29> 1-99:17226 t Boy D BS 5930: 1981 ] 0c 63.051 : Code of practice for Site investigations (Formerly CP 2001) Code de bonne pratique pour les inspections de terrain Richtlinie fiir Baugrunduntersuchungen “British Standards Institutiont9gsn7s28 Descriptive terms usad for the spacing of these planar structures are as follows. Tam Spacing Very thick ‘greater than 2m Thick 600 mm to 2m Medium 200 mm to 600 mm Thin {60 em to 200 mmm Very thin 2mm to 60mm ‘Thickly laminated (Sedimentary) Narrow (Metamorphic and igneous) Thinly laminated (Sedimentary) Very narrow (Metamorphic and ‘igneous For sedimentary rocks, structures such as bedding may be described as thick beds or thickly bedded; for example, a thickly bedded sandstone. For igneous and metamorphic ‘rocks, the appropriate descriptive term for the planer structure should be used; for example, medium foliated gneiss, very narrowly cleaved slate, very thickly flow-banded diorite. 44.3.3 Discontinuities 44.3.3.1 Deseriotion. Discontinulties are fractures in the rock mass and include joints, fissures, faults, sheat planes, cleavages, and bedding. The details of al relevant discontinuities should be recorded and an indication should be given whether discontinuities are open or tight, healed, cemented or infilled, or incipient. The surfaces of Giscontinuities may be plane, curved, irregular, slickensided, smooth or rough (163, 164) - It may often be necessary 10 describe large discontinuities individually. When material ing an open discontinuity is observed, the material should be described in accordance with clause 44 if itis a soil, |. sro 20: Discontinuities usually occur in more than one direction in arock mass, and may be present as distinct sets, Borehole cores provide essentially one dimensional data fon discontinuity spacing: exposures are usually needed for full evaluation of the discontinuity pattern, 44,3.3.2 Discontinuity saacing in one dimension, The following descriptive scheme should be usad, Term Soscing Very widely spaced Widely spaced Medium spaced Closely spaced Very closely spaced Extremely closely spaced greater than 2m 600 mm to 2m 200 mm to 600 mm, 60 mm ta 200 mm 20 mm ta 60mm less than 20 mm “045/05 indicates diaction gf ip and amount of dia of 9p (magnets or sri} on # 380° eve 8S $930: 1981 3 ‘An example of a description of a rack mass szen in » section of art! core might be “dark greyish-green, medium grained, partially discoloured, quartz DOLERITE, extremely strong, with very widely spaced open sicker, sided joints dipping 5 degrees’. 443.3.3 Discontinuity spacing in three dimensions. ‘The saacing of discontinuities may be described with reference to the size and shape of rock blocks bounded by the discontinuities. Rock blocks may be aparoximately eauidimensiona, tabulse or coluranar in shape. Descriptive turms may be used in accordance with the following, ies tom Maximum simsasion Very large greater than 2m Large 600 mm to 2m Medium 200 mm to 600 mm, Small 60 mm to 200 mm Very small less than 60 me Secand term Natur of block Blocky Equidimensional Tabular Thickness much less than Fength or with Columnar Haight much greater than, crass section, ‘The use of these terms requires an understanding of the distribution of discontinuities in three-dimensions; In consequence they cannot be used in the description of rill core, ‘An example of the description of a rock mass seen in a uarry face might be ‘dark greyish-graen, medium grained, slightly weathered, quar DOLERITE, ex:remely stron very large columnar jointing, four joint sets ((i) 048/05" spacing 3.5 m, opan, slickensided (ii) 225/85, spacing 0.8 m, open, rough (iii) 270/85, spacing 0.8 m, tight, ough iv) 120/85, spacing 0.9 m, apen, rough”. ‘Such a description could refer to the rock mass in & specitied location in a quarry. An account of the whole auarry would require many such descriptions perhaps displayed on engineering geological maps, plans and sections. Data on the oriantatian of discontinuities can be displayed and analysed using a stereonet [165] 44,34 Weathering of the rock mass. The weathering of the rock mass may be dascribed in relation to the distribution of the variously weathered rock materiale within it and the effect of weathering on discontinuities 1, The direction of lip (04S) Ie measured relative roa selected north Point {amount of dip is measured from the horizontal, Far example, the attitude OF a bed Sipping weet st am inclination af 40°* from the horizontal would be recorded at 2760/8eagrtean 8S 9930: 1901 “The tarme given in table 10 are ganarsl and may ba modified to suit particule situations, Subsivisions may be necoteary. ‘Table 10, Scale of weathering grades of rock mass natural exposures of rack, and exeavatione af limitad extent, ate not necessarily represencative of the whole cock mats 4b. Legend tor engineering geological maps and plans 485.1. Symbols for soils and rocks. Syinbots are listed i ‘able 11 forthe princiaal sil and cack tvoes that are Fresh No wiible sign of rock matarist | 1 weathering: pernaps sight dis- coloration an major diceantinuity surtaces, Discoloration Inaicares weamering | 1 fof rack material and discontinuity surfaces. All the rock material may be discoloured by weathering. Less than half of the cock material | 1d in decomposed or disintegrated to 2 sol. Fresh or discoloured rock Is present either as» continuous framework or as corestones. Mora tran halt of the rack material | IV is dacompotad or deintagrated to ‘soll. Fresh or dlscoloured rack ie prevent sithor a2 diecontinuaut tramawore of 3¢ corestones. All cack material isUecumposed | V ‘andar disintegrated ra sil The uriyinel as sv uctare sill largely intaet. All rack mataral Is convarted uw te soll, The mass vucture and rmaterial fabric are destroyed. ‘There iss large change Ia volume, but the soil nas not buen Egnifieantly transported, tight waathered Maeratoly weathered Highly wasthored Comptutsly wwoatheend Residual Hikely t@ be encountered in the United Kingdom, The symbols are simole and distinctive: they dermit the same basie ornement to be ustd for unithiied (sil) and lititied (rock) states: they combine easily into symbols for composite types of soils and rocks. ‘The symbols aré based upon those given in the orevious edition of this standacd, and elaewheee (0]. with some alterations. Additional symbols ara given elsewhere 181. 43.2 Special symbots tor the Borehole record, Hecom- mended eymbale for borehole record ara given in rable 12, 445.3 Suggested symbols for structural features on plant 45.3.1 Symbols for general planar suuctures. Rec mended symbols for ganerl clanar structures are given in table 13. For each planar structure the long bar of the symbol indicates the strike direction, and the short bar the dip dircetion; the dia amount is given in degrees measured trom the horizontal. Formerly, the dip arrow ‘wae used exclusively ta indieate the aitection and amount Of cip of beading planes. tis stil used occasionally and provider an acezatable alternative tothe bar -ymba. Gedding, foliation, banaing and eleavage in sedimentary and matamorphie rocke may bo rumpled, corrugated oF undulating, although the general disposition may be horizontal, Inclined of vetial. There conditions may be indicated by sinuous strike bars 45.3.2 Traces of geoloyicl suueiures and yruleyical boundaries. Recommended symbols 2¢a given in table 14 A distinction i usually made an geological maps between boundaries of dif (superficial) deoosits and boundaries {sould be underatoud that all yraues uf weathering way fe ha sean in given rork mass, al that in same exes ‘vattiular yrade may Le present (04 very eval extent Distribution of the various weathering grades of rock ‘naterat in the rock oxass may be Felated to the porosity lof the cack material and the presence of open tiscontinuities ofall tyes in the rack moss. In logging core, the dietribution of woatharing grade of foci materia may be recorded; distribution of weathering srader of the rock mats from whien the cares weee ‘tained has to be inferced from chis type of evidence, Disuibution uf weathering grades in a rack mass may be datarmined hy magping natural and artificial exoosures, Fe should be bore i mind, however, that isolated of solid deposits. Gome indication is usually given of the accuracy ot boundaries, broken fines denoting uncertainty Jn th positions of zolid geological boundaries and faults, Tis principle may be applies to the trend, and where appropriate to th porition, of the vaces of other planar (On iargescale anginaering geologtca plans, fautts and fault zones do not eal fr distinctive evuetural symbols ‘They will usually be mapped as zones of which tne margins are plotted snd the internal sructures and filling materials ‘ate mapped in detail, The symbol on table 12 may be used 19 indicate the maging nf the fault and the éeme prince may be applied w the details un Wee Lurciole reward Adcitianel symbols may be found elsewhere (8) 110 * Var) =