SABBAVARAM, VISAKHAPATNAM,
A.P., INDIA
PROJECT TITLE:
SUBJECT:
HISTORY
Dr. VISWACHANDRANATH. M
AISHWARYA.V.V.BUDDHARAJU
ROLL NUMBER:
2018LLB003
SEMESTER:
1st SEMESTER
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
To study about the evolutionary process of wine in ancient India and the legitimacy of its
consumption in various ages and in various religions according to their literature (Vedas, Smritis,
Purans, Epics and Tantras).
This study allows us to analyse the various phases of the evolution of wine. This also gives us a
brief note about the various purposes for which it is once utilized and the extent to which its
consumption is accepted in the society during various periods:
.and in various religions depending upon the literary and other sources.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:
The scope of the study is limited to the study of secondary resources about the wine in ancient
India. The primary theme of this study deals with the evolution of wine (then called Soma) as a
very sacred juice brought from heaven which enhances health to a stage where its mere
consumption was cited as one of the most heinous crimes. This study also discusses about the
legitimacy of alcohol consumption according to various sources of the same time and how they
drastically differ from one another and also about the drastically differing opinions of people
depending upon the literary sources.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
The Primary sources that have been reviewed while researching on this topic are Books and Web
sources. The book “The Wine In Ancient India” by Dhirendra Krishna Bose served as a very
important resource in this study. The literature from this book served the purpose of providing
necessary information regarding the various names with which the drinks are referred and about
the opinions of the writers of various ancient literary sources.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The method of doctrinal study has been followed with critical analysis of the secondary texts
available. The resources that were found by the researcher were thoroughly gone through and a
comparative study is done for analyzing the legitimacy of consumption of wine in the societies
of various periods and according to various religions. The study was carried forward by the
qualitative analysis of the details that were available to the researcher.
HYPOTHESIS:
The researcher believes that the wine in the initial days is considered to be sacred because of its
intoxicating effects. But later stages of time revealed the true consequences that have to be faced
due to continuous consumption of wine and revealed to the world that it is addictive in nature.
The researcher believes that there was a certain stage where the various stages of social life were
indirectly affected because of the consumption of wine being legitimate and hence resulted in
illegitimising the consumption of wine to control its consumption by the citizens in their states in
later stages of ancient Indian history.
BODY OF THE PROJECT:
INTRODUCTION:
As the researcher already mentioned in the aim of the project that the
status of wine in various sources of the history of ancient India will be discussed let us first see
the various sources which are to be quantitatively analysed. The Hindu Sastras are divided into
four types:
Epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata are also a part of Hindu Scriptures along-with Kautilya’s
Arthasastra. The sources also include Ayur-Veda or the science of life which deals in health and
medicine as a part of Atharva-Veda. According to the Hindu Shastras there are four ages, and for
each age a suitable shastra is giv . From the Golden age of righteousness, free from sin the
scriptures were the Vedas. The second age was the Treta-Yuga (righteousness decreased by one
fourth) the scriptures were the Smrities. The third age was the Dvapara-Yuga (righteousness
decresed by half) the scriptures were the Puranas. The fourth age is the Kali-Yuga (the iron age,
in which we find a lot of wickedness and the decline of all that is good) the scriptures are the
Tantras.
Vedas are the most respected and the most ancient religious
books of the Hindus. There are four Vedas, of which Rig-Veda is the chief from which all
the other Vedas are developed in due course of time through the interpretations of various
sects of Brahmans. In the Rig-Veda there is a mention about wine as there is mention
about the Grog shops where wine or beer is stored in leather vats for the use of public.
But the chief intoxicating drink of those days was the Soma-
juice. According to the Rig Veda the Golden- winged Hawk, brought Soma from the
Heavens. Soma-juice was the fermented milky juice of a creeper called Soma (Asclepias-
acida or Sarcostemma viminale. It is described as having hanging boughs, bare of leaves
along the stalks, of light, ruddy (or golden) colour with knotty joints, containing in a
fibrous, cane-like outer rind, an abundance of milky acid and slightly astringent sap or
juice. This juice when pressed, mixed with other ingredients and when allowed to get
fermented gives the intoxicating sacrificial beverage.
IN YAJUR-VEDA:
We can find that Visva-rupa the son of Tuashtar, while performing the
Soma sacrifice drank so much of the juice that he vomitted over the sacrificial beasts. We see
from this that the Soma juice was quite an ardent spirit. It was the Vedic poets favourite drink till
Sura(barely beer) was discovered. The Soma plant should be collected from the mountains(
Hindu Kush) and brought over. While Sura became the drink of the people, Soma, despite the
fact that it was not so agreeable a liquor, became reserved for its old association, as the purest
drink, a sacrosant beverage, not for the vulgar and not esteemed by the priest, except as it kept up
a rite.
IN ATHARVA-VEDA:
It is mentioned that after the death, the devout are provided with seas
full of butter, sugar, milk, wine etc. There were a lot of praises for the beverages especially Soma
(the wine) and a few of them are as follows:
1.“Where there is eternal light, in the world where sun is placed, in that immortal, imperishable
world place me, O Soma flow thou for Indra.”
2. “Where the son of Vivasvat reigns as King w here the secret place of heaven is, where the
mighty waters are, there make me immortal. Flow thou for Indra.”
3. “Where life is free in the third heaven of heavens, where the worlds are radiant, there make me
immortal Flow thou for Indra”
4. “Where wishes and desires are, where the bowl of the bright Soma is, where there is food and
rejoicing, there make me immortal Flow thou for Indra.”
5. “Where there is happiness an delight, where joy and pleasure reside, where desires’ of our
desires “are attained, there make me immortal & Flow thou for Indra.”
2.THE SMRITIS:
The Smrities are the codes of law on domestic, social and religious duties
of man. Historians think that Gautama, Apastamba, and Vasistha belong to the rationalistic
period, Manu to the Buddhist period. The remaining 16 works are probably also based on ancient
Sutra works, but belong to the Pauranik period. Of these Manu, Yajnavalkya and Parasara are
considered to be the greatest and their injunctions are still carried out by the Hindus. In these we
can find that wine is looked down upon, especially to the higher castes, it is totally forbidden.
There were five most heinous crimes mentioned there, and drinking wine or spirituous liquor was
one of them (Sankhya).
The punishment for consuming wine was very severe,” The one
who consumes wine should be made to drink that liquor boiling hot, until he was completely
scalded.” The higher castes, willingly and knowingly taking wine, are to die by drinking boiling
water, milk o r butter, (Yajna) or molten silver, lead or copper. (Deval).
He must wear sack- cloth made from the hair of the cow, must not shave, take only rice
or oil-cakes once in the night for one year. (Manu ll.93).
He must abstain from any work or worship, and sustain himself with a small amount of
food for one year. (Bishnu 51. 1.2)
The upper three castes must be initiated (in sacred thread) again, if unknowingly drink
wine.(Parasara 12)
Gods do not accept offerings from a drunkard. (Artri 218)
The son should not repay his father’s debts that are incurred in drinking. (Gautama 2)
All kinds of wine are forbidden to the twice borns.” (Bishnu 22.81)
Wine must not be drunk, given or accepted. (Usana)
The sages have strangely made a distinction between the soma juice drinker and a wine drinker.
Thus, if the one who consumes some juice smells the mouth of the one who consumes wine,
then he should do a penance. There are many such injunctions in various smritis, from which we
can find that drinking was not taken lightly, not drinking alone but even for smelling liquor,
touching the drunkard, penance had to be done.
4.BUDDHIST TEXTS :
1
R.C.Dutt-Ancient India Book II
2
Birat 16
3
Aswa 89
5.THE TANTRAS
A wife is not allowed to drink wine but can smell it. And in case of a
householder there are three sweets and they are: honey, sugar and milk and they should stay
away from wine as well. But as a ru le wine was absolutely necessary in worship and without
this one stands the risk of losing life. Ordinarily one takes five cups only, and drinks until the
sight and mind are not af fected, to drinkbeyond is ‘bestial
There are many praises of wine m the Tantras. Wine is called ‘ the
Supreme being in li&uid form . ’ It is called ‘the great medicine of humanity, helping u s to
forget deep sorrows, is the cause of great joy.’ But when not purified, it stupefies and
bewilders,breeds disputes and diseases.’ But when properly taken is ‘ the mother of enjoyment
and liberation’ . It “destroys dangers and diseases and burns up heap of sin and purifies the
world”. There are warnings too, and all excesses are forbidden to house-holder.hence it is quite
clear that the tantras supported the consumption of wine but in a limited quantity so as to
maintain balance between ones pleasures and their duties that are to be performed as a member
of their family and also as a part of the society.
6.AYURVEDA:
Out of all these, the first two are wines while the last one is beer in the modern sense. All these
are prepared by fermenting the ingredients for some days. Some times first boiling these with
sugar, then fermenting and mixing these with certain leaves and roots for flavouring purposes,
and after a fort night, the liquor is decanted or distilled, and is ready for use.
In Ayur-Veda, like all other current and some modern medical books
we usually find much praise of wine, occasional warning for the abuse or misuse. We quote a
few passages for illustration. Gharaka says of wine ‘invigorator of mind and body, antidote to
sleeplessness, sorrow and fatigue, producer of hunger, happiness and digestion. If taken as
medicine, and not for intoxication, it acts as Amrita (ambrosia) it cures the natural flow of
internal fluids of the body. There is a nice ode on wine in Obarska and we give here translation
of a few passages from this (Wine) who is worshipped with the Gods, invoked in Santra-moni
yajna, who is Amrita to the soma juice to the Brahmans destroyer of sorrow, fear and is pleasure
happiness and nourishment (to men……) We must not leave this subject , without mentioning a
saying from Rajnighantu, a later medical book which is & A Brahman must not touch wine, if a
dead man has chance of regaining his life thereby, (that is by taking wine), even then he must
not. ”
CONCLUSION:
From the above study it can be concluded that the status of wine in various
periods of ancient India are detailed discussed. While the acceptance for wine in Vedic age is
complete, it has many obstructions in the later times. There are literary sources both in support of
consumption of wine and against this practice but all the conclusions given in these texts weren’t
the decisions taken at the spur of the moment. They were all critically analyzed after studying the
effects of over consumption of wine on the social and economic status of people and today, we
have a society where the consumption of wine or other alcoholic drinks is accepted as long as
they don’t cause harm to others under the intoxicating effect of it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Books :
E-Sources :
1. www.academia.edu
2. www.dailyo.in