1. Suppose a woman stands in front of a mirror as shown. Her eyes are 1.65 m above the floor, and the top of her
head is 0.13m higher. Find the height above the floor of the top and bottom of the
shortest mirror in which she can see both the top of his head and his feet. How
long is the mirror? How is the distance related to the woman’s height?
24.1 0.13 m a From ray-tracing and the law of reflection, we know that the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, so the top of the mirror must
L extend to at least halfway between his eyes and the top of his head. And the
bottom must go down to halfway between his eyes and the floor. This
1.65 m result independent of how far he stands from the wall. So,
b 0.13 m 1.65 m
= a = 0.065= m , b = 0.825 m and
2 2
0.13 m 1.65 m
=L 1.65 m + 0.13 m − a=
− b 1.78 m − − = 0.89 m . So, the bottom is b = 0.825 m from floor and the
2 2
top is b=
+ L 0.825 m + 0.89
= m 1.715 m from floor.
2. When the light illustrated in the diagram passes through the glass block, it is
shifted laterally by the distance d. Taking n = 1.50, find the value of d.
yields θ 30.4° .
=
yields θ ′ 22.3° .
=
FIG. P35.23
4. Light of wavelength 700 nm is incident on the face of a fused quartz prism at an angle of 75.0° (with respect to the
normal to the surface). The apex angle of the prism is 60.0°. Use the value of
n ( 700 nm ) = 1.458 and calculate the angle (a) of refraction at this first surface,
(b) of incidence at the second surface, (c) of refraction at the second surface,
and (d) between the incident and emerging rays.
(d) γ
= (θ1 − θ 2 ) + β − ( 90.0° − θ 4 )
γ 75.0° − 41.5° + ( 90.0° − 18.5°) − ( 90.0° − 27.6=
= °) 42.6°
5. Determine the maximum angle θ for which the light rays incident on the end
of the pipe in Figure P35.38 are subject to total internal reflection along the walls
of the pipe. Assume that the pipe has an index of refraction of 1.36 and the
outside medium is air.
nair 1.00
P35.36 =
sin θc θ c 47.3°
= = 0.735 =
npipe 1.36
Geometry shows that the angle of refraction
at the end is
φ 90.0° − =
= θ c 90.0° − 47.3
= ° 42.7° .
Then, Snell’s law at the end, FIG. P35.38
1.00sin θ 1.36sin 42.7°
=
gives θ 67.2° .
=
The 2-µm diameter is unnecessary information.
P35.47 Horizontal light rays from the setting Sun pass above the
hiker. The light rays are twice refracted and once reflected, as in
Figure (b). The most intense light reaching the hiker, that which
represents the visible rainbow, is located between angles of 40°
and 42° from the hiker’s shadow.
The hiker sees a greater percentage of the violet inner
edge, so we consider the red outer edge. The radius R of the circle
of droplets is Figure (a)
=R ( 8.00
= km ) sin 42.0° 5.35 km .
Then the angle φ, between the vertical and the radius
where the bow touches the ground, is given by
2.00 km 2.00 km
cosφ
= = = 0.374
R 5.35 km
or φ 68.1° .
=
The angle filled by the visible bow is
360° − ( 2 × 68.1=
°) 224°
Figure (b)
224°
so the visible bow is = 62.2% of a circle .
360° FIG. P35.53
7. At what angle phi should the laser be aimed at the mirrored ceiling in order
to hit the midpoint of the far wall on the right?
Light rays travel in straight lines and follow the law of reflection.
Visualize:
To determine the angle φ , we must know the point P on the mirror where the ray is incident. P is a distance x2 from the far wall and a
horizontal distance x1 from the laser source. The ray from the source must strike P so that the angle of incidence θi is equal to the angle
of reflection θr.
Solve: From the geometry of the diagram,
tan φ =
1.5 m 3 m
x2
=
x1
x1 + x2 = 5 m ⇒
1.5 m
5 m − x1
=
3m
x1
( ) ( )
⇒ 1.5 m x1 = 15 m 2 − 3 m x1 ⇒ x1 =
10
3
m
3m 9
⇒ tan φ = = = 0.90 ⇒ φ = 42°
x1 10
8. What is the smallest incident angle θ1 for which a laser beam will undergo total
internal reflection on the hypotenuse of the glass prism shown?
23.57. Model: Use the ray model of light and the phenomenon of refraction.
Visualize:
n1 n 2 , n'2 n3 Let unprimed represent red light and primed represent blue.
n2 = 1512
.
θ2 θ3 n2′ = 1524
.
θ 3'
θ1 θ 2' y' y
x
(a) n1 sin θ 1 = n2 sin θ 2 = n3 sin θ 3 since n3 = n1 , θ 3 = θ 1 and similarly for θ ′3 . θ 3 = θ ′3 = θ 1 = 30.0° .
(b) θ 2 = sin −1
FG sinθ IJ = sin F sin 30.0°I = 19.311° ; θ ′ = sin F sin 30.0°I = 19153
−1 −1
H n K 2
1
H 1512
. K 2 H 1524
. K . °
= ⇒ y = x tan θ = c100 . × 10 mh tan 19.311° = 3504
y −2 −3
tan θ 2 2 . × 10 m
x
y ′ = (0100
. m) tan 19153
. ° = 3473
. × 10−3 m ; ∆y = y − y ′ = 309
. × 10−5 m