J O H N H. HALTON
Brookhaven National Laboratory f Upton,, Long Island, New York
1. INTRODUCTION
equivalent to
(3) v(p) = 1.
2. A THEOREM OF M. WARD
and
1967] WITH SQUARE FIBONACCI NUMBERS 349
K') = (-Dt 1
(9) -If) (modp)
T h e identities
2
(ID F
•.-^IHTff )"!
=
(12) F^i = F^ + F ^ .
<14> ^ + (-l)n = F n _ i r n + 1 .
and
(15) 3F2 + 2 ( - l ) n = F2 + F2 ,
v
' n n-l n+l
a r e well known (see [ 8 ] , equations (3), (5), (64), (65), (67), and (95) with
m = l)o F r o m then it follows that (since (1 ±V5) 2 = 2(3 ± V5) )
350 SOME P R O P E R T I E S ASSOCIATED [Nov9
,T\"2Q
il6)
=F4n/F2n = F f f i . i + F 2 n + 1 = 2F2 + F ^ + F ^
w e get that
Also, (F
y- 1, F ) = 1, so B m u s t divide p;? that i s , B i s 1 o r p;
mi mi ^ ^'
and again D i s 1 o r p . It follows that F , too, i s a s q u a r e o r p t i m e s
1 J,
a square. Arguing s i m i l a r l y , we s e e that, if m = p m , then F is a
s q u a r e o r p t i m e s a square,, T h i s will continue until (m ,p) = 1, and then,
S
t
by (i) 1 ^ m < M. But then, b y (ii), if p m = m . i s the l e a s t such n u m -
" S S S —L
4. PYTHAGOREAN RELATIONS
(18) x2 + y2 = z2
Conjecture 3 l e a d s us to e x a m i n e the p r o p e r t i e s of F i b o n a c c i n u m b e r s
F , which a r e s q u a r e s or twice s q u a r e s , for odd i n t e g e r s m. We obtain
the following r a t h e r r e m a r k a b l e r e s u l t s .
T h e o r e m D, If m i s odd, F i s a s q u a r e if and only if t h e r e are
i n t e g e r s r , s, and t, such that m = 12r ± 1 , s > t ^ 0, s i s odd, t is
even, (s, t) = 1, and
(20) F 6 r = 2st, F 6 r ± 1 = s 2 - t2 .
a
Thus F i s a s q u a r e if and only if F ^ , F2n±i» ^ d A/F~~ f o r m a P y t h a g o r -
ean t r i p l e t . Since ( F 2 n , F 2 n ±i) = 1» u = 1, and this p a i r is (s 2 - t 2 ) and
2 2 2
2st, while F ^ i = . ( s ± t ) » T h i s gives that s and t a r e mutually p r i m e
and of different p a r i t i e s , with s ^ t > 0. By (12), F ^ i = F2 + F2 . Since
(F , F ) = 1, not both n u m b e r s a r e even, whence F 2 n : ti is e i t h e r odd o r
the s u m of two odd s q u a r e s , which m u s t be of the f o r m 8k + 2. Since 2st is
divisible by 4, it follows that
(23) F 6 r = s 2 - t2, F 6 r ± 3 = 2 s t .
F + F F F F F
6r+2 6r+l ~ 6r+3» 6r+2 " 6r+i ~ 6r »
(24)
F 6 r _ 2 + F 6 r „j; = F 6 r , F 6 r „ 2 - Fg-p.j = - F 6 r _ 3 .
2 +
F 1 2 r ^ 3 ~ (F 6r -t2 F6r:tl) + (F6r±2 " F6r±1)
25
( ) = F2 + F2
x
6r 6 r±3
REFERENCES
1. B r o t h e r U. Alfred, "On Square Lucas N u m b e r s , " The Fibonacci Q u a r t e r l y ,
Vol. 2, (1964), pp. 11-12.
2. S. A. B u r r , "On the O c c u r r e n c e of Squares in L u c a s Sequences, " A. M. S.
Notices (Abstract 63T-302) 10 (1963), p . 367.
3. L. C a r l i t z , Solution to P r o b l e m H-24, T h e Fibonacci Q u a r t e r l y , Vol. 2,
(1964) pp. 205-207.
4. R. D. C a r m i c h a e l , "On the N u m e r i c a l F a c t o r s of t h e A r i t h m e t i c F o r m
1 n
a ± fi , " Ann, Math. , Vol. 15 (1913-14), pp. 30-70.
5. J . H. E. Cohn, "On Square F i b o n a c c i N u m b e r s , " P r o c . , 1963 N u m b e r
T h e o r y Conf. (Boulder, 1963), pp. 51-53.
6. J . H. E. Cohn, "Square Fibonacci N u m b e r s , E t c . , " T h e Fibonacci Q u a r -
t e r l y , Vol. 2, (1964), pp. 109-113.
7. J . H. E. Cohn, "On Square Fibonacci N u n b e r s , " J o u r . Lond. Math. Soc. ,
Vol. 39, (1964), pp. 537-540.
8. J . H. Halton, "On a G e n e r a l Fibonacci Identity," T h e Fibonacci Q u a r t e r l y ,
Vol. 3, (1965), pp. 3 1 - 4 3 .
9. J . H. Halton, "On T h e Divisibility P r o p e r t i e s of F i b o n a c c i N u m b e r s , " The
Fibonacci Q u a r t e r l y , Vol. 4, (1966), O c t . , pp. 217-240.
10. G. H. Hardy, E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the T h e o r y of N u m b e r s ,
(Clarendon P r e s s , Oxford, 1962).
11. L. M o s e r , L. C a r l i t z , P r o b l e m H - 2 , The F i b o n a c c i Q u a r t e r l y , Vol. 1,
No. 1, (Feb. 1963), p . 46.
12. A. P . Rollett, P r o b l e m 5080, A m e r . Math. Monthly, Vol. 70, (1963), p .
216.
13. M. Ward, P r o b l e m H-24, The F i b o n a c c i Q u a r t e r l y , Vol. 1, No. 4, (Dec.
1963), p. 47.
1967] .WITH SQUARE FIBONACCI NUMBERS 355
• • • • •
P I C K I N G AUAY AT 1967
CHARLES U. TRIGG