Cecropis
species greenish above, lighter below abyssinica), showing some
Nectariniidae: sunbirds apomorphies of its ancient yet highly
Chloropseidae: leafbirds advanced lineage.
Irenidae: fairy-bluebirds.
Urocynchramidae: Przewalski's finch. Recently split from Fringillidae; tentatively placed here.
Peucedramidae: olive warbler
Prunellidae: accentors
Ploceidae: weavers. Certain members of Ploceidae, such as the long-tailed widowbird are well known for their
elaborate sexual ornaments.
Viduidae: indigobirds and whydahs
Estrildidae: estrildid finches (waxbills, munias and allies)
Passeridae true sparrows
Motacillidae: wagtails and pipits
Nine-primaried oscines: Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (male).

Fringillidae: true finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Possibly polyphyletic.

Calcariidae: longspurs and snow buntings
Emberizidae: buntings
Passerellidae: American sparrows
Icteridae: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
Parulidae: New World warblers
Thraupidae: tanagers and allies
Cardinalidae: cardinals
Passerida incertae sedis

Scotocercidae: streaked scrub warbler

Rhagologidae: mottled whistler
Prionopidae: helmetshrikes and woodshrikes

Phylogeny
Living Passeriformes based on the "Taxonomy in Flux family phylogenetic tree" by John Boyd.[28]

Passeriformes classification
 
  Acanthisitti   Acanthisittidae
   
Eupasseres Tyranni
      ?Sapayoidae
 

  Calyptomenidae
 
 
    Pittidae
Eurylaimides
   

  Philepittidae
 
 
 
  Eurylaimidae
 
Tyrannides Tyrannida
      Pipridae
 
 
    Cotingidae
 
   
      Tityridae
 
 
    Oxyruncidae
 
 

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  Onychorhynchidae

  Tyrannidae
 

  Pipritidae
 

    Platyrinchidae
   
 
      Tachurididae
   
 
    Rhynchocyclidae
 

  Melanopareiidae
 

    Thamnophilidae
   
 
    Conopophagidae
 

Furnariida   Grallariidae
   

  Rhinocryptidae
 
 
      Formicariidae
   
 
    Furnariidae
 
Passeri
    Atrichornithidae
 
Menurides
    Menuridae
 
Euoscines
    Ptilonorhynchidae
 
Climacterides
    Climacteridae
 
 
    Maluridae
 

  Dasyornithidae
 
Meliphagides
      Pardalotidae
   
 
    Meliphagidae
 
 
    Orthonychidae
 
Orthonychides
    Pomatostomidae
 
  Corvides
      Cinclosomatidae
 
 
    Campephagidae
 
 
    Neosittidae
 
 
   
Mohouidae
 
 
    Eulacestomidae
 

  Psophodidae
 

    Falcunculidae
   
 
    Oreoicidae
 

Orioloidea   Paramythiidae
   
 
      Pteruthiidae
   
 
    Vireonidae
 
   

  Pachycephalidae
 
 
   Oriolidae
 
  Malaconotoidea
      Machaerirhynchidae
 
 
    Artamidae
 

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    Rhagologidae
   

  Platysteiridae
 
 
    Vangidae
 

    Aegithinidae
   

    Pityriaseidae
   
 
    Malaconotidae
 

  ?Dicruridae
 

  Rhipiduridae
 
 
    Lamproliidae
 
 
    Monarchidae
 

    Laniidae
   
Corvoidea  
      Corvidae
 
   
    Ifritidae

  Melampittidae
 

    Corcoracidae
   
 
    Paradisaeidae
 

Melanocharitida Melanocharitidae
 

Cnemophilida Cnemophilidae
 

  Petroicidae
 

Petroicida   Notiomystidae
   
 
    Callaeidae
Passerides
   
 
      Picathartidae
   

Eupetida   Chaetopidae
   
   
      Eupetidae
 

  Core Passerides
 
Core Passerides Sylviida
      Stenostiridae
 

  Hyliotidae
 
Paroidea
      Remizidae
   
 
    Paridae
 
Sylvioidea
    Nicatoridae
 

    Panuridae
   
 
    Alaudidae
 
 
    Macrosphenidae
 
   
      Cisticolidae
 
 
    Pnoepygidae
 
 
   
Acrocephalidae
 

  Locustellidae
 
 
      Donacobiidae
   

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  Bernieridae
 
  Hirundinidae

  Pycnonotidae
 

  Phylloscopidae
 

  Cettiidae
 
 
      Hyliidae
   
 
    Aegithalidae
   
 
  Sylviidae
 
   
      Paradoxornithidae
 

  Zosteropidae
 
 
    Timaliidae
 
 
      Pellorneidae
   
 
    Leiothrichidae
 
 
  Reguloidea Regulidae
 

  Elachuridae
 

  Mohoidae
 

  Ptiliogonatidae
 
Bombycilloidea
    Bombycillidae
 
 
      Dulidae
   
 
    Hypocoliidae
 

  Tichodromadidae
 
 
    Sittidae
 
Muscicapida   Certhiidae
  Certhioidea
   

    Troglodytidae
   
 
    Polioptilidae
 
Muscicapoidea  
    Cinclidae
 

  Turdidae
 
 
    Muscicapidae
 

  Buphagidae
 
 
    Mimidae
   
 
    Sturnidae
 
Passerida
    Promeropidae
 
 
    Arcanatoridae
 
 
    Dicaeidae
 
 
   
Nectariniidae
 
 
    Urocynchramidae
 
   
      Irenidae
 
 

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  Chloropseidae
  Peucedramidae
    Prunellidae
    Ploceidae
Estrild clade   Viduidae
    Estrildidae
Passerid clade
    Passeridae
    Motacillidae
    Fringillidae
    Calcariidae
    Rhodinocichlidae
     
Footnotes
1. Mayr, Ernst (1946). "The Number of Species of Birds" (http://sora.unm.edu/site
s/default/files/journals/auk/v063n01/p0064-p0069.pdf) (PDF). The Auk. 63 (1):
67. doi:10.2307/4079907 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4079907).
2. ondrej.zicha(at)gmail.com, Ondrej Zicha;. "BioLib: Biological library" (https://w
ww.biolib.cz/cz/taxonsubtaxa/id8814/). www.biolib.cz (in Czech). Retrieved
2018-04-24.
3. Gill F & D Donsker (Eds). (2015). IOC World Bird List (v 5.1). doi
10.14344/IOC.ML.5.1 www.worldbirdnames.org [Accessed 2017/12/11].
4. Chatterjee, Sankar (2015). The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution.
JHU Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9781421415901.
5. Stefoff, Rebecca (2008), The Bird Class, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark
6. Brooke, Michael and Birkhead, Tim (1991) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of
Ornithology, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521362059.
7. Jones, D. (2008). "Flight of fancy". Australian Geographic, (89), 18–19.
8. The name wren has been applied to other, unrelated birds in Australia and
New Zealand. The 27 Australasian "wren" species in the family Maluridae are
unrelated, as are the New Zealand wrens in the family Acanthisittidae; the
antwrens in the family Thamnophilidae; and the wren-babblers of the families
Timaliidae, Pellorneidae, and Pnoepygidae. For the monophyly of the "true
wrens", Troglodytidae, see Barker, F. K. (May 2004). "Monophyly and
relationships of wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae): a congruence analysis of
heterogeneous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20140714132913/http://static.msi.umn.edu/rreports/2004/78.pd
f) (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 31 (2): 486–504.
doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.005 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2003.0
8.005). PMID 15062790 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15062790).
Archived from the original (http://static.msi.umn.edu/rreports/2004/78.pdf)
(PDF) on 14 July 2014.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine
Passerine - Wikipedia
  Emberizidae
  Passerellidae
  ?Zeledonia
  ?Teretistris
    Phaenicophilidae
  Icteridae
    Parulidae
  Mitrospingidae
    Cardinalidae
  Thraupidae
9. Dyke, Gareth J.; Van Tuinen, Marcel (June 2004). "The evolutionary radiation
of modern birds (Neornithes): Reconciling molecules, morphology and the
fossil record". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (2): 153–177.
doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00118.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-364
2.2004.00118.x).
10. Claramunt & Cracraft (2015)
11. Ericson, P.G.; Christidis, L.; Cooper, A.; Irestedt, M.; Jackson, J.; Johansson,
U.S.; Norman, J.A. (7 February 2002). "A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds
supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens" (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690883). Proceedings of the Royal
Society B. 269 (1488): 235–241. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1877 (https://doi.org/1
0.1098%2Frspb.2001.1877). PMC 1690883 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC1690883). PMID 11839192 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubm
ed/11839192).
12. See e.g. Boles (1997), Manegold et al. (2004), Mayr & Manegold (2006)
13. Boles (1997)
14. Mayr, G (2013). "The age of the crown group of passerine birds and its
evolutionary significance–molecular calibrations versus the fossil record".
Systematics and Biodiversity. 11 (1). doi:10.1080/14772000.2013.765521 (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772000.2013.765521).
15. Worthy et al. (2007)
16. The last common ancestor of all songbirds most likely had a decidedly longer
tail. See del Hoyo et al. (2003, 2004).
17. Specimen SMF Av 504. A flattened right hand of a passerine perhaps 10 cm
long overall. If suboscine, perhaps closer to Cotingidae than to Eurylaimides:
Roux (2002), Mayr & Manegold (2006)
18. Huguenet et al. (2003), Mayr & Manegold (2006)
19. Specimens SMF Av 487–496; SMNS 86822, 86825-86826; MNHN SA 1259–
1263: tibiotarsus remains of small, possibly basal Passeriformes: Manegold et
al. (2004)
10/12
13/10/2018
20. A partial coracoid of a probable Muscicapoidea, possibly Turdidae; distal
tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of a smallish to mid-sized passerine that may
be the same as the preceding; proximal ulna and tarsometatarsus of a
Paridae-sized passerine: Gál et al. (1998–1999, 2000)
21. A humerus diaphysis piece of a swallow-sized passerine: Hír et al. (2001)
22. Hír et al. (2001)
23. Manegold et al. (2004)
24. Distal right humerus, possibly suboscine: Noriega & Chiappe (1991, 1993)
25. The former does not even have recognized subspecies, while the latter is one
of the most singular birds alive today. Good photos of a bearded reedling are
for example here (http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.j
pg) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043808/http://montereyba
y.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg) 16 October 2007 at the Wayback
Machine. and here (http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reed
ling-05a04012.jpg).
26. del Hoyo et al. (2003–)
Passerine - Wikipedia
27. Lovette & Bermingham (2000), Cibois et al. (2001), Barker et al. (2002, 2004),
Ericson & Johansson (2003), Beresford et al. (2005), Alström et al. (2006),
Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006)
28. John Boyd. "Taxonomy in Flux family phylogenetic tree" (http://jboyd.net/Taxo/
Families.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2015.
29. Gill, F., Wright, M. & Donsker, D. (2008). IOC World Bird Names (version 1.6).
Available at http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
30. Lovette, I.J. (2008). "Convergent evolution: Raising a family from the dead".
Current Biology. 18 (24): R1132–4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.006 (https://doi.
org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.11.006). PMID 19108768 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pubmed/19108768).
31. Fleischer R.C.; James H.F. & Olson S.L. (23 December 2008). "Convergent
evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird
ancestors". Current Biology. 18 (24): 1927–1931.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.051).
PMID 19084408 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19084408).

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Roux, T. (2002). "Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon" [Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon]. Courrier Scientifique du Parc
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External links
The dictionary definition of passerine at Wiktionary
Media related to Passeriformes at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Passeriformes at Wikispecies

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