INSECURITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KADUNA NORTH

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Declaration page

Certification

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

1.3 Objective of the Study

1.4 Research hypotheses

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope of the study

1.7 Definition of key terms

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Concept of Unemployment

2.2.1 Types of Unemployment

2.2.2 Causes of Unemployment in Nigeria

2.2.4 Magnitude of Unemployment in Nigeria.

2.3 Nigeria's Security challenges

2.4 Nigeria’s Unemployment and Crimes

2.5 Unemployment and Security Challenges in Nigeria.

2.6 Review of Empirical Studies

2.7 Theoretical Framework

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Research Design

3.3 Population of the Study

3.4 Sampling technique and Sample Size of the Study

3.5 Methods of data collection

3.6 Procedure for data collection

3.7 Methods of data analysis

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3.8 Field experience

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Data analysis

4.2.1 Respondents information

4.3 Test of Hypothesis

4.4 Discussion of results

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations.

5.4Limitation of the study

Reference

Appendices

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.2 Background to the Study

Security as an essential concept is commonly associated with the alleviation of

threats to cherished values, especially the survival of individuals, groups or objects in the

near future. Thus, security as the name implies, involves the ability to pursue cherished

political and social ambitions. Security is viewed as safety, confidence, free from danger,

fear, doubt, among others. Therefore, security could be understood from the standpoint of

being able to enjoy some freedom from life- determining threats and some life choices

(Booth, 2015).

Unemployment is a global phenomenon whereby eligible workforce of a nation is

disengaged in the service of the nation. It is not only a serious economic issue but has

social implications that affect almost all countries and all people either directly or

indirectly. It causes social disquiet and is the harbinger of the spate of crimes, perennial

youth unrest and unstable socio-economic structure that has bedevilled several nations.

The state of National security challenges and unrests witnessed recently in the

Middle East, North Africa and even the riots in the United Kingdom in 2011 as well as

several others could be attributed to the increasing rate of unemployment in those nations.

The world and most particularly developing nations like Nigeria are currently facing

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serious job challenge and widespread decent work deficits, a development that is capable

of increasing the spread of poverty.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) (2014) asserted that, over 900

million persons are living below the $2 per day poverty line. It is estimated that 456

million workers around the world are living in extreme poverty (below $1.25 a day). The

ILO further stated in its report on “Global Employment Trends 2014” that the situation

would worsen in Africa and parts of Asia unless governments at all levels unite against

the “global threat”. It noted that 400 million new jobs would be needed over the next

decade to avoid a further increase in unemployment, adding that it was high time

politicians invested more in productive job creation rather than continuing with excessive

recurrent expenditures. The intensity of unemployment within the global economy can be

seen from the fact that unemployment rate is steadily increasing each year.

According to Nigeria’s 2016 Annual Socio-Economic Report of the National

Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the unemployment rate of Nigeria increased to 23.9 per cent

in 2011 compared to 21.1 per cent in 2010 and 19.7 per cent in 2009 and 24.8 per cent in

2016. Such high unemployment situations lead to serious security problems for the

respective nations. Hence, one of the factors adduced for the increasing security

challenges in Nigeria is unemployment associated with high poverty rate.

The rapid rise in the country’s unemployment rate has become a major source of

concern. Several school leavers and employable adults are either finding it difficult to

secure employment or are laid off work for one reason or the other. It is no longer about

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going to school and graduating or learning a trade, but about how to face the reality of

graduating and joining the brigade of the unemployed with little hope of what the future

holds. Unlike what obtains in most developed countries, in Nigeria, there is no social

security system in place to cater for the unemployed. Thus, as the unemployed do not

receive unemployment benefits from the government, most, if not all, are unable to fend

for themselves. Many have thus resorted to engaging in activities that constitute security

challenges to Nigeria. When the pillar of national security is weak, the structure quivers

and sends sensations to the occupiers and potential occupiers of such structures. This is

the case with the Nigerian entity, where insecurity and unrelenting violence by several

groups in the country have continued to pose a threat to the nation’s economy and

investments.

For most of the north, the ongoing insurgency has had a significant negative

impact on the regional economy. Lebanese and Indian expatriates who have established

businesses in Kano and Kaduna going back decades have relocated to Abuja and the

south. A good number have left the country altogether. Hotels, banks and other business

sectors have witnessed significant reductions in their activities. The border towns that

have thrived on trade with neighbouring countries have also seen their businesses

curtailed because of increasing restrictions on cross-border traffic. In Kano and Kaduna

alone, an estimated 126 industries have recently closed down (Gambo, 2013).

Kaduna North Local Government Area constituted a major part of Kaduna

metropolis, the state capital of Kaduna state, it has a high rate of commercial activities

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and moreover the state is highly economically developed in Nigeria. The study becomes

necessary because Kaduna metropolis is among the cities affected by several security

challenges.

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

The rapid rise in Nigeria’s unemployment rate has become a major source of

concern. Several school leavers and employable adults are either finding it difficult to

secure employment or are laid off work for one reason or the other. The growing gap

between the rich and poor affects the society through increased violence. This is

exacerbated by political corruption, poverty, increasing population, and lack of policy

initiatives and implementation to some extent encouraged criminal groups to thrive

across Nigeria. It is against this background that this study examined the link between

unemployment and National security challenges in Nigeria using Kaduna North Local

Government Area for the study.

1.3 Research Questions

To address the above issues, the questions below where answered in the study:

i. What is the effect of security situation on economic activities?

ii. How does unemployment affect the security of Kaduna North LGA?

iii. What are the causes of security challenges in Kaduna North LGA?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

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 The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of insecurity on Kaduna

North Local Government Area of Kaduna state.

The specific objectives of the study are to:

i. examine the effect of security situation on economic activities.

ii. Determine how unemployment affect the security of Kaduna North LGA

iii. Establish the causes of security challenges in Kaduna North LGA

1.4 Research hypotheses

The hypothesis below was formulated and tested:

H01: There is no significant effect of unemployment on the security of Kaduna

North LGA.

H02: there is no significant effect of security situation on economic activities

1.5 Significance of the study

The study may be vital to the government, security apparatus and the general

public in reducing the effects of employment on national security. It could also contribute

to knowledge of the implications of unemployment on national security. Furthermore, the

study may generate theory regarding the effects of unemployment on national security in

Nigeria.

Conflict managers, security agencies, government, business entrepreneurs, and

policy makers in the ministry of labour and productivity could use the findings of this

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study to make guidelines and policies. The study may add to existing knowledge on the

gap between unemployment and national security and would be useful reference

materials to individuals, students as well as scholars who may wish to do more research

in related fields.

1.6 Scope of the study

The period for the study is 1999-2015 which trys to capture the period of

democracy in the country. Geographically, the study was carried out in Kaduna North

Local Government Area which constituted a major part of Kaduna metropolis, the state

capital of Kaduna state which is in the Northwestern part of Nigeria, with a high rate of

commercial activities and moreover the state is highly economically developed in

Nigeria. The study becomes necessary because Kaduna metropolis is among the cities

affected by several security challenges.

1.7 Organization of chapters

Chapter one will look at the background to the study, research questions, statement

of problem, objective of the study, statement of hypotheses, scope of the study,

significance of the study, research methodology, definition of terms, and structure of the

work. Chapter two will look at literature review which comprises of empirical literature

and theoretical review. Chapter three will discuss the research methodology of the study.

Chapter four will contain the presentation of data and analysis. And finally, chapter five

will be summary, conclusion and recommendations.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.0 Introduction

In this chapter, a review of related literature to this research work has been

discussed.Specifically, the following areas of literature are review: conceptual review,

empirical review and theoretical review.

2.2 Conceptual Literature Review

2.2.1 Concept of Unemployment

Unemployment is a very complex phenomenon for which there is no standard

definition. Instead various countries adopt definitions that suit their local priorities. In

broad terms, the term unemployment denotes a condition of joblessness or lack of

employment. In other words, anyone who is fit and available to work but fails to get one

may be considered as being unemployed for the concerned period.

In computing the country’s unemployment rate, Nigeria employs the ILO

definition of unemployment. According to the ILO (2014), the unemployed population is

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made up of persons above a specified age who are available to, but did not, furnish the

supply of labour for the production of goods and services. When measured for a short

reference period, it relates to all persons not in employment who would have accepted a

suitable job or started an enterprise during the reference period if the opportunity arose,

and who had actively looked for ways to obtain a job or start an enterprise in the near past

(Okafor, 2015).

The ILO approach to defining unemployment rests on what can be termed the

‘labour force framework’, which at any point in time classifies the working age

population into three mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories according to a specific

set of rules. The categories are: the employed, unemployed, and out of the labour force -

where the former two categories constitute the labour force, i.e., essentially a measure of

the supply of labour at any given time. Although the definition of unemployment has

since 1954 been periodically revised, its basic criteria remains intact.

According to Ideyi (2015), a person is to be considered unemployed if he/she

during the reference period simultaneously satisfies being:

i. ‘without work’ i.e., were not in paid employment or self-employment as specified

by the international definition

ii. ‘currently available for work’, i.e., were available for paid employment or self-

employment during the reference period; and

iii. ‘Seeking work’, i.e., had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek

paid employment or self-employment.

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 The ‘without work’ condition serves to distinguish between the employed and the

unemployed, and thus guarantees that these are mutually exclusive categories of the

working age population, whereas the latter two criteria separate the non-employed into

the unemployed and the out of labour force. The purpose of the availability for work

condition is to exclude those individuals who are seeking work to start at a later date, and

thus is a test of current readiness. The intention of the seeking work criterion is, on the

other hand, to ensure that a person will have taken certain ‘active’ steps to be classified as

unemployed. Unemployment is therefore an economic condition where an individual or

individuals seeking jobs cannot manage to get themselves economically employed. The

level of unemployment differs with economic conditions and other market forces

(Okafor, 2015).

2.2.2 Definition of terms / concepts

The key terms below were used in this study:

Business-An organization or economic system where goods and services are exchanged

for one another or for money. Every business requires some form of investment and

enough customers to whom its output can be sold on a consistent basis in order to make a

profit.

Crime-is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some

individual or individuals but also to a community, society or the state ("a public wrong").

Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law.

Democracy-government by the people; especially: rule of the majority; a government in

which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or
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indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free

elections; a political unit that has a democratic government.

Economy-the process or system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and

bought in a country or region. : careful use of money, resources, etc. : something that

makes it possible for you to spend less money.

Education -Education is the result of the teaching or the training of mind and character.

Education apart from inculcating knowledge is also aimed at formulation of character.

Education is the formulation of the human person in view of the person’s final end and

the dignity of the society. Education at all levels seeks to draw out the good potential in

people, to replace error with truth, ignorance and incompetence with knowledge and

competence.

Government-A group of people that governs a community or unit. It sets and administers

public policy and exercises executive, political and sovereign power through customs,

institutions, and laws within a state. A government can be classified into many types--

democracy, republic, monarchy, aristocracy, and dictatorship are just a few.

National-of or relating to a nation; common to or characteristic of a whole nation.

Policy-a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party,

business, or individual.

Poverty-Poverty is general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain

amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes

social, economic, and political elements. Poverty may be defined as either absolute or

relative.
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Security-Security is commonly associated with the alleviation of threats to cherished

values, especially the survival of individuals, groups or objects in the near future and

viewed as safety, confidence, free from danger, fear, doubt, among others. Therefore,

security could be understood from the standpoint of being able to enjoy some freedom

from life- determining threats and some life choices.

Self-employed- is a situation in which an individual works for himself instead of

working for an employer that pays a salary or a wage. A self-employed individual earns

his income through conducting profitable operations from a trade or business that he

operates directly.

Unemployment-Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is

actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as

a measure of the health of the economy.

Vocational education and training- Education and training which aims to equip people

with knowledge, know-how, skills and/or competences required in particular occupations

or more broadly on the labour market.

2.2.3 Types of Unemployment

Several scholars, including Fajana (2000) and Alao (2005), identify the following

types of unemployment, which are also experienced in Nigeria:

(a) Structural Unemployment: Structural unemployment occurs when there is a

change in the structure of an industry or the economic activities of the country. This may

be because people's tastes have changed or it may be because technology has outmoded
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and the product or service is no longer in demand. It is mostly to be found in the

developing countries of Asia and Africa (Alao, 2005). This type of unemployment is due

to the deficiency of capital resources in relation to their demand. It occurs when there is a

mismatch of skilled workers and occupational vacancies in the labour market. Some of

the causes of the structural unemployment are geographical immobility (difficulty in

moving to a new work location), occupational immobility (difficulty in learning a new

skill) and technological change (introduction of new techniques and technologies that

need less labour force).

(b) Frictional Unemployment: Frictional Unemployment is a temporary condition.

This unemployment occurs when an individual is out of his current job and looking for

another job. The time period of shifting between two jobs is known as frictional

unemployment. It may also be caused by industrial friction in which jobs may exist, yet

the workers may be unable to fill them either because they do not possess the necessary

skill, or because they are not aware of the existence of such jobs (Alao, 2005). The

employable may remain unemployed on account of shortage of raw materials, or break

down of machinery. Therefore, the better the economy is doing, the lower this type of

unemployment is likely to occur.

(c) Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal Unemployment is due to seasonal variations

in the activities of particular industries caused by climatic changes, changes in fashions

or by the inherent nature of such industries (Alao, 2005). In the tropical region, ice

factories are less active in rainy season because demand for ice is low. Thus, seasonal

oriented industries are bound to give rise to seasonal unemployment. The industries that

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are affected by seasonal unemployment include hospitality and tourism industries and

also the fruit picking and catering industries.

(d) Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclic unemployment, also known as Keynesian

unemployment, occurs when there is an economic recession. When there is a downturn in

an economy, the aggregate demand for goods and services decreases and demand for

labour decreases. At the time of recession, unskilled and surplus labourers become

unemployed. In essence, during the times of depression, business activity is at low ebb

and unemployment increases (Alao, 2005). Some people are thrown out of employment

altogether and others are only partially employed. This type of unemployment is due to

the fact that the total effective demand of the community is not sufficient to absorb the

entire goods that can be produced with the available stock of capital. When the

businessmen cannot sell their goods and services, their profit expectations are not

fulfilled. So the entrepreneurs reduce their output and some factors of production become

unemployed.

(e) Residual Unemployment: Residual unemployment is caused by personal factors

such as old age, physical or mental disability, poor work attitudes and inadequate

training.

(f) Voluntary Unemployment: This is an unemployment that people face because

they choose to be unemployed. This occurs usually when individuals are bent on getting

particular types of jobs they consider more rewarding than the existing ones (Alao,

2005). They remain unemployed until they find what they consider lucrative jobs.

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(g) Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment or underemployment is a

situation of a labour not having enough paid work or not doing work that makes full use

of his skills and abilities. It can be measured by the number of hours worked per week.

Generally, in Nigeria, the official period of working time per week is forty hours for

which many workers fall short of due to non-availability of work. In some instances,

available work is rationed (work sharing) especially among the low skilled workers and

casual labourers even in the formal sector.

2.2.4 Causes of Unemployment in Nigeria

Various studies on unemployment in Nigeria including Adebayo (1999), Alanana

(2003), Echebiri (2005), Ayinde (2008), Morphy (2008), Awogbenle and Iwuamadi

(2010), Njoku and Ihugba (2011) and Okafor (2011) have identified several causes of the

high level of unemployment being experienced in the country. This is in spite of the

massive oil wealth and Nigeria being the 6th largest producer of oil in the world. Some of

the fundamental factors that account for the high rate of unemployment in Nigeria include

the following:

1. Low Economic Growth Rate: The overall situation in the country in the 1980s,

1990s and even in this decade has been very hostile to economic growth and

development. The high level of corruption, mismanagement of public funds, harsh

economic policies and the insecurity of the Nigerian environment coupled with long

– term despotic rule of the military among other factors have affected economic

growth for a long time (Bello, 2013). In essence, low economic growth is manifested

in low economic activity and investment rates, which do not generate enough
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 additional employment. The combination of both low economic activity and high

population growth results in a scarcity of jobs, meaning that hiring is based more on

experience and education, the very assets young people are struggling to acquire.

2.Adoption of Untimely Economic Policy Measures: Another crucial factor that has

elicited unemployment problem is the type and timing of various economic policies

adopted in the country. For instance, with the introduction of the Structural Adjustment

Program (SAP) in September 1986 that ushered in liberalization, deregulation and the

devaluation program of the domestic currency, many of the teething domestic firms in the

country collapsed. This resulted in the loss of many jobs and thereby rendering many

people unemployed. The negative effects are still being felt in the country till today.

Although, these policies were designed to jump start the growth of the economy, but

given the structure of the Nigerian economy, some of the policy packages became out

rightly inimical to the system due to wrong timing.

3.Wrong Impression About Technical and Vocational Studies: The wrong impression

of students about the place of technical and vocational education also accounts for the

deteriorating state of unemployment in Nigeria. There is an enduring societal biased

attitude against technical and vocational education. A large number of job seekers lack

practical skills that could enhance self - employment. That is why rather than providing

jobs for others, the graduate unemployed persons keep depending on the government and

the non-vibrant private sector for job offers (Bello, 2013).

4.Neglect of the Agricultural Sector: The agricultural sector has been the leading

provider of employment in Nigeria especially in the sixties and in the seventies when the
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sector provided employment for more than 60 percent of the Nigerian population.

However, unfortunately, in the wake of oil discovery, the attention on this anchor of the

economy was gradually drawn away to the oil sector where employment capacity is very

low. The resulting effect is the large number of job seekers who have no place in the oil

industry. Even with the expansion of the industry, unemployment has continued to grow

at an alarming rate ( Bello, 2013).

5.Poor Enabling Environment: The poor economic enabling environment that

characterizes the economy over the years has continued to pose serious challenges to

employment generation in Nigeria. This, coupled with poor security environment has

continued to hamper investment drives and thereby reducing the prospects of

employment generation. Many job seekers who would have embarked on self -

employment programs are unable to do so because of the hostile production environment.

Others who make attempt are forced to wind up due to absence of infrastructures and the

overall heat of the investment environment.

6.Rural-Urban Migration: The rapidly growing urban labour force arising from rural

urban migration has been identified as a cause of unemployment. Rural-urban migration

is usually explained in terms of push-pull factors. The push factors include the pressure

resulting from man-land ratio in the rural areas and the existence of serious

underemployment arising from the seasonal cycle of climate (Okafor, 2014). The factors

are further exacerbated in Nigeria by the lack of infrastructural facilities, which makes

the rural life unattractive. Youths move to urban areas with the probability of securing

lucrative employment in the industries. In addition to this, there is the concentration of

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social amenities in the urban centers. This meant that the rural areas are neglected in the

allocation of social and economic opportunities.

7.Rapid Population Growth: The 2006 census in Nigeria puts Nigeria’s population at

140,431,790 and projections for the future indicate that the population could be over 180

million by the year 2020, given the annual growth rate of 3.2 percent (National

Population Commission & ICF Macro, 2009:3). Also, according to the NBS, the

population of the country has risen to 164,385,656 in 2011. It is argued that the high

population growth rate has resulted in the rapid growth of the labour force, which is far

outstripping the supply of jobs. The accelerated growth of population on Nigeria’s

unemployment problem is multifaceted. It affects the supply side through a high and

rapid increase in the labor force relative to the absorptive capacity of the economy

(Okafor, 2014).

8.Education System: The outdated school curricula and lack of employable skills of

many school leavers have also been adduced for the high level of unemployment in the

country. It has been argued that the average Nigerian graduate does not possess the skills

needed by the employers of labour for a formal employment and could therefore be said

to be unemployable. According to Dabalen, Oni and Adekola (2000), Employers

complain that graduates are poorly prepared for work. They believe that academic

standards have fallen considerably over the past decade and that a university degree is no

longer a guarantee of communication skills or technical competence. As a result,

university graduates are commonly viewed as “half baked.”

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 Often, this problem is attributed to the country’s education system, with its liberal-

arts bias (Gbosi, 2005). Every year, the country’s higher educational institutions turn out

thousands of liberal arts graduates who are not in higher demand in the labour market.

Additionally, the course contents of most tertiary education in Nigeria lack

entrepreneurial contents that would have enabled graduates to become job creators rather

than job seekers.

9.Rapid Expansion of the Education System: There is a rapid expansion of the

educational system which leads to increase in the supply of educated manpower above

the corresponding demand for them. This contributes to the problem of the youth

unemployment in Nigeria. According to the NBS (2011), over 1.37 million students were

enrolled in universities, polytechnics and colleges of education in 2006 and another 1.98

million in 2007. Given that most courses are completed in four or five years, many of

these 3.2 million students that enrolled in 2006 and 2007 entered the labour force in

2010/2011. These do not include the number of Nigerians of working age that dropped

out at secondary school level for various reasons and entered the job market in the rural

and urban areas out of the 21 million that were enrolled in 2006 and 2007 (Okafor, 2015).

10.Gradual Collapse of Manufacturing Sector: There is no vibrant manufacturing

sector which has the capacity to absorb unemployed youths in Nigeria. There are over

800 collapsed industries in Nigeria and over 37 factories closed shops in 2009. About

half of the remaining operating firms have been classified as “ailing,” a situation that

poses a great threat to the survival of manufacturing in the country in the next few years.

According to a survey carried out as part of its membership operational audit in January

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2010 by the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), the 834 figure represents the

cumulative aggregate of firms that have shut down their operations in 2009 across the

country. The MAN survey usually covers five manufacturing enclaves, into which the

country is divided, in terms of manufacturing activities. These include the Lagos,

northern, southeast, south-south and southwest areas. The report of the survey showed

that in 2009, a total number of 176 firms became terminally sick and collapsed in the

northern area. In the southeast area, a total number of 178 companies were shut down

during the period. While in the south-south area, 46 companies shut down operations

before December 2009. According to the survey, the southwest area, lost 225 companies

during the year. It said that the Lagos area, followed closely with 214 manufacturing

firms closing shop before the end of 2009 (Okafor, 2014).

2.1.4 Magnitude of Unemployment in Nigeria

According to the National Bureau of Statistics (2011), the Nigerian Labour Force

is made up of all persons aged 15 – 64 years excluding students, homekeepers, retired

persons and stay-at-home parents, and persons unable to work or not interested in work.

The labour force of a country as defined by NBS is a set of people or citizens of a country

who are willing and are able to make available at any given point in time their efforts for

gainful employment. Unemployment Rate is defined as the proportion of the Labour

Force who was available for work but did not work in the week preceding the survey

period for at least 40 hours.

According to Oyebade (2003), Nigeria’s unemployment can be grouped into two

categories:

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 i. The older unemployed who lost their jobs through retrenchment,

redundancy or bankruptcy.

ii. The younger unemployed, most of who have never tasted what it is to be

employed

In the light of this, according to statistics from the NBS, Nigeria’s overall

unemployment rate amounted to 23.9 per cent of total Labour Force in March 2011,

indicating a sharp increase from14.9 per cent in March 2008 to 19.7 per cent in March

2009 and 23.9 per cent in 2011. When disaggregated by sector, 17.1 per cent of these are

in the urban areas, while 25.6 per cent are from rural areas. The surveys also show that

persons aged 0-14 years constituted 39.6 per cent, those aged 15-64 (the economically

active population) constituted 56.3 per cent, while those aged 65 years and above

constituted 4.2 per cent. According to the NBS, the Labour Force in 2011 stood at

67,256,090, of that 51,181,884 are employed while the unemployed are 16,074,205. This

provides a large reservoir of potential recruits by terrorists or criminal gangs for various

criminal activities.

Although, it is possible that the figures released by the National Bureau of

Statistics may not have captured the total picture of the unemployed in Nigeria, but it is

obvious that unemployment rate has reached a very alarming proportion in Nigeria. What

is more alarming is that a greater number of the unemployed are secondary school leavers

and university graduates. The situation has recently been compounded by the increasing

unemployment of professionals such as bankers who were disengaged as a result of the

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bank consolidation exercise by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Also, gender wise,

unemployment rates were higher for females than their male counterparts (Ideyi, 2015).

2.3 Nigeria’s Unemployment and Crimes

Security is a contextual issue which no state in the international system consigns

to the periphery; it is a core-value that makes the state relevant in the international system

(Ndifon, 2012). Death rate attributable to violence in Africa is estimated at 60.9 per

100,000 people more than twice the global rate (WHO, 2014). Crime and violence have

been increasing in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa among unemployed young people.

The causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth unemployment to

increase of violent crime in Nigeria. The accelerating level of prostitution, armed

robbery, rape, terrorism and all facets of violence can be largely attributed to the

incidence of unemployment.

Growth has not been in line with the aspirations of the people and has not been

driven by higher productivity. The public perception is that there has been little job

creation. Many young people who fail to gain employment have become a burden to the

employed that bear the responsibility of meeting the needs of millions of educated but

increasing frustrated group, a wasting generation. The problem of violent crimes in

Nigeria has been exacerbated by the high rate of unemployment and economic hardship

which has pushed many jobless youths some of whom are graduates into various deadly

crimes (Edward, 2011).

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 A 2009 World Bank report on 'Employment and Growth', warned that, "The share

of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 outside the labour force is growing,

despite the country's strong growth performance over the years". Mass sacking in the

Central Bank of Nigeria affected 7,500 banking jobs (Allafrica, 2010). The UN-Habitat

study on crimes and violence stressed that socio-economic inequality and the lack of

opportunities for social advancement and employment are some of the root causes of

crime and violence. Children and youth from disadvantaged families are vulnerable to

fall prey to criminal networks.

Of the estimated 1 billion people living in slums, over half are under the age of 25,

and 40% are estimated to be under the age of 19. They are the primary victims of social

exclusion through unemployment, lack of access to health and education (UN-Habitat,

2008). Furthermore, an empirical survey of Children and Youth in Organized Armed

Violence in Nigeria, reported that disenchantment and frustration of young people due to

mass poverty and unemployment, has increased the number of aggrieved youths and

resulted in the emergence of „area boys‟ and Almajiris who target the very society that

alienated them (Ibrahim, 2006). The survey concluded that armed militant groups in

Nigeria namely Bakassi Boys, O’odua Peoples Congress (OPC) and Egbesu Boys were

made up of youths within 16 - 17 years (40%), 18 – 19 years (10%), 20 - 21 years (20%),

and 20 – 23 years (20%). Approximately 60% of them were unemployed (Awogbenle

and Iwuamadi, 2010).

26
 Bennel (2015) argued that urban society is becoming increasingly criminalized,

especially with the proliferation of youth gangs. Neither homes, nor markets are safe in

Nigeria because of frequent occurrence of armed robbery incidents. Unemployment

problem, which now seems beyond remedy, has produced army of idle hands and some

of them have decided to punish the society that fails to provide them with means of

livelihood and dignity by robbing its members of their property at gunpoint (Ideyi, 2015).

The police cannot perform effectively because they are overstretched by the amount of

cases that awaits them daily, and is worsened by outdated instruments they use that are no

match to the modern sophisticated weapons used by the criminals.

The Research Director of the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG), Dr Sope

Wiliams Elegbe revealed that: “The increasing poverty in Nigeria is accompanied by

increasing unemployment. Unemployment is higher in the north than in the south. Mix

this situation with radical Islam, which promises a better life for martyrs, and you can

understand the growing violence in the north. Government statistics show that the

northern states have the highest proportion of uneducated persons. If you link a lack of

education and attendant lack of opportunities to a high male youth population, you can

imagine that some areas are actually a breeding ground for terrorism” (Oxford Research

Group, 2015).

The Inspector General of Police, Muhammed Abubakar, has called on the three

tiers of government to tackle unemployment in order to reduce crime rate in the country.

He expressed concern at the rate youths were resorting to crime as an alternative means

27
of survival due to unemployment: “We have a lot of graduates and even those who have

not attended any school who have nothing to do. It becomes worrisome, when you go

round this country and you see the faces of unemployed persons. You begin to wonder

that we just have to do what we have to do at the level of federal, state and local

governments to begin to plan and put policies in place for the employment of these

persons”. (Cruise news, 2012).

2.4 Nigeria’s Security Challenges

In recent times, Nigeria has been facing several security challenges. These include

rise in armed robbery, kidnapping, and insurgency by the Niger Delta militants, ethnic

conflicts, and recently, activities of the Boko Haram sect. Hundreds of Nigerians and

some foreigners resident in the country have been killed as a result of one violent crime

or the other, while property worth millions of naira has also been lost to insecurity in the

country.

Fundamentally, no one and place is considered totally safe within the country.

While those in the southern parts of the country grapple with kidnapping and other

violent crimes, Nigerians in the North live in utter terror not knowing where and when

the next set of bombs will explode. The country’s security challenge took a terrorism

dimension with the 1 October 2010 bombing near the Eagle Square in Abuja, venue of

the country’s 50th independence celebration. Since then, series of bomb attacks have

occurred in several parts of the country including Suleja in Niger state, Jos, Kaduna,

Maiduguri, Bauchi and Kano (Bello, 2013).

28
 The country has also witnessed several ethnic and religious crises which appear to

be escalating at an intolerable scale. These crises and criminal activities individually and

collectively create insecurity and breach of the peace that are likely to or indeed affect

legitimate social and economic activities in the country (Abubakar, 2015).

These security challenges have the very damaging consequence of giving the

signal to the rest of the international community that Nigeria is not a safe and secure

place and as such not suitable for economic investment and activities. This is particularly

important in view of the efforts being made to create the desired atmosphere to attract

foreign investment. Insecurity is a risk factor which investors all over the world dread, as

security uncertainty is not only considered a bad omen for business, it sends warning

signals to investors to take their investible fund to another country where there is

adequate or a semblance of security.

Also, the general state of insecurity in the country is sending a wrong signal to the

international community about traveling to Nigeria. Many international agencies and

countries have intensified their warning to their citizens of the risks involved in traveling

and doing business in some parts of the country. For instance, in a release dated 12

January 2012, the U.S. Department of State (Bureau of Consular Affairs) warned its

citizens of the avoidable risk involved in traveling to some parts of Nigeria. The Travel

Warning reads: The Department of State warns U.S. citizens of the risks of travel to

Nigeria, and continues to recommend U.S. citizens avoid all but essential travel to the

Niger Delta states of Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers; the Southeastern states of

29
Abia, Edo, Imo; the city of Jos in Plateau State, Bauchi and Borno States in the northeast;

and the Gulf of Guinea because of the risks of kidnapping, robbery, and other armed

attacks in these areas (Bello, 2013). Violent crime committed by individuals and gangs,

as well as by persons wearing police and military uniforms, remains a problem

throughout the country. This Travel Warning replaces the Travel Warning for Nigeria

dated October 13, 2011.

Also, according to the release, in 2011, there were five reported kidnappings of

U.S. citizens in Nigeria. The most recent occurred in November when two U.S. citizens,

along with a Mexican national, were taken hostage in international waters off the

Nigerian coast and held captive for over two weeks in the Niger Delta. Others have

occurred in Lagos and Imo States (Okafor, 2014). Also, a British and an Italian national

were kidnapped in Kebbi state in May 2011. Since January 2009, over 140 foreign

nationals have been kidnapped in Nigeria, including seven U.S. citizens since November

2010. Six foreign nationals were killed during these abductions, while two U.S. citizens

were also killed in separate kidnapping attempts in Port Harcourt in April 2010 (Bello,

2013).

Local authorities and expatriate businesses operating in Nigeria assert that the

number of kidnapping incidents throughout Nigeria remains underreported. Though the

security services are under intense pressure to address the security challenges, the

problems can be overwhelming due to the high level of unemployment.

2.5Unemployment and Security Challenges in Nigeria

30
 From the picture of the high level of unemployment in Nigeria painted above, it is

easy to see how this population of unemployed persons can serve as security threat to the

country. The various security challenges been faced by the country have been attributed

to unemployment in many cases. According to the popular maxim, “The idle hand is the

devil’s workshop”; the situation whereby majority of the people are poor and hungry and

a lot of youths are jobless and unemployed, will, doubtlessly, engender high insecurity in

the country (Okafor, 2015). It is now the norm to see thousands of the unemployed turn

up in response to advertisement for jobs where only a handful is to be employed. The

country is faced with a gross abuse and underutilization of human resources with direct

impact on national productivity and competitiveness.

Thus, unemployment has driven many Nigerians into various activities that

constitute a threat to the country’s security. There have been instances in which young

graduates were arrested for being involved in one form of crime or another. Most of these

criminal graduates attribute their involvement in these crimes to the unemployment

situation in the country. For instance, the cover story of The News Magazine(26

September 2011) was captioned “Graduate Bandits on the Prowl”. According to the

report, most of the graduate robbers that were interviewed argued that they took to crime

for want of job.

Furthermore, due to collapse of infrastructures including electricity supply and

good road network that is supposed to be taken care of by the government, small and

medium scale businesses, which provide employment opportunities for jobless people,

31
are fast eroding. Many artisans such as furniture makers, welders, aluminium window

fitters, tailors and so on who cannot afford power generators are today out of work. In

desperation, a large chunk of Nigerian youths have taken to riding commercial

motorcycles, while others are into street hawking just to keep body and soul together (See

for instance, The News Magazine(28 March 2011) captioned “Graduate Okada Riders:

The Wasted Generation)”.

The unlucky ones like the late Mohammed Bouazizi of Tunisia get their wares

seized for violating anti-hawking regulations. The entire world is familiar with what

happened thereafter as so many countries are yet to know peace, especially with

globalization playing its own part to ensure the spread across national boundaries. Also,

recently, as a result of banking reforms witnessed in the country, the banking industry

which is one of the highest employers of labour is forced to downsize its workforce,

thereby increasing the number of the unemployed. This has not stopped as the recent

acquisition of Intercontinental Bank by Access Bank and Oceanic Bank has led to more

bankers being laid off (Abubakar, 2015).

Furthermore, companies and industries like textile industries, steel companies, and

the Nigerian Railways are folding up. Private firms that provide employment

opportunities for Nigerians are gradually shifting base to other West African countries

like Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, Togo and South Africa. Many manufacturers are experiencing

low turnovers in their businesses as they have to contend with incessant power failure,

32
thus having to rely on generating sets which have to be fuelled at exorbitant cost (Okafor,

2014).

As a result, many indigenous workers are retrenched by most of these companies

when they migrate to other countries. Some of those who are privileged to remain in

employment can hardly make ends meet as the entire monthly salary package may not

last half of the month due to increasing costs of housing, food and transportation.

2.6 Review of Empirical Studies

A number of studies have empirically investigated the relationship between insecurity,

unemployment and output. Lee (2000) estimated the Okun’s equation for all OECD

countries and stressed that the relationship is not stable over time and is different across

countries, but concluded that the impact of growth on employment is still valid. Keller

and Nabil (2002) suggest that economic growth in the MENA rejoin has been insufficient

compared to the region’s labour force and that high growth does not guarantee good

labour market outcomes. On the other hand, the World Bank (2007) suggests that high

unemployment is viewed as a reflection of the problems of structural and frictional

unemployment in MENA countries. It seems that the World Bank Report suggested that

Okun’s coefficient is low or insignificant among MENA countries.

Freeman (2001) uses new developments in trend cycle decomposition to test Okun’s Law

for a panel of ten industrial countries, that Okun’s original estimate for the U.S. of three

points for each one percent reduction in the unemployment rate now averages at just

under two points of real GDP growth for the sample countries. Pooled estimates for
33
Europe are smaller than estimates for the rest of the sample. Freeman concluded that the

law is still capable of proving estimates of the effects of unemployment on GDP.

Alanana, (2003) opines that unemployment is potentially dangerous as it sends disturbing

signal to all segments of the Nigerian Society. The rate of youth unemployment in

Nigeria is high, even at the period of economic normalcy i.e. the oil boom of the 1970s

(6.2%); 1980s (9.8%) and the 1990s (11.5%). Arewa and Nwakanma (2012) conduct an

empirical evaluation of the relationship between output and unemployment using the first

difference and output-gap models of Okun’s law. The study finds no evidence to support

the validity of Okun’s law in Nigeria.

Geidenhuys and Marinkov (2007) tried to give answer to the question of unemployment

responds to changes in output in South Africa. For this reason, they estimated the

relationship between economic activity and unemployment rate. The results indicated the

presence of an Okun‘s law relationship in South Africa over the period 1970 -2005 with

more evidence in favour of asymmetries during recessions. Knotek (2007) also estimated

Okun’s law using its difference, gap and dynamic versions in which he calculated effects

on unemployment rate by current output, past output level, past unemployment rate and

analyzed that slowdown in economy coincided with increase in unemployment rate is not

always the case in both short and long run.

Villaverde and Maza (2008) analyzed Okun’s law for Spanish regions using data for the

period 1980-2004. The results verified the existence of Okun’s law for most of the

regions and for the economy as a whole. However, the magnitude of Okun’s coefficient

34
differed for various regions due to regional productivity differentials. Beaton (2010)

investigates the stability and reliability of Okun’s Law for Canada and the United States

using a time varying parameter approach. He finds structural instability, with the

sensitivity of the unemployment rate to movements in output growth increasing recently

in both countries.

Although several studies have been conducted on the relationship between

unemployment and output growth in developed and emerging economies, the rising

unemployment rate in Nigeria has necessitate a study on its implication for economic

growth.

2.7 Theoretical Literature Review

2.7.1 Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s Systems Theory

This study is anchored on the Systems Theory as propounded by Ludwig von

Bertalanffy. Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the

goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting

levels in all fields of research. The term originates from Bertalanffy's General System

Theory (GST) and is used in later efforts in other fields, such as the action theory of

Talcott Parsons and the social systems theory of Niklas Luhmann. In this context the

word systems is used to refer specifically to self-regulating systems i.e. that are self-

correcting through feedback. Self-regulating systems are found in nature, including the

physiological systems of our body, in local and global ecosystems, and in climate—and

35
in human learning processes (Von Bertalanffy, 1968). System in this frame of reference

is composed of regularly interacting or interrelating groups of activities.

The systems view is a world-view that is based on the discipline of System

Inquiry. Central to systems inquiry is the concept of SYSTEM. In the most general sense,

system means a configuration of parts connected and joined together by a web of

relationships. The Primer group defines system as a family of relationships among the

members acting as a whole. Von Bertalanffy (1968) defined system as "elements in

standing relationship" (Von Bertalanffy, 1968).

The systems view was based on several fundamental ideas. First, all phenomena

can be viewed as a web of relationships among elements, or a system. Second, all

systems, whether electrical, biological, or social, have common patterns, behaviors, and

properties that can be understood and used to develop greater insight into the behavior of

complex phenomena and to move closer toward a unity of the sciences. This is different

from conventional models that center on individuals, structures, departments and units

separate in part from the whole, instead of recognizing the interdependence between

groups of individuals, structures and processes that enable an organization to function.

Societies are recognized as comprising of complex social systems and separating

the parts from the whole reduces the overall effectiveness of organizations (Stichweh,

2011). The relationship between organizations and their environments became recognized

as the foremost source of complexity and interdependence. In most cases, the whole has

properties that cannot be known from analysis of the constituent elements in isolation.

36
 The Systems theory explains the interconnection or nexus between security and

development. Systems theory defines the regular interaction or interrelation between

groups of activities in the society, as any occurrence in a sector of the society positively

or negatively affects other sectors of the society (Okafor, 2015). The sense of insecurity

occurs when there is wanton destruction of lives and property, incessant armed robbery

incidents, increase in kidnapping resulting in ransom or death, or both, armed insurgency

such as the Boko Haram menace etc. This leads to a saturation of the society with

anguish, fear and trepidation.

In a society where insecurity abounds, the pace of development suffers a great

setback. This is because development is a product of several activities in the society.

Activities such as industrialization and technological advancement which accelerate

development and the deployment of funds to development ventures are hampered in a

state of insecurity. Sustainable development can only occur in a reasonably secure and

peaceful environment. Industrialization has to do with serious investments in fixed

machinery, labour, intensive capital and entrepreneurship. Investment, by its very nature,

is risky. Insecurity in the system not only increases the risk, but also discourages

prospective investors, increases the cost of doing business and leads to imminent closure

of existing industries (Ideyi, 2015).

Systems theory have been debated and criticized. One argument has been that it

escapes from reality and not it’s productive. A criticism of ideological tendencies in

systems theory has been given by Lilienfeld (1978). Systems theory is thus a view, that

37
emphasis certain perspectives and relatively ignores other perspectives. It is always

important to consider what the consequences are of ignoring certain perspectives. In

studying libraries, one can apply a systems perspective and thus ignore the specific

attributes and the specific historical circumstances. This may be fruitful for some

purposes such as automation and cooperation, but I may be at the cost of loosing, for

example, specific experiences in developing special services (Okafor, 2015).

“Habermas criticizes systems theory on several levels. Theoretically, Habermas

criticizes system theory for ignoring the continuing role of institutions, and thus of social

integration, in ‘anchoring’ systemic mechanisms in the cultural life-worlds of their

members. Because of the interaction of social and systemic integration, systemic

mechanisms can have perverse effects, disrupting and ‘colonizing’ the domain of cultural

reproduction. Methodologically, Habermas argues that action descriptions from the

agents’ point of view remain a necessary condition for any social explanation.

Normatively, the ‘methodological anti-humanism’ blinds the theory from the start to the

possible influence of a society-wide and critical public sphere on complex, institutional

processes” (Ryan & Bohman, 1998).

38
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discussed the methodology through which the study shall be carried

out. The sub-headings for this chapter includes: research design, population, sample and

sampling technique, instruments for data collection, validity of the instrument, procedure

for data collection and procedure for data analysis respectively.

3.2 Research Design

A survey research design will be adopted for this study. Under this design, the

study employs cross-sectional Descriptive design which according to Asika (2009) is

geared towards collecting data to answer research questions or explain the relationship

among variables.

3.3 Population

39
 The population of this study consists of the adult men and women residing in

Kaduna North LGA of Kaduna state.

3.4 Sample and sampling technique

Sampling is the process of selecting units from a population of interest so that by

studying the sample we may generalize our results back to the population from which

they were chosen. Therefore, to arrive at our sample size, purposive sampling technique

was used in selecting 200 respondents. A purposive sample is a non-probability sample

that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objectives of the study.

Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling

(Mertines, 2003). Kaduna north LGA, Kaduna State, will be stratified into two sectors.

The western and eastern sectors (using Ahmadu Bello way as the boundary between the

sectors). Tudun wada and Ungwan Rimi areas will purposively be selected to represent

the sectors.

Purposive sampling technique will be adopted while respondents of age – 18 years

and above – will be selected from persons who resided within the respective sectors. One

respondent will be selected after the interval of 10 houses in each of the area that will be

selected in each of the sectors.

3.5 Instruments for data collection

Based on the nature of the research study, to measure the unemployment and

National security. Both primary and secondary data will be used for this study. The

40
primary data will be obtained through structured interview and copies of structured

questionnaires while the secondary data will be obtained from journals, electoral reports

etc.

3.6 Procedure for data collection

The researcher was responsible for the processes involve in the data collection.

The research and the research assistants will collectively administer the structured

questionnaires to the respondents.

3.7 Procedure for data analysis

Data collected for this study will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with

more emphasis on the quantitative method using the percentages and descriptive

statistical tool to test the hypothesis.

3.8 Field experience

The study was undertaken in two major areas in Kaduna North LGA. The first step

was the focus group meeting including the traditional district heads and the village heads,

after then a permission was granted for the data collection and a guide was appointed by

each of the community leader for easy collection of data and interpretation.

The researcher and four trained research assistants were responsible for the

processes involve in the data collection. The research and the research assistants

collectively administered the structured interview to the respondents and followed up to

collect the responses.

41
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the results of the data analysis and discussion of the result of

the study. The hypotheses presented in chapter one are tested in this chapter and the

results shown.

4.1 Data analysis

4.1.1 Respondents information

200 copies of questionnaires were administered to the sampled respondents. 196

copies of questionnaires were filled and returned.

Table 1: What is the Perception of Kaduna North residents on National Security?

S/No Responses Yes No Total

1 National security discourages development - 196 196

42
2 National security discourages economic 6 190 196

growth

3 National security encourages investment 192 4 196

4 National security encourages conflict 1 195 196

Source: Field survey, 2016.

Table 1 shows that 196 (100%) of the respondents indicated that national security

discourages development. The respondents’ opinions were further sought on whether

National security discourages economic growth. As contained in Table 1 above, (190)

97% which constituted the majority of the respondents were of the view that National

security encourages economic growth. (6) 3% of them were in affirmative that National

security discourages economic growth. National security encourages. The responses in

Table 1 above shows agreement by the respondents that national security encourages

investment, (192) 98% of them agreed. While (4) 2% of them which constitute the

minority had the contrary view. The respondents’ opinions were sought on whether

National security encourages conflict. The responses in Table 1 above indicated that

195(99%) of the respondents believed that it discourages conflict while 1% (1) of them

was of the contrary view.

Table 2: What are effects of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA?

S/No Responses Frequency Percentage %

1 Security threat 196 100

43
2 Increases tension and fear due to crime 189 96

3 Encourages conflict 196 100

4 Causes destruction of lives and properties 150 77

during crises

5 Increased rate of crime 196 100

Source: Field survey, 2016.

Table 2 shows that all the respondents indicated Security threat, encourages conflict and

increased rate of crime as effects of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North

LGA, majority of the respondents (189) 96% indicated increases fear and tension due to

crime as an effect of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA while (150)

77% indicated Causes destruction of lives and properties during conflict as an effect of

unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA.

Table 3: What are the causes of security challenges in Kaduna North LGA?

S/No Responses Frequency Percentage %

1 Poverty 196 100

2 Unemployment 189 96

3 High crime rate 180 92

4 Religious conflict 196 100

5 Illiteracy 101 52

6 Political conflict 196 100

44
7 Corruption 150 77

Source: Field survey, 2016.

Table 3 shows that (189) 92% indicated unemployment as a major cause of security

challenges in Kaduna North LGA, all the respondents, 196 (100%) indicated poverty,

religious conflict and political conflict as causes of security challenges in Kaduna North

LGA, majority of the respondents (180) 92% indicated high crime rate as a cause of

security challenges in Kaduna North LGA while (101) 52% indicated illiteracy as a cause

of security challenges in Kaduna North LGA and (150) 77% indicated corruption as a

cause of security challenges in Kaduna North LGA.

Table 4: What are the ways out of the national security challenges in Nigeria?

S/No Responses Frequency Percentage %

1 Intensive security awareness and enlightenment 196 100

2 Capacity-building programs for local 190 97

community leaders and members of civil

society

3 Job creation and employment generation for 196 100

unemployed youths

4 Increase the capacity of security and law 150 77

enforcement agencies

5 Ant-corruption policies 180 92

45
Source: Field survey, 2016.

Table 4 shows that all the respondents indicated Intensive security awareness and

enlightenment and Job creation and employment generation for unemployed youths as

the ways out of National security challenges in Nigeria, (190) 97% indicated Capacity-

building programs for local community leaders and members of civil society as the ways

out of National security challenges in Nigeria and (151)77% of the respondents indicated

increase the capacity of security and law enforcement agencies a way out of National

security challenges in Nigeria while (180) 92% of respondents indicated anti-corruption

policies as a way out of National security challenges in Nigeria.

4.2 Test of Hypothesis

The hypotheses formulated for the study are as follows:

H0: There is no significant impact of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North

LGA.

H1: There is a significant impact of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North

LGA.

To test this hypothesis, Fisher’s exact statistics correlation coefficient was used. It was

used because it is suitable in measuring association between two variables with ordinal

data.

Table 5:Significance analysis of the influence of unemployment on National security.

46
Correlation Coefficient 0.8013

Sig. (2-tails) 0.4521

N 196

Source: SPSS Version 21

Table 5 indicates p = 0.8013; rho = 0.4521. That is, the alternate Hypothesis H1

which stated that “There is a significant impact of unemployment on the security of

Kaduna North LGA” was accepted while the null hypothesis Ho which stated that “There

is no significant impact of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA” was

rejected.

Table 6:Significance analysis of the effects of insecurity on Economic development

Correlation Coefficient 0.7444

Sig. (2-tails) 0.3873

N 196

Source: SPSS Version 21

Table 5 indicates p = 0.7444; rho = 0.3873. That is, the alternate Hypothesis H1 which

stated that “There is a significant impact of insecurity on economic development of

Kaduna North LGA” was accepted while the null hypothesis Ho which stated that “There

is no significant impact of insecurity on economic activities of Kaduna North LGA” was

rejected.

47
4.3 Discussion of results

Base on the objectives of the study the following discussions were made:

Based on the first objective, the result in Table 1 shows that most of the

respondents indicated encourages development, encourages economic growth,

encourages investment, and discourages conflict as their perception of national security in

Nigeria.

The second objective is to investigate the effects of unemployment on the security

of Kaduna North LGA and the corresponding research question is What are the effects of

unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA?

The result in Table 2 shows that majority of the respondents indicated Security

threat, encourages conflict, increased rate of crime, increases fear and tension due to

crime and causes destruction of lives and properties during conflict as effects of

unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA.

The third objective is to determine the causes of security challenges in Kaduna

North LGA and the corresponding research questions is What are the causes of security

challenges in Kaduna North LGA?

The result in Table 3 shows that most of the respondents indicated unemployment,

poverty, religious conflict, political conflict, high crime rate, illiteracy and corruption as

causes of security challenges in Kaduna North LGA.

48
 Finally, to find out the ways out of the national security challenges in Nigeria,The

result in Table 4 shows that majority of the respondents indicated Intensive security

awareness and enlightenment and Job creation and employment generation for

unemployed youths, Capacity-building programs for local community leaders and

members of civil society, increase the capacity of security and law enforcement agencies

and anti-corruption policies as ways out of National security challenges in Nigeria.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

The study seeks to examine the impact of insecurity on economic development in

Kaduna North LGA.This research work was divided into five chapters. Chapter one dealt

with introduction containing the background to the study, statement of the problem,

research questions, and objectives of the study, scope and limitations of the study,

significance of the study, definitions of terms and organization of the work. Chapter two

dealt with literature review, gaps in literature review and theoretical framework of the

study. Chapter three discussed the research design, population of the study, sample size

and sampling method, method of data collection, method of data analysis. Chapter four

discussed the presentation of data and analysis and research findings.

49
 Furthermore, the findings showed that there is a significant impact of

unemployment on national security in Kaduna north LGA as the alternate Hypothesis H1

which stated that “There is a significant impact of unemployment on the security of

Kaduna North LGA” was accepted while the null hypothesis Ho which stated that “There

is no significant impact of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA” was

rejected.

5.2 Conclusion

This study has shown that unemployment is a pervasive issue in Nigeria. It is

unsurprising that the ever exploding youth bulge and unemployment threaten Nigeria's

national security especially when young men and women have little prospects of a

comfortable livelihood, when questionably acquired wealth is constantly displayed, and

when the complex realities of globalization present economic challenges. It is clear that

youths are hapless victims as well as perpetrators of national security issues and

challenges. As for unemployment, it adds fuel to the burning issues and challenges of

national security. It is a major ingredient in the vortex of modern Nigeria into which the

youths have been thrust. But in all, they must be placed in their proper perspectives.

50
 Ensuring the well-being of the citizens and residents of a country still remains the

most important responsibility of government. Thus, safe guarding the lives and property

of Nigerians as well as the provision of enabling environment for job provision are very

essential. In fact, once security is not guaranteed in any nation, its economic development

will be gravely affected since no investor invests in an environment of crisis.

More so, the citizens can only exert their best potentials in the right peaceful

environment. The insecurity in Nigeria has taken a dangerous dimension which if not

tackled will frustrate all developmental efforts of the government. There is, therefore, a

need for urgent measures to be put in place to address the problem of unemployment and

security challenges the country is facing, considering the country’s position on the

continent and in the international community. Nigeria is ranked the 6th largest oil

producer in the world. Yet, the country’s unemployment rate is one of the highest in the

world. Nigeria needs to adopt a skill-oriented education principle to train skilled technical

manpower, to build and maintain its critical infrastructure to drive the economy and also,

to create employment. There is also a need to promote sound morals and ethical values in

the country. There is a need to inculcate discipline in Nigerians, especially the youth, in

order to ensure that they do not get drawn into criminal activities all because they are

unemployed or out of work for one reason or the other. Although, this may be

meaningless if the country’s leaders do not lead by example.

5.3 Recommendations

51
 Unemployment in Nigeria has become one of the most critical problems the

country is facing. Years of corruption, civil war, military rule, and mismanagement have

hindered the economic growth of the country. Despite being endowed with diverse and

infinite resources, both human and material, years of negligence and adverse policies

have led to the under-utilization of these resources. These resources have not been

effectively utilized in order to yield maximum economic benefits. There is, thus, an

urgent need for arresting the high level of unemployment in the country in order to

address the security challenges the country is facing.

Based on the above conclusion, the following recommendations were made:

i. There is a need for the provision of enabling environment for businesses to thrive

in the country. Currently, the business climate in Nigeria is too harsh. The most

debilitating is the lack of basic infrastructure. The epileptic power situation in the

country has forced many companies to either shut down or move their production

plants to smaller neighbouring countries where power is available and stable. If

the issue of power supply is solved, there is assurance that the manufacturing

sector will be resuscitated. These will lead to the flourishing of small and medium

scale enterprises, translating into the creation of more jobs.

ii. There is a need for the diversification of the country’s economy. Nigeria is over-

dependent on oil, which is subjected to global oil price fluctuation. Apart from the

fact that the country has so many other mineral resources yet to be explored, the

country should venture into other sectors like agriculture, tourism and

52
 entertainment. It is noteworthy that revolutions in the ICT sector especially

regarding mobile communications, created a lot of jobs in Nigeria. Other sectors

of the economy can do same.

iii. The Nigerian government should set up a fund for rescuing industries that are at

the verge of bankruptcy like is being done in most developed countries. If money

is injected into ailing industries, they will be able to resuscitate, reducing the rate

of downsizing and retrenchment.

iv. Government at all levels in the country could create more employment

opportunities to address the unemployment problem. Although some states have

some job employment projects, they are still a far cry from solving the crisis at

hand. The private sector and non-governmental organizations should be

encouraged to create more jobs to accommodate the unemployed in the country.

v. There is a need to place more emphasis on technical as well as vocational

education in the country. This will enable more and more people to acquire

practical skills that will help them to be self-employed and not to continue to seek

white-collar jobs. Courses tailored along these lines could be introduced into the

curricular of schools to encourage the students to learn how they can use these

skills to better their lots as well as for them to become employers of labour.

vi. Security agencies must be empowered, motivated and adequately mobilized to

combat criminality and insecurity to the barest minimum. Also, effective

legislation that will adequately punish offenders and deter potential criminals must

be put in place.

53
vii. Government should embark on veritable poverty alleviation programmes that will

impact positively on the lives of the people. The physical, social and psychological

quality of life of a society and its members both in domestic setting and within the

larger regional and global system will give the citizens a deeper sense of

patriotism.

viii. Government at all levels must eschew corruption in the fight against criminality

and insecurity. The Billions of Naira voted for security both at State and Federal

levels for inexplicable reasons are not made available to combat these problems.

ix. Meanwhile citizens continued to pay their taxes and fulfilled other obligations to

the Government of the day amid this state of insecurity, fear and siege. There must

be sincerity on the part of government functionaries to ensure judicious use of

funds meant for security of lives and property.

5.4 Limitations of the Study

One major limitation of data in this study is that of inadequate data for this study. The

reason however, is that some of the respondents maybe biased on filing the

questionnaires due to the prevalent security challenges. Another limit of data is the

data collected is limited to Kaduna North LGA and cannot be generalize in Kaduna

state due to difference in cultures but may be applicable to some communities that

may share similar cultures with the communities.

54
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APPENDIX I
SAQ FOR THE SELECTED RESPONDENTS

SECTION A: Respondent’s Personal information

1. Area of Residence:________________________________________________

2. Gender :________________________________________________________

3. Religion:________________________________________________________
59
SECTION B: TICK AS APPROPRIATE

1. National security discourages development YES { } NO { }

2. National security discourages economic growth YES { } NO { }

3. National security encourages investment YES { } NO { }

4. National security encourages conflict YES { } NO { }

5. What are effects of unemployment on the security of Kaduna North LGA? (Multiple

choice)

S/No Effects of unemployment Tick as appropriate

1 Security threat

2 Increases tension and fear due to crime

3 Encourages conflict

4 Causes destruction of lives and properties during

crises

5 Increased rate of crime

Others specify:________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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6. What are the causes of security challenges in Kaduna North LGA? (Multiple

choice)

S/No Causes of security challenges Tick as appropriate

1 Poverty

2 Unemployment

3 High crime rate

4 Religious conflict

5 Illiteracy

6 Political conflict

7 Corruption

Others(Specify):__________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

7. What are the ways out of the national security challenges in Nigeria?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

62