Introduction

Enthalpy of vaporization or heat of vaporization is the energy that must be supplied to

vaporize a mole of molecules in the liquid state. In addition, according to Brown, the enthalpy
(heat) of vaporization ∆𝐻𝑣 is the difference between the molar enthalpies of the saturated vapor
and saturated liquid at a temperature between the triple point and critical point at the corresponding
vapor pressure.
The enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.65kJ/mol or 2.258 kJ/g. In simple term heat of
vaporization is the amount of energy of water absorb in order to turn to gas state. This means that
1g of water at 100℃ must absorb 2.258 kJ to turn to gas phase at 100℃. The enthalpy of
vaporization is endothermic since the water absorb energy from the surroundings.
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation is used to find the enthalpy of vaporization. Moreover,
−∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 1
ln 𝑃 = ( )+𝐶
𝑅 𝑇
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
is the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, where ln P is the natural logarithm of the vapor pressure,
∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 is the heat of vaporization, R is the universal gas constant ( 8.3144 𝐽 ∙ 𝐾 −1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ), T is the
absolute temperature in Kelvin and C is the constant.
A straight line is form in plotting lnP vs. 1/T. The slope of the line is the−∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝 /𝑅.

Inverted Cylinder Method was used in measuring the vapor pressure, which a half-filled
cylinder was immersed upside down in a beaker of water.

Define enthalpy of vaporization

Define the mechanism of the processes
Define the principle in relation to the graphs that will be shown in discussion
Method 1: Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Inverted Cylinder Method

Methodology
 Figure 1. Experimental Set-Up
Image Source: http://www2.ohlone.edu/people/jklent/labs/101a_labs/clausius-clapeyron.pdf

Materials:
Distilled water Iron Ring Thermometer
Wire Gauze Ice Stirrer
Rubber Tubing Bunsen Burner Basin
1L Beaker Iron Stand 100 & 10 mL Graduated Cylinder
Procedure:
The materials needed for the experiment were prepared and the glassware were thoroughly
cleaned. A set-up the same as Figure 1 was set. The barometric pressure was first recorded. The
1000mL beaker was filled with 900mL water. The 10mL graduated cylinder was filled with 7-
8mL water. The top portion of the 10mL graduated cylinder was covered with a finger. The
graduated cylinder was flip rapidly and was submerged to the beaker. Once it was submerged in
the beaker, the finger was removed and it was ensure that there was 4-5mL volume of trapped air.
The water was heated by using a Bunsen burner up to 80 degrees Celsius or until the air expanded
beyond the graduated cylinder scale. The heat source was turned off after achieving the desired
temperature. The water in the beaker was stirred using a stirring rod and the air inside the cylinder
was observed. The temperature and the volume of the gas in the cylinder were recorded, both in
nearest 0.1 degrees and 0.1 mL, respectively. The temperature and volumes were recorded every
5 degrees Celsius drop of the water. The temperature in the beaker was ensured to be uniform,
thus, good stirring was conducted. After the 6th reading, the temperature was lowered to 5 degrees
Celsius or lower. Half of water from the beaker were siphoned using the rubber tubing and made
sure that the inverted cylinder was not disturb. The beaker was filled with ice and was stirred. At
the desired lower temperature the volume and temperature were recorded. This procedure was
repeated for three trials.