Abstract -- Secondary arcs can be modeled in a numerical ionized surrounding air, wind, thermal buoyancy and electro-
transients program like ATP-EMTP. The dynamic behavior of dynamic force. In spite of this fact, a numerical arc model may
the arc is represented as a time-varying resistance by solving a be an useful tool to identify the main influencing factors and
differential equation of arc conductance based on the energy
the interaction of the arc with the electric circuit, and to guess
balance in the arc column. The almost random variation of arc
parameters influences significantly the arc performance during worst-case arcing time.
single-phase autoreclosure on transmission lines. Depending on
the variation of arc parameters, certain effects of interaction II. MODEL OF THE FAULT ARC
with the transmission system are observed. In this relation, field The arc model used in this work is based on the energy
tests on real overhead lines are extremely useful to verify
numerical arc simulations and to understand the arcing
balance of the arc column and describes an arc in air by a
phenomenon. Authors have participated in the past in several differential equation of the arc conductance g [2], [3]:
field tests performed on a 400 kV overhead line without shunt
dg 1
compensation and on 750 kV line with shunt compensation. = (G − g ) (1)
dt τ
Index Terms – autoreclosure, arc, arcing fault, EMTP,
primary arc, secondary arc, shunt reactor, transients, where τ: is the arc time constant,
transmission line. g: instantaneous arc conductance,
G: stationary arc conductance.
I. INTRODUCTION
The stationary arc conductance is defined as:
F AULTS on EHV/UHV overhead lines are in majority
single-phase-to-ground arcing faults and are temporary in
most cases. Single-phase auto-reclosure (SPAR) is an G=
iarc
(2)
ust
effective measure to eliminate arcing faults. The fault arc is
with
classified according to the fault state regarding the fault
current. Primary arc is effective after fault inception till ust = ( u '0 + r '0 iarc ) ⋅ larc (t ) (3)
single-phase tripping of the faulty phase. Secondary arc
where iarc: instantaneous arc current,
follows the primary arc after isolating the fault by single-
ust: stationary arc voltage,
phase tripping on a transmission line. It is sustained by the
larc: instantaneous arc length,
capacitive and inductive coupling to the sound phases. The
u'0: characteristic arc voltage per length,
secondary arc self-extinguishes usually, but its life-time may r'0: characteristic arc resistance per length.
have a strong influence to the operation of the line: the longer
the secondary arcing time, the higher the risk of unsuccessful Equation (1) is a generalized arc equation that is suitable
reclosing. Lengthening the SPAR dead time is limited by to represent an arc in an electric circuit by a two-pole. The
dynamic stability constraints. This limit is usually less than parameters τ, u'0 and r'0 can be obtained from arc
1.5 - 2 seconds for long EHV/UHV interconnections. measurements. In case of secondary arc they vary significantly
Whereas the primary arc shows generally a deterministic with arc length larc. The dependence of the arc time constant τ
behavior as observed at field and laboratory arc tests [1], [2], on larc can be defined by the relation
the secondary arc has extremely random characteristics
α
effected by the external conditions around the arc channel like l
τ = τ 0 ⋅ arc (4)
l0
M. Kizilcay is with the Dept. of Elect. Eng. & Comp. Sci., Osnabrueck
University of Applied Sciences, Germany (e-mail: kizilcay@fhos.de) where τ0: initial time constant,
G. Bán is with the Dept of Electric Power Engineering, Budapest l0: initial arc length,
University of Technology and Economics (e-mail: ban@vmt.bme.hu) α: coefficient of negative value.
L. Prikler is with the Dept of Electric Power Engineering, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics (e-mail: l.prikler@ieee.org)
P. Handl is PhD student at the Budapest University of Technology and
Economics (e-mail: handlp@vmt.bme.hu)
0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 time 0.9 1.0 1.1 [s] 1.2
Fig. 2. Time-varying arc length with random local variations Fig. 3. 400-kV transmission system with arc tests
100
[kV] arc voltage recovery voltage
50
-50
measurement
-100
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 time 0.9 1.0 1.1 [s] 1.2
100
[kV] arc voltage
50
-50
computation
-100
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 time 0.9 1.0 1.1 [s] 1.2
500
[A] primary arc current
secondary arc current
250
-250
measurement
-500
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 time 0.9 1.0 1.1 [s] 1.2
500
[A] primary arc current
secondary arc current
250
-250
computation
-500
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 time 0.9 1.0 1.1 [s] 1.2
0 300
-35 150
-70 0
-105 -150
arc current
-140 -300
0.83 0.85 0.87 time 0.89 0.91 [s] 0.93
70 600
[kV] arc voltage [A]
35 450
0 300
-35 150
-70 0
Fig. 6. Sustained 400-kV secondary arc at calmness
-105 -150
arc current
-140 -300
0.1267 0.1467 0.1667 0.1867 0.2067 [s] 0.2267
time
III. EXCITATION OF TRAVELING WAVES ON THE LINE
Fig. 9. Computed secondary arc voltage and current
BY THE SECONDARY ARC
In the field tests of secondary arc performance on a double-
circuit, 400-kV overhead line of 230 km length without shunt The EMTP-ATP model of the test arrangement has been
compensation the authors from Budapest identified from created using ATPDRAW graphical preprocessor [7] and is
records of arcs (see Fig. 6) at calmness with long self- shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 8 and 9 shows measured and computed
extinction times that the arc re-ignitions (transition from a secondary arc voltages and currents in a time interval where
very low arc conductance state to a high conductance state) the arc is elongated suddenly and consequently the arc voltage
initiate traveling waves on the disconnected phase of the line. and time constant changes rapidly, respectively.
The reflected waves at the far end of the line influence the arc In the simulation the arc time constant is represented by
current shape and its pulse width. the data (u'0 and r'0 remain unchanged) :
τ0 = 0.8 ms, α = −1.6.
Fig. 7. ATPDRAW circuit of the 400-kV system including the arc model
0.8 3.0
[pu] sending end C'pos =13.3 nF/km, C'0=9.7 nF/km receiving end
[ms] c
2.5
b
0.6 arc length variation
a
2.0 479 km
Ls =3 H Ls =6 H
0.4 1.5 0 0
1.0
0.2 arc time constant Ln=0.3 H
1 2 3
0.5
Fig. 11. Impulse-like varying arc conductance The initial arc length is assumed to be 15 m. A constant
elongation speed for the arc is chosen such that the arc length
300
[A]
-50
[kV]
will quadruple in 13 periods (0.26 s). The primary arc is
recovery voltage with
200
injected current pulses
-60 initiated at t = 0.01 s. The pole of phase a of circuit-breakers
100 -70 at both line ends opens at t = 0.075 s. Fig. 14 shows the
0 -80 computed arc voltage and current waveforms. The shunt
-100 -90
reactors produces a DC component in the initial part of the
-200 -100
secondary arc current producing asymmetry in the current
waveform of Fig. 14 around t = 0.2 s . The current of the
-300 -110
0.875 0.879 0.883 0.887 0.891 [s] 0.895 corresponding leg of the shunt reactor at the sending end of
Fig. 12. Correlation between traveling waves and shape of the arc current the line is compared with the arc current in Fig. 15.
0.70 900
[MV] [A]
These current pulses initiate traveling waves on the line. 0.35 750
performed by injecting a current pulse with a very small width -1.05 150
(20 µs) into the line at the arc location by replacing the arc. -1.40 0
Reflections take place at 1/3rd of the line and at open ends of
-1.75 -150
the faulty phase. The simulation results with current pulse arc current
injection superposed on the recovery voltage and a cycle of -2.10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 time 0.8 1.0 [s]
-300
1.2
measured arc current are shown in Fig. 12. The travel times
obtained by the EMTP-ATP model of the line match Fig. 14. Secondary arc voltage and current on the 750-kV line with four-
legged shunt reactor
practically with the changes in the waveform of the recorded
arc current. 200
[A]
100
IV. SECONDARY ARC INTERACTION WITH A SHUNT
COMPENSATED 750-KV LINE 0
papers in the past [8], [9], [10]. The secondary arc model 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 time 0.20 0.25 [s] 0.30