The ASQ Pocket Guide to Statistics for Six Sigma Black Belts
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About this ebook
The methods presented here are laid out according to the Six Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) phases in which they are typically used. Included in appendices are a flowchart that provides the correct statistical test for a given use and type; flowcharts depicting the five steps for hypothesis testing; the statistical formulas in tables to serve as a quick reference; and statistical tables.
Matthew A. Barsalou
Matthew A. Barsalou is employed by BorgWarner Turbo Systems Engineering GmbH, where he provides engineering teams with support and training in quality related tools and methods, including statistical analysis. His certifications include TÜV quality management representative, quality manager, quality auditor, and ISO/TS 16949 quality auditor, as well as ASQ certifications as quality technician, quality engineer, and Six Sigma Black Belt. He is certified as a Lean Six Sigma Mater Black Belt by Smarter Solutions, Inc. He is the editor of the ASQ Statistics Division s newsletter Statistics Digest and a frequent contributor to Quality Digest and the Minitab Blog, and has published in German, American, and British quality journals.
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The ASQ Pocket Guide to Statistics for Six Sigma Black Belts - Matthew A. Barsalou
Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1
Define
Chapter 2
Measure
Types of Data and Measurement Scales
Samples and Populations
Probability
Binomial Distribution
Bayes’ Theorem
Descriptive Statistics
Capability and Performance Studies
Measurement System Analysis
Chapter 3
Analyze
Hypothesis Testing
Tests of Population Means
Confidence Intervals for Means
Chi-Square Test of Population Variance
F-Test for the Variance of Two Samples
Simple Linear Regression
Test of Differences Between Means (ANOVA)
Chapter 4
Improve
Design of Experiments
Chapter 5
Control
Statistical Process Control
Chapter 6
Conclusion
Appendix A
Hypothesis Test Selection
Appendix B
Quick Reference for Formulas
Appendix C
Statistical Tables
Appendix D
Statistical Process Control Constants
References
The ASQ Pocket Guide to Statistics for Six Sigma Black Belts
Matthew A. Barsalou
ASQ Quality Press
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
American Society for Quality, Quality Press, Milwaukee 53203
© 2015 by ASQ
All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Barsalou, Matthew A., 1975–
The ASQ pocket guide to statistics for six sigma black belts / Matthew A. Barsalou.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-87389-893-5 (alk. paper)
1. Six sigma (Quality control standard) 2. Quality control—Statistical methods. I. American
Society for Quality II. Title.
TS156.17.S59B37 2015
658.4′013—dc23
2014037778
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Publisher: Lynelle Korte
Acquisitions Editor: Matt Meinholz
Managing Editor: Paul Daniel O’Mara
Production Administrator: Randall Benson
ASQ Mission: The American Society for Quality advances individual, organizational, and community excellence worldwide through learning, quality improvement, and knowledge exchange.
Attention Bookstores, Wholesalers, Schools, and Corporations: ASQ Quality Press books, videotapes, audiotapes, and software are available at quantity discounts with bulk purchases for business, educational, or instructional use. For information, please contact ASQ Quality Press at 800-248-1946, or write to ASQ Quality Press, P.O. Box 3005, Milwaukee, WI 53201-3005.
To place orders or to request a free copy of the ASQ Quality Press Publications Catalog, including ASQ membership information, call 800-248-1946. Visit our Web site at www.asq.org or http://www.asq.org/quality-press.
ASQ-Logo-QPress-address-K.jpgDedicated to my sisters, Lynne M. Barsalou and Misty A. D’Amours.
Preface
Just over half a decade before the arrival of Six Sigma, William J. Diamond (1981) wrote, The best experiment designs result from the combined efforts of a skilled experimenter, who has had basic training in experiment design methods, and of a skilled statistician, who has had training in engineering or science. The statistician alone cannot design good experiments in every possible discipline; neither can the scientist or engineer who is untrained in statistical experiment design be a good experiment designer.
Today, Six Sigma Black Belts are expected to have the skills of a good experimenter, possessing both a deep understanding of statistics and a knowledge of the industry in which they work.
This does not mean a Six Sigma Black Belt must know everything; the Six Sigma project team should include experts with the required detailed technical knowledge of the process being improved. A Six Sigma Black Belt can also consult with a Master Black Belt or a statistician for additional support with statistical methods.
The ASQ Pocket Guide to Statistics for Six Sigma Black Belts is written for the Six Sigma Black Belt who needs an understanding of many statistical methods but does not use all of these methods every day. A Six Sigma Black Belt who has not had to use a specific statistical test in several years should be able to quickly find the required formula and a brief explanation of the statistical procedure.
Acknowledgments
This book would not have been possible without the support of many people. I would like to thank Lynetta Campbell (lkcampbell@aol.com) for keeping my statistics straight. I would also like to thank Jim Frost from Minitab for his assistance in providing clear conclusions for hypothesis tests, and Eston Martz and Michelle Paret from Minitab for providing me with a DOE data set. I am also grateful to Dean Christolear of CpkInfo.com for letting me use his Z-score table, and Rick Haynes of Smarter Solutions (www.smartersolutions.com) for providing me with the templates to create the other statistical tables.
Introduction
Six Sigma projects have five phases: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. The statistical methods presented here are laid out according to the phase in which they are typically used. This book is intended to present the statistics of Six Sigma; however, it would be negligent to fail to mention the phases in which the methods are applied.
Chapter 1 briefly covers the Define phase. Chapter 2 covers