Experiment-1

AIM: To study and perform pulse amplitude modulation in MATLAB and SIMULINK

SOFTWARE: MATLAB & SIMULINK

THEORY

Pulse amplitude modulation is a technique in which the amplitude of each pulse is controlled by
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation signal. It is a modulation system in which the
signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of
the signal at the instant of sampling. This technique transmits the data by encoding in the
amplitude of a series of signal pulses.

The modulated signal can be expressed as :

s(t)=m(t)*c(t)

Here, m(t)=Am*cos(2*π*fm*t) is the message signal

And, c(t) is a pulse train of appropriate frequency.

Generation of PAM

After passing the message signal through a low pass filter, it is multiplied by a pulse train signal
which is generated by an appropriate circuit.

Integrated circuits like the 555 timer can be used for generating pulse trains.

Demodulation of PAM Signal

The above circuit can demodulate a PAM signal. Suitable choice of RC network will result in
better reconstruction of the message signal. Demodulation principally involves detecting the
amplitude at every pulse instant.

The network following the diode is a simple hold network.

Advantages

1. Simple transmitter and receiver design.

2. No further signal processing is needed at the demodulator after filtering.
3. PAM can be used to generate other pulse modulations also.

Disadvantages

1. Large bandwidth required for transmission.

2. Frequency varies according to message signal.
3. Power requirement is high.
4. Amplitude variations is large.

Applications

Some Ethernet standards use PAM .

Electronic drivers for LED lighting.

Digital television broadcasting also employs PAM.

Radar communications

MATLAB Code

t=0:0.1:100;
m=20*cos(2*pi*0.0178*t);
c=(square(t)+1)/2;
s=m.*c;
plot(t,s);
subplot(3,1,1);plot(t,m);
subplot(3,1,2);plot(t,c);
subplot(3,1,3);plot(t,s);

OUTPUT
 20

0
m(t)

-20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time
1

0.5
c(t)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time
20

0
s(t)

-20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time

SIMULINK Model
CONCLUSION : Pulse amplitude modulation has been studied and a modulated waveform has been
plotted.