TRANSFORMACIONES Conceptos Básicos PROPIEDADES DE SUSTANCIAS PURAS

𝑅 = °𝐹 + 460
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝑅=
𝑅𝑢
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 ℎ = ℎ𝑙 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔 (ℎ̂, 𝑢̂, 𝑠̂ )
𝑀
°𝐹 = 1,8°𝐶 + 32 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑢 𝑇 𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑅𝑑𝑇 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅 𝑚𝑣
𝑥=𝑚
𝑐𝑝 𝑘 𝑅 𝑣 +𝑚𝑙
1𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 5,40395 𝑓𝑡 3 ∗ 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑘= 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑅 𝑘−1 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑘−1
𝑐𝑣 ENTROPÍA
𝜕𝑄
PRIMERA LEY EFICIENCIAS ISOENTROPICAS ∆𝑆 = ∫ ∆𝑆 + ∆𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑠
𝑇

𝑉 𝑃 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 (cerrado) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠 − 𝑃𝑑𝑣

T=ctte: 𝑊 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 ( 2) = 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 ( 1) 𝑛𝑙𝑙(𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐵𝐼𝑁𝐴) =
𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
(abierto) 𝑑ℎ = 𝑇𝑑𝑠 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃
V=ctte: 𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 0 → 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐𝑣 ∗ ∆𝑇 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝑛𝑙𝑙(𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑂𝑅) = Líquidos, sólidos
𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙
P=ctte: ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑃∆𝑉 → 𝑄 = ∆𝐻 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐𝑃 ∗ ∆𝑇 𝑇2
𝑛𝑡é𝑟 ∆𝑆(𝑠,𝑙) = 𝐶𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚 ln
1 𝑛𝑙𝑙 = 𝑇1
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1 𝑇2 𝑃 1−𝑘 𝑛𝑡é𝑟,𝑟𝑒𝑣
Q=0 (Adiabático): = (𝑉 ) = (𝑃2 ) Gases ideales (Cp=ctte)
𝑇1 2 𝑇1 1
𝑘 𝑋𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑋𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑃2 𝑉 𝑛𝑙𝑙 = =1− (cerrado) ∆𝑆(𝑔) = 𝐶𝑣 ln + 𝑅 𝑙𝑛
= (𝑉1 ) 𝑋𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑋𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑇1 𝑉1
𝑃1 2
𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 ) 𝐼𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 (abierto) ∆𝑆(𝑔) = 𝐶𝑝𝑙𝑛 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑇1 𝑃1
Politrópico: 𝑊= =
1−𝑘 1−𝑘 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 Gases ideales (Cp=variable)
2𝑐
𝑝 𝑃2
EFICIENCIAS EXERGIA Δ𝑆12 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln ( )
1 𝑇 𝑃1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃(∆𝑉)
𝜂= = = 𝑆 0⁄ 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝐻 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑒 𝑅 𝑆 0 = ∫0 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇)
𝑊𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙 = 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑑 𝑇

𝑊𝑎 ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑎 𝑃
𝜂𝑇 =
𝑊𝑠
=
ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑠
𝐼 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣(𝑠𝑎𝑙) − 𝑊𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙(𝑠𝑎𝑙) 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 𝑆 0 2 − 𝑆 01 − 𝑅 ln ( 2) ;
𝑃1

𝑊𝑠 ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1 𝑊𝑇=𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑒,𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝐼 = 𝑊𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙 (𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣(𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝑃2 𝑃𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑟2

| = | =
𝜂𝐶 = = = 𝑃1 𝑠=0 𝑃𝑟1 𝑉1 𝑠=0 𝑉𝑟1
𝑊𝑎 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1 𝑊𝑎 𝑊𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿,𝑈𝑇𝐼𝐿 = (𝑈 − 𝑈0 ) + 𝑃0 (𝑉 − 𝑉0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑆 − 𝑆0 )
𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = Δ𝑆𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = Δ𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 + Δ𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑑 ≥ 0
𝑊𝑠 𝑉(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝑉2
𝜂𝑃 = = 𝜑𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 = (𝑢 − 𝑢0 ) + 𝑃0 (𝑉 − 𝑉0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠 − 𝑠0 ) + Δ𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑊𝑎 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1 2 ̇ 𝑄
+ 𝑔𝑧 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑚̇(𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) − ∑
𝑇
𝑊𝑁𝐸𝑇𝑂 𝑇𝐿
𝜂 𝑇𝐻 = =1− 𝜓𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜 = 𝜓 = (ℎ − ℎ0 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑠 − 𝑠0 ) +
𝑉2
+ 𝑔𝑧 ;
𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻 2
𝑥𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑜 = (𝑃 − 𝑃0 )𝑉 Mezclas y Soluciones
𝑊𝑁𝐸𝑇𝑂 = 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
𝑛𝑖 𝑚𝑖
𝑦𝑖 = 𝑓𝑚𝑖 =
𝑛𝑇 𝑚𝑇
𝑛𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏= 𝑊𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐿 𝑛𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑎= 𝑊𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑊𝐼𝐷𝐸𝐴𝐿. 𝑊𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑇
𝑋𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 = (1 − 0 ) 𝑄 ; ∆𝑈 = −𝑄 − 𝑊 𝑚 ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝑀𝑖
𝑇 𝑀= = = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑀𝑖
𝑛 𝑛𝑇
MEXCLAS GAS-VAPOR 𝑋̇𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑗𝑜 : 𝑋𝑤,𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑋𝑤 = 𝑊 ;
𝑛𝑖 𝑉𝑖
𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃0 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) Amagat: 𝑉𝑚 = ∑ 𝑉𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = =
𝑛𝑇 𝑉𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑣 ℎ𝑣 (𝑇) = ℎ𝑔 (𝑇) 𝑛𝑖 𝑃𝑖
𝑋𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟 = 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 ≥ 0 Dalton: 𝑃𝑚 = ∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = =
𝑛𝑇 𝑃𝑇
𝑚𝑣 𝑃𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝑃𝑣
𝜙= = 𝜔= = 0.622
𝑚𝑔 𝑃𝑔 𝑚𝑎 𝑃𝑎 ∆𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡. = 𝑋𝑖𝑛 − 𝑋𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑋𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟 𝐻 = ∑ 𝐻𝑖 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ℎ𝑖 ℎ = ∑ 𝑓𝑚𝑖 ℎ𝑖
𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑃𝑣 ) 𝑃𝑔 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 (𝑇) ̅ ∑ ̅
ℎ = 𝑦𝑖 ℎ𝑖 Δℎ = 𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇 = ∑ 𝑓𝑚𝑖 (𝑐𝑝 𝑖 Δ𝑇)
∆𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡. = 𝑋𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 − 𝑋𝑤 − 𝑋𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟
𝑐𝑝 = ∑ 𝑓𝑚𝑖 𝑐𝑝 𝑖
ℎ𝑎 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 Δℎ𝑎 = 𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑎 + 𝐻𝑣 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ1 −ℎ2 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝜂𝐼𝐼,𝑇 = = = = 1−
𝜓1 −𝜓2 𝜓1 −𝜓2 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝜓1 −𝜓2
ℎ = ℎ𝑎 + 𝜔ℎ𝑔 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑁𝑅𝑢 𝑇 𝑍𝑚 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑍𝑖
𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 −𝑇1 )+𝜔2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2
𝜓2 − 𝜓1 𝜓2 − 𝜓1 𝑊𝑖𝑛,𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑇0 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝜂𝐼𝐼,𝐶 = = = = 1− KAY: 𝑃′𝑐𝑟,𝑚 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑃𝑐𝑟,𝑖 𝑇′𝑐𝑟,𝑚 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑇𝑐𝑟,𝑖
𝜔1 = ℎ𝑔1 −ℎ𝑓2 𝑊𝑖𝑛 ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝑊𝑖𝑛 ℎ2 − ℎ1
̇
𝑋sin 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑅𝑇𝑐𝑟 (𝑍ℎ2 − 𝑍ℎ1 )
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑔 (𝑇) = 2500.9 + 1.82 𝑇 ( ) 𝑇 (°𝐶)
𝑘𝑔
̇
𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜 (𝑆2 − 𝑆1 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛 ) 𝑢̅2 − 𝑢̅1 = (ℎ̅2 − ℎ̅1 ) − 𝑅𝑢 (𝑍2 𝑇2 − 𝑍1 𝑇1 )
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑔 (𝑇) = 1060.9 + 0.435 𝑇 ( ) 𝑇 (°𝐹) ℎ̅ = 𝑢̅ + 𝑃𝑉̅ = 𝑢̅ + 𝑍𝑅𝑢 𝑇
𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 )𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑅(𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑍𝑠1 )