Nama :AnangMaulana

Tingkat :2B

NIM :P1337420417070

Tuberculosis (TB)

A. Definition of Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis (TB or TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Mikobakterium tuberkosa. This bacterium is a very strong basil bacteria
that takes a long time to treat it. These bacteria infect the lungs more often
than other parts of the human body.

B. Causes of TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary tuberculosis) is caused by TB germs
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis), some of which are tuberculosis bacteria that
attack the lungs, but can also affect other organs. These germs are rod-
shaped, have special properties that are resistant to acid in staining.
Therefore it is also called Acid Resistant Basil (AFB). TB bacteria quickly die
with direct sunlight, but can survive several hours in a dark and humid
place. In the body tissues these germs can be dormant, sleep for a long
time for several years
 Primary infection
Primary infection occurs when a person is first exposed to TB germs.
Inhaled sputum is very small in size, so it can pass through the
mucosilierbronchus defense system, and continue to run so that it
reaches the alveoli and settles there. The infection begins when the
TB germs succeed in multiplying by splitting in the lungs, which
causes inflammation in the lungs. Lymph ducts will carry TB germs to
 the lymph nodes around the pulmonary hilum and this is referred to
as the primary complex. The time between the occurrence of
infection until the formation of the primary complex is around 4-6
weeks
 Post-Primary Tuberculosis
Post-primary tuberculosis usually occurs after a few months or years
after primary infection, for example because the body's resistance
decreases due to HIV infection or poor nutritional status. The
hallmark of post-primary tuberculosis is extensive lung damage with
cavities or pleural effusions.

C. How to transmit tuberculosis

TB disease is usually transmitted through the air which is contaminated
with the bacterium Mikobakterium tuberkulosa which is released when
people with cough tuberculosis, and in children the source of infection
generally comes from adult TB patients. These bacteria often enter and
accumulate in the lungs will multiply a lot (especially in people with low
body resistance), and can spread through blood vessels or lymph nodes.
That is why TB infection can infect almost all organs of the body such as the
lungs, brain, kidneys, digestive tract, bones, lymph nodes, etc., even though
the body organs are most often affected by the lungs. When
Mikobakterium tuberkulosa successfully infects the lungs, it will
immediately grow a bacterial colony that is globular (round). Usually
through a series of immunological reactions TB bacteria will try to be
inhibited through the formation of a wall around the bacteria by lung cells.
The mechanism of forming the wall makes the surrounding tissue become
scar tissue and TB bacteria will become dormant. These dormant forms are
actually seen as tubercles on photorontgen examination.
D. Symptoms of tuberculosis
Symptoms of TB can be divided into 2, namely general symptoms and
special symptoms that arise according to the organs involved. The clinical
picture is not very typical, especially in new cases, so it is quite difficult to
establish the diagnosis clinically.

1. Systemic or major symptoms

Not too high fever that lasts a long time, usually felt at night accompanied
by night sweats.
a. Sometimes febrile attacks such as influenza and loss.
b. Decreased appetite and weight.
c. Cough for more than 3 weeks (can be accompanied by blood).
d. Feelings of discomfort (malaise), weakness.

2. Special Symptoms
a. Depending on which organs are affected, if there is a partial bronchial
obstruction (the channel leading to the lungs) due to suppression of
enlarged lymph nodes, it will produce a "wheezing" sound, a weakened
breath accompanied by tightness.
b. If there is fluid in the pleural cavity (lung wrap), it can be accompanied by
complaints of chest pain.
c. When it comes to bones, there will be symptoms such as bone infections
which at one time can form a channel and empties into the skin above it, in
this estuary will come out pus fluid.
d. In children can affect the brain (lining of the brain) and referred to as
meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), the symptoms are high
fever, a decrease in consciousness and convulsions.
E. How to prevent tuberculosis
The following ways to prevent tuberculosis;
a) When coughing should cover his mouth, and if coughing for more than 3
weeks, feeling chest pain and difficulty breathing will immediately be taken
by the health office or to the hospital.
b) When coughing away, look away so that you don't hit other people.
c) Disposing saliva in a closed place, and if the saliva is mixed with blood,
the health office is immediately taken or to the hospital.
d) Washing eating and drinking utensils until clean after being used by the
patient.
e) Newborn babies and young children must be immunized with the BCG
vaccine. Because the vaccine will provide very good protection