genetics ch3 Klug
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1. allows us to calculate the probability of any combination of
outcomes for any number of potential events.: binomial
theorem, based on the binomial expansion (a+b)^n to be used
with pascals triangle
2. analysis is used to test how well the data fit the null
hypothesis.: chi square
3. can be used to calculate the probability of an event that can
be accomplished in more than one way: sum law
4. can be used to predict the frequency with which two
independent events will occur simultaneously.: product law
5. crosses involving three independent traits show that
Mendel's rules apply to any number of traits.: trihybrid
crosses
6. crosses that involve a single pair of contrasting traits.:
monohybrid rosses
7. Cross that involves two pairs of contrasting traits: dihybrid
cross
8. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. A male
whose brother has the disease has children with a female
whose sister has the disease. it is not known if either the
male or the female is a carrier. if the male and females have
1 child, what is the probability that the child will have cystic
fibrosis?: 1 in 9
Each parent has a 2/3 chance of being a carrier and a 1/4
chance of an infected child. So 1/4 x 2/3 x 2/3 =1/9
9. During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit
factors(alleles) assort independently of one another. what
is this called?: independent assortment
10. How many different types of gametes can be formed by
individuals of the following genotype: a) AaBb and what are
the gametes?: 2^n= 4; AB, Ab, aB, ab
n= number of heterozygous gene pairs
11. How many different types of gametes can be formed by
individuals of the following genotype: b) AaBB and what are
the gametes?: 2^n= 2 AB, aB
12. How many different types of gametes can be formed by
individuals of the following genotype: c) AaBbCc and what
are the gametes?: 2^3= 8 ABC, ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc,
abC, abc
13. How many different types of gametes can be formed by
individuals of the following genotype: d) AaBBcc and what
are the gametes?: 2^1= 2 ABc, aBc
14. How many different types of gametes can be formed by
individuals of the following genotype: e) AaBbcc and what
are the gametes?: 2^2=4 ABc, Abc, aBc, abc
15. How many different types of gametes can be formed by
individuals of the following genotype: f) AaBbCcDdEe: 2^5=
32
16. If one die is rolled and it comes up as an odd number, what
is the probability that it is a five?: 1 in 3
17. If two dice are rolled together, what is the combined
probability that one will be a three and the other will be a
six?: 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/12
18. In a cross between a black and white guinea pig, all
members of the F1 generation are black. The F2 generation
is made up of approximately 3/4 black and 1/4 white guinea
pigs. Diagram this cross showing the genotypes and
phenotypes.: P1= DDxdd D=black and d=white
F1= Dd all
F2= 1/4 DD, 1/4 dd, 1/2 Dd
19. In a cross between a black and white guinea pig, all
members of the F1 generation are black. The F2 generation
is made up of approximately 3/4 black and 1/4 white guinea
pigs. If two different matings were made between black
members of the F2 generation with the following results:
Cross 1= all black offspring
Cross 2= 3/4 black and 1/4 white
Diagram each of these crosses.: Cross 1= DDxDd = 1/2 DD,
1/2 Dd
Cross 2= DdxDd = 1/2 Dd, 1/4 dd, 1/4 DD
20. In a cross between a black and white guinea pig, all
members of the F1 generation are black. The F2 generation
is made up of approximately 3/4 black and 1/4 white guinea
pigs. What will the offspring be like if 2 F2 white guinea pigs
are mated?: All white because white is recessive so in order to
be white it must be dd so ddxdd =all dd offspring due to lack
in variation/dominant gene
21. In a family of 8 children, where bot parents are
heterozygous for albinism, what mathematical expression
predicts the probability that 6 are normal and 2 are
albines?: P= [8!(3/4)^6 (1/4)^2] /6!2!
the 3/4 means that 3/4 will not get it. the 1/4 means that 1/4
will get it
n=8, s=6, t=2
n!/s!t!
22. In assessing data that fell into 2 phenotypic classes, a
geneticist observed values of 250:150. She decided to
perform a x^2 analysis by using the following 2 different
null hypotheses: a) the data fit a 3:1 ratio and b) the data for
a 1:1 ratio. Calculate the x^2 values for each hypothesis.
What can be concluded about each?: a) 33.3 with an
associated p-value of less than 0.01 for 1 degree of freedom
b) 25 with same p-value above.
Reject both null hypotheses
23. In one of Mendel's duhybrid crosses, he observed 315 round
yellow, 108 round green, 101 wrinkled yellow and 32
wrinkled green F2 plants. Analyze these data using the x^2
test to see if the round: wrinkled data fit a 3:1 ratio: 108+315:
32=101
423:133
3:1
yes!
24. In one of Mendel's duhybrid crosses, he observed 315 round
yellow, 108 round green, 101 wrinkled yellow and 32
wrinkled green F2 plants. Analyze these data using the x^2
test to see if the yellow: green data fit a 3:1 ration: 101+315:
108+32
416:140
3:1
Yes!
25. In one of Mendel's duhybrid crosses, he observed 315 round
yellow, 108 round green, 101 wrinkled yellow and 32
wrinkled green F2 plants. Analyze these data using the x^2
test to see if they fit a 9:3:3:1 ratio: 315/32, 108/32, 101/32,
32/32 =9:3:3:1
Yes!
26. The location on a chromosome where a particular gene
occurs: locus
27. parental phenotypes being blended in offspring is called
what? Who suggested this?: Wallace and Darwin suggested
it, it is called continuous variation
28. a _______ shows a family tree with respect ot a given trait. Its
analysis reveals patterns of inheritance: pedigree
29. To assess Mendel's law od segregation using tomatoes, a
true-breeding tall variety (SS) is crossed with a true
breeding short variety (ss). The heterozygous F1 tall plants
(Ss) were crossed to produce 2 sets of F2 data as follows:
Set I: 30 tall, 5 short
Set II: 300 tall, 50 short
From the above analysis, what can you conclude about the
importance of generating large data sets in experimental
conditions?: Most cases, more confidence is gained as the
sample size increases; however, depending on the organism or
experiment, there are pratical limits on sample size.
30. To assess Mendel's law od segregation using tomatoes, a
true-breeding tall variety (SS) is crossed with a true
breeding short variety (ss). The heterozygous F1 tall plants
(Ss) were crossed to produce 2 sets of F2 data as follows:
Set I: 30 tall, 5 short
Set II: 300 tall, 50 short
Using the x^2 test, analyze the results for both data sets.
Calculate x^2 values and estimate the p-values in both
cases.: For set I, the x^2= 2.15, with p being between 0.2 and
0.05. So one would accept te null hypothesis of n significant
difference between the expected and observed values.
For set II, the x^2= 21.43 and p<0.001. One would reject the
null hypothesis and assume a significant difference between
the observed and expected.
31. Used to calculate the probability of a
specific event occurring, given the
condition upon which the event is dependent. For example,
we would use this if we wanted to know the probability that
a plant will be heterozygous and tall.: conditional
probability, chance that a plant is heterozygous=1/2 and
chance that a plant is tall= 3/4.........(1/2)/(3/4)=2/3! probability
= probability of outcome/condition, in this case heterozygous
prob/condition(tall) prob= 2/3 tall heterozygous
32. a way to determine whether an individual displaying the
dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous for
that trait: testcross
33. What are the exceptions to Mendel's fourth posulate?:
codominance, incomplete dominance, crossing over with 2
genes on the same chromosome
34. What did Mendel call what we now call genes?: particulate
unit factors
35. What did Mendel suggest due to his work on dominance and
recessiveness?: discontinuous variation
36. What is degree of freedom equal to?: n-1, where n is the
number of values where each datum point may fall. So, if
looking at 2 observed and experimented values, n=2 so df=1
37. What is the probability of rolling a die and it landing on
three?: 1 in 6
38. What is the ratio of a dihybrid cross when both traits for
both of the parents are heterozygous?: 9:3:3:1, 3:1 for each
individual trait
39. What is the scientific cutoff point for p value?: p<.05
40. What is the true difference between dominant and
recessive genes?: the DNA code
41. What were Mendel's four postulates?: 1. Unit factors are in
pairs: 1 from mother, 1 from father
2. Dominance/recessive: 1 dominant allele, 1 recessive allele
3. Segregation: each gamete has 1 or the other
4. Independent assortment
42. When a die is rolled twice, what is the probability that one throw will result in a 3 and the other throw will be a six?: 1 in 18
if you rolled twice, think of all the ways it could go! So if it has to be 3,6 then there is only 1 option in 36 chances but if it can be 3, 6
or 6,3 there are 2 options! i.e. 2/36=1/18
43. When a die is rolled twice, what is the probability that the 1st throw will be a three and the second throw will be a six?: 1 in 36
44. When we assume that data will fit a given ratio, we establish what is called the ____________—so named because it assumes that
there is no real difference between the measured values (or ratio) and the predicted values (or ratio).: null hypothesis
45. With _____ traits, if it is recessive it will skip a generation and if it is dominant it will appear in every generation.: autosomal