CHAPTER 2

DIFFERENTIATION

2.1 Differentiation of hyperbolic functions

2.2 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric

functions

2.3 Differentiation of inverse hyperbolic functions

*Recall: Methods of differentiation

- Chain rule
- Product differentiation
- Quotient differentiation
- Implicit differentiation

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2.1 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

Recall: Definition:

e x + e-x
cosh x =
2

e x − e-x
sinh x =
2

sinh x e x − e-x
tanh x = = x
cosh x e + e-x

1 cosh x
coth x = =
tanh x sinh x
1
cosech x =
sinh x

1
sech x =
cosh x

2
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

Example 2.1: Find the derivatives of

(a) sinh x (b) cosh x (c) tanh x

Solution:

d d ⎛ e x − e −x ⎞
(a) sinh x = ⎜ ⎟
dx dx ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
⎠

1
= ( e x + e − x ) = cosh x
2

d d ⎛ e x + e −x ⎞
(b) cosh x = ⎜ ⎟
dx dx ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
⎠

1
= ( e x − e − x ) = sinh x
2

3
 d d ⎛ e x − e −x ⎞
(c) tanh x = ⎜ ⎟
dx dx ⎜⎝ e x + e − x ⎟
⎠
Using quotient diff:

=
( e x + e − x )( e x + e − x )− ( e x − e − x )( e x − e − x )
(e + e )
x −x 2

e 2 x + e −2 x + 2 − e 2 x − e −2 x + 2
=
(e x
+e −x
) 2

2
4 ⎛ 2 ⎞
= ⎜
=⎜ ⎟
(e x
+e −x
) 2
⎝ e x
+ e(−x
) ⎟
⎠

2
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = sech 2 x
⎝ cosh x ⎠

Using the same methods, we can obtain the derivatives

of the other hyperbolic functions and these gives us the
standard derivatives.

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 Standard Derivatives

y = f ( x) dy
= f ′( x)
dx

cosh x sinh x

sinh x cosh x

tanh x sech 2 x

sech x −sech x tanh x

cosech x −cosech x coth x

coth x −cosech 2 x

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Example 2.2:
1.Find the derivatives of the following functions:

a)

b)
c)

2. Find the derivatives of the following functions:

(a) y = cosh ( 3x ) (b) r = sinh(2t 2 − 1)

(c) g ( x ) = ( x − 1)3 sech 2 x (d) y = tanh(ln x)

3.(Implicit differentiation)

dy
Find from the following expressions:
dx

(a) x = y 2 sinh 4 x + cosh y

(b) y = tanh ( x + y )

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2.2 Differentiation Involving Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

Recall: Definition of inverse trigonometric functions

Function Domain Range

sin −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 π π
− ≤ y≤
2 2

cos −1 x −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0 ≤ y ≤π

tan −1 x −∞ < x < ∞ π π

− < y<
2 2

sec−1 x x ≥1 π π
0≤ y< ∪ < y <π
2 2

cot −1 x −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ 0 < y <π

cosec −1 x x ≥1 π π
− < y < 0∪0 < y <
2 2

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Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Standard Derivatives:

d −1 1
1. (sin x) =
dx 1− x2
d −1 −1
2. (cos x) =
dx 1− x2
d −1 1
3. (tan x)=
dx 1+ x 2
d −1 −1
4. (cot x)=
dx 1+ x 2
d −1 1
5. (sec x)=
dx x x 2 −1

d −1 −1
6. (csc x)=
dx x x 2 −1

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2.2.1 Derivatives of y = sin −1 x . (proof)

Recall: y = sin −1 x ⇔ x = sin y

for x ∈ [−1, 1] and y ∈ [ − π 2 , π 2] .

Because the sine function is differentiable on

[ − π 2 , π 2] , the inverse function is also differentiable.

To find its derivative we proceed implicitly:

Given sin y = x . Differentiating w.r.t. x:

d d
(sin y ) = ( x)
dx dx
dy
cos y =1
dx
dy 1
∴ =
dx cos y
π π
Since − ≤ y≤ , cos y ≥ 0 , so
2 2
dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx cos y 1 − sin 2 y 1 − x2

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Example 2.3:
1. Differentiate each of the following functions.
(a) f ( x) = tan −1 x

(b) g (t ) = sin −1 (1 − t )

(c) h( x) = sec−1 e 2 x

2. Find the derivative of:

(a) y = (tan −1 x 2 ) 4

(b) f ( x) = ln(sin −1 4 x)

3. Find the derivative of y = tan −1 (tan(3t 2 − 1)) .

dy
4. Find the derivative if
dx
(a) x tan −1 y = x 2 + y

π
(b) sin −1 ( xy) + = cos−1 y
2

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Summary
If u is a differentiable function of x, then

d 1 du
sin −1 u = •
1. dx 1 − u 2 dx

d 1 du
cos−1 u = − •
2. dx 1 − u 2 dx

d −1 1 du
3. dx tan u = 1 + u 2 • dx

d −1 1 du
cot u = − •
4. dx 1 + u 2 dx

d −1 1 du
5. dx sec u = •
u u 2 − 1 dx

d −1 1 du
6. dx csc u = − •
u u 2 − 1 dx

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2.3 Derivatives of Inverse hyperbolic Functions
Recall: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Function Domain Range

y = sinh −1 x ( −∞ , ∞ ) ( −∞ , ∞ )

y = cosh −1 x [1, ∞ ) [ 0 ,∞ )

y = tanh −1 x (−1, 1) ( −∞ , ∞ )

y = coth −1 x ( −∞ , −1 ) ∪ ( 1 , ∞ ) ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ )

y = sech−1 x (0, 1] [ 0 ,∞ )

y = cosech−1x ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ ) ( −∞ , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , ∞ )

Function Logarithmic form

y = sinh −1 x (
ln x + x 2 + 1 )
y = cosh −1 x ln ( x + x −1)
2

y = tanh −1 x 1 ⎛ 1+ x ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟; x < 1
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠

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 d 1
2.3.1 Proof: ( (sinh −1 x) = )
dx 1+ x 2

Recall: y = sinh −1 x ⇔ x = sinh y

To find its derivative we proceed implicitly:

¾ Given x = sinh y . Differentiating w.r.t. x:

d d
( x) = (sinh y )
dx dx

dy
1 = cosh y
dx
dy 1
∴ =
dx cosh y

¾ Since − ∞ < y < ∞ , cosh y ≥ 0 , so using the identity

cosh 2 y − sinh 2 y = 1:

dy 1 1 1
= = =
dx cosh y 1 + sinh2 y 1+ x 2

d 1
∴ (sinh −1 x) =
dx 1 + x2

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¾ Other ways to obtain the derivatives are:

(a) y = sinh −1 x ⇔ x = sinh y then

e y − e− y dy
x= . Hence, find .
2 dx

(
(b) y = sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 .)
Hence, find dy .
dx

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 Standard Derivatives

Function, y dy
Derivatives,
dx

sinh −1 x 1
x2 + 1

cosh −1 x 1
; x >1
x −1
2

tanh −1 x 1
; x <1
1− x 2

coth −1 x 1
; x >1
1− x 2

sech −1 x −
1
; 0 < x <1
x 1− x 2

cosech−1x 1
; x≠0
x 1+ x 2

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 Generalised Form

y = f (u ); dy dy du
= ⋅
u = g ( x) dx du dx
sinh −1 u 1 du
u 2 + 1 dx

cosh −1u 1 du
; u >1
u − 1 dx
2

tanh −1 u 1 du
; u <1
1 − u dx
2

coth −1u 1 du
; u >1
1 − u dx
2

sech −1u −
1 du
; 0 < u <1
u 1− u 2 dx

cosech−1u 1 du
; u≠0
u 1+ u 2 dx

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Example 2.4: Find the derivatives of

(a) y = sinh −1 (1 − 3x)

⎛1⎞
(b) y = cosh −1⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠

(c) y = e xsech −1x

(d) y = sinh −1 (tan 3x)

−1 2
(e) f (t ) = tanh t
1 − sec t

(f) y = coth −1 u

(g) y = cos 4 x cosh −1 4 x

(h) y 3 − sinh −1 xy = 0

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