LOVELY PROFESSIONAL

UNIVERSITY

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pankaj negi
rollno.re6801a23
Regi. 10807965
Prog. B.tech[ece]

Introduction:-
NOISE IN FM :-
To broadcast high quality audio, FM
requires a much larger bandwidth than AM.
Since noise increases with bandwidth, one
would have to ask why FM is ever used.
There are two answers:
 
1.      Most noise is amplitude
modulated, so a properly
designed FM receiver would be
immune to this noise
2.      FM, by its nature, has noise
suppressing characteristics.
 
To remove amplitude modulated noise, FM
receivers have a circuit between the IF
amplifier and the detector known as a
limiter. The limiter is a special type of IF
amplifier whose output amplitude is
constant over a wide range of input
amplitudes. The effect of this stage is to clip
of noise peaks present in the signal, greatly
reducing the noise level of the signal prior to
detection.
 
There is a noise suppression characteristic
inherent to FM that improves its
performance considerably over AM, even
without a limiter circuit. Consider a
broadcast FM signal with and SNR of 3 dB
and a phase shift between the noise and the
signal of 30 degrees. The deviation
corresponding to this phase shift is 7.5 KHz
for the maximum audio frequency (15 KHz).
The total maximum deviation allowed is 75
KHz. Since the output voltage from the
detector is proportional to the deviation, the
noise signal produces an output that is 1/10
(7.5/75) that of the desired signal. Since the
output signal is, in the worst case, 10 times
greater than the output noise, the output
SNR is 10 dB. Demodulation of the FM
signal increases the SNR by 7 dB. This is
quite different from AM, where a  signal
with a 3 dB SNR still has a 3 dB SNR after
demodulation.
 
The inherent noise suppression ability of FM
improves as the modulating frequency is
decreased. In the above example, if the
modulating frequency were limited to 5
KHz, the SNR improvement factor would be
30 or 15 dB. The noise suppression ability
decreases with decreasing DR.
 
PREEMPHASIS: 
We know that the noise suppression ability
of FM decreases as the modulating
frequency increases.  However, in speech
and music, the higher frequency components
are generally the low level components, and
they are more prone to the effects of noise.
To improve this situation, the high
frequency components of the audio signal
are boosted in amplitude relative to the
lower frequency components prior to
modulation. This results in greater deviation
at the higher frequencies and better noise
suppression. This process is known as
preemphasis.  A preemphasis circuit is
typically an RC circuit with a 75 μsec time
constant. The effect of this RC network is to
increase the relative level of a 2.12 KHz
signal by 3 dB and a 15 KHz signal by 17
dB. In order for the demodulated audio to
sound natural at the output of the receiver, a
deemphasis circuit must be placed between
the detector and audio amplifier to attenuate the detector and audio amplifier to attenuate
the higher audio frequencies relative to the the higher audio frequencies relative to the
lower frequencies by the same amount that lower frequencies by the same amount that
they were increased by the preemphasis
they were increased by the preemphasis
circuit. The deemphasis circuit has the same
circuit. The deemphasis circuit has the same time constant as its preemphasis counterpart
time constant as its preemphasis counterpart to ensure that the resulting audio has a
to ensure that the resulting audio has a natural frequency distribution.
natural frequency distribution.  
The diagram below shows typical
preemphasis and deemphasis circuits.