International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD)

ISSN (P): 2249-6890; ISSN (E): 2249-8001
Vol. 8, Issue 4, Aug 2018, 1145-1154
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF CASSON

FLUID OVER AN EXPONENTIALLY POROUS STRETCHING

SURFACE IN PRESENCE OF THERMAL RADIATION

T. HYMAVATHI1 & W. SRIDHAR2

1
Department of Mathematics, Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT

The present paper aims to study the of flow and heat transfer of anon Newtonian Casson fluid that passes an
exponentially porous stretching surface in the presence of thermal radiation. Using similarity transformations the
governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations and solved using an implicit
finite difference scheme known as a Keller Box method. It is observed that increasing values of Casson-parameter
decreases the velocity and increases the temperature field. Radiation parameter increases the thermal diffusivity and

Original Article
temperature. Skin friction increases with an increase in suction.

KEYWORDS: Casson Fluid, Heat Transfer, Keller Box Method, Exponentially Stretching Surface & Thermal Radiation

Received: May 18, 2018; Accepted: Jun 08, 2018; Published: Aug 21, 2018; Paper Id: IJMPERDAUG2018118

1. INTRODUCTION

The study of boundary layer flow over a stretching surface is of considerable interest because of their
importance in the industry. In the available literature, Gupta et al. [1] discussed the heat and mass transfer on a
stretching sheet with suction or blowing. After a few years, Magyari et al.[2] investigated the heat and mass
transfer in the boundary layers on an exponential continuous surface. Elbashbeshy [3] discussed the heat transfer
over an exponentially stretching continuous surface with suction. Dash et al. [4] discussed the Casson fluid flow in
a pipe filled with homogeneous porous medium. Sajid et al.[5] investigated the influence of thermal radiation on
the boundary layer flow due to an exponentially stretching sheet. Bidin et al. [6] discussed the numerical solution
on the boundary layer flow over an exponentially stretching sheet with thermal radiation. El-Aziz [7] discussed the
mixed convection flow of a micropolar fluid past an exponentially stretching sheet. Nadeem et al. [8] discussed the
effects of thermal radiation on the boundary layer flow of a Jeffery fluid over an exponentially stretching surface.
Mukhopadhyay[9] discussed the unsteady boundary layer flow and heat transfer past a porous stretching sheet in
the presence of variable viscosity and thermal diffusivity. Ishak et al.[10] discussed the radiation effect on
hydromagnetic boundary layer flow due to an exponentially stretching sheet.

Flow and heat transfer that pass an exponentially stretching sheet had wider applications in the industry.
For example, in the case of annealing and thinning of copper wires, the final product depends on the rate of heat
transfer at the stretching surface with variations in velocity and temperature distribution exponentially. The quality

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1146 T. Hymavathi & W. Sridhar

of the final product depends on the kinematics of stretching and the simultaneous heating/cooling.

Recently, Mukhopadhyay[11] discussed the slip effects on unsteady mixed convective flow and heat transfer over
a stretching surface in the presence of the porous medium. Hayat et al.[12] studied the boundary layer flow of an unsteady
Casson fluid due to an impulsively started moving flat plate. Bhattacharyya[13] studied the boundary layer flow and heat
transfer over an exponentially shrinking sheet usinga shooting method. The analysis reveals the conditions for the existence
of steady boundary layer flow due to exponential shrinking of the sheet and it is found that when the mass suction
parameter exceeds a certain critical value, steady flow is possible. Vajravelu et al. [14] analyzedthe unsteady flow of a
Maxwell fluid at a stretching surface with transpiration and internal heat generation/ absorption using shooting method.

In general, suction tends to increase the skin friction where as blowing acts in the opposite direction. Suction or
blowing of a fluid through the boundary surface can significantly change the flow field. The process of suction and
blowing are important in many engineering problems. For example, in designing of the thrust bearing and radial diffusers
and thermal oil recovery. Suction is applied to chemical process to remove the reactants discussed by
SwathyMukhopadhyay [9,11,14]. Blowing is used to add reactants which cools down the surface, prevent the corrosion or
scaling and reduce the drag. The radiation effect due to heat transfer on fluid flow is important in high temperature process.
Pramanik [15] discussed the boundary layer flow of a non-Newtonian Casson fluid accompanied by heat transfer toward an
exponentially stretching surface in presence of suction or blowing at the surface using fourth order classical Runge–Kutta
method with step-size h = 0.01. Bala Anki Reddy [17] discussed the boundary layer slip flow of a hydromagneticCasson
fluid over an exponentially stretching surface in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reactions using the Runge -
Kutta method with shooting technique.

The purpose of the present work is to extend the flow and heat transfer of a Casson fluid in a boundary layer over
an exponentially porous stretching surface in the presence of thermal radiation numerically. The numerical technique was
given in detail by Cebeci et al. [16] in the book physical and computational aspects of convective heat transfer Using
similar transformations, the momentum and energy equations are converted into ordinary differential equations and solved
numerically using an implicit finite different method known as a Keller Box method.

2. EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Consider the boundary layer flow of a steady incompressible viscous fluid past a flat sheet coinciding with the
plane y = 0. The fluid flow is confined to y> 0. Two equal and opposite forces are applied along the x axis so that the wall
is stretched keeping the origin fixed (see Figure 1). The rheological equation of state for an isotropic and incompressible
Casson fluid is

Figure 1

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Numerical Study of Flow and Heat Transfer of Casson Fluid 1147
Over an Exponentially Porous Stretching Surface
in Presence of Thermal Radiation
2( + /√2 ) , >
={ (1)
2( + / 2 ) , <

Here π = eijeijand eij, is the (i, j) component of the deformation rate, π is the product of the component of the
deformation rate with itself, πc is a critical value of this product based on the non-Newtonian model, µ Bis plastic dynamic
viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid, and Pyis the yield stress of the fluid. The continuity, momentum(Mustafa et al.[12]),
and energy equations governing such type of flow are governed by

∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y (2)

∂u ∂u  1  ∂ 2u
u + v = v  1 + 
∂x ∂y  β  ∂ y 2 (3)

∂T ∂T k ∂ 2T 1 ∂q r
u + v = −
∂x ∂y ρC p ∂y 2 ρC p ∂y (4)

where, u and v are the components of velocity respectively in the x and y directions, υ is the kinematic viscosity,
ρ is the fluid density (assumed constant), = 2 / is the non-Newtonian parameter of the Casson fluid, k is the

thermal diffusion coefficient of the fluid, qr is radiative heat flux and cp is the specific heat.

Using Rosseland approximation for radiation (Brewster [18]), writing

!" #
=− ∗ !

Where σ is the Stefan-Boltzman constant and $ ∗ is the absorption coefficient.

Assuming that the temperature difference within the flow is such that T4 may be expanded in a Taylor series and
expanding T4 about T∞and neglecting the higher order terms, we have

% ≡ 4%∞ % − 3%∞

Therefore equation (4) becomes

∂T ∂T k ∂ 2T 16σT∞3 ∂ 2 T
u +v = + (5)
∂x ∂ y ρ C p ∂ y 2 3 ρ C p k * ∂y 2

2.1 Boundary Conditions

The appropriate boundary conditions for the problem are given by

) = *, + = −,(-), % = %. /01 = 0 (6)

/31 → ∞, ) → 0, % → %6 (7)
8 8
Here * = *7 9 is the stretching velocity (Magyari et al.[2]),%. = %∞ + %7 :9 is the temperature at the sheet, U0
8
and T0 are the reference velocity and temperature respectively. ,(-) = ,7 :9 is a special type of velocity at the
wallbhattacharya[13] with V0 as constant. The meaning of V0 is V(x)>0 is the velocity suction and V(x)<0 is the velocity

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1148 T. Hymavathi & W. Sridhar

blowing.

2.2 Method of Solution

Introducing the following similarity transformations

=> 8
;=< :9 1
?@A

8
* = *7 9 B ′ (;)

@=> 8
v = −< :9 EB(;) + ;B ′ (;)F (8)
?A

8
% = %∞ + %7 :9 G(;)

The dimensionless problem reduces to

J
H1 + L B ′′′ + BB ′′ − 2B ′? = 0 (9)
K

M
H1 + L G ′′ + Pr (BG ′ − GB ′ ) = 0 (10)

and the boundary conditions take the following form

/0; = 0, B = P, G = 1, B ′ = 1 (11)

/3; → ∞, B ′ → 0, G → 0 (12)

=> @ "∞R T U
Where P = +7 /< >0 or (<0 ) is the suction or (blowing) parameter,Q = ∗ and S = is the Prandtl
?A

number.

2.3 Numerical Procedure

Equation subject to boundary conditions is solved numerically using an implicit-finite difference scheme known
as a Keller Box method, as described by Cebeci and Bradshaw[16]. The steps followed are

• Reduce (9)-(10) to a first order equation.

• Write the different equations using central differences.

• Linearize the resulting algebraic equation by Newton’s method and write on matrix vector form.

• Solve the linear system. By blocking tridiagonal elimination technique.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A comparative study is made to the accuracy of the applied numerical method corresponding to the values of heat
transfer coefficient [–θ’(0)] for Newtonian fluid in the absence of suction/blowing (S=0) with the available literature
Magyari and Keller [2] and Pramanik [15]. The result seems to be good in the agreement.

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Numerical Study of Flow and Heat Transfer of Casson Fluid 1149
Over an Exponentially Porous Stretching Surface
in Presence of Thermal Radiation
Table 1: Values of Wall Temperature [–θ’(0)] for Various
Values of Prandtl Number for Newtonian Fluid (β→∞)
Pr Margyari and Keller[2] Pramanik[15] Present Results(at N=0, S=0)
1 0.9548 0.9547 0.954824
2 -- 1.4714 1.471470
3 1.8691 1.8691 1.869089
5 2.5001 2.5001 2.500164
10 3.6604 3.6603 3.660481

Table 2: Values of Wall Temperature [–θ’(0)] for Various Values of

Prandtl Number in Presence of Thermal Radiation (β→∞)
Pramanik[15] Pramanik[15] Present Study
Pr N=1, S=0
N=0.5, S=0 N=1, S=0 N=0.5, S=0
1 0.6765 0.5315 0.6765 0.5315
2 1.0734 0.8626 1.0735 0.8627
3 1.3807 1.1213 1.3807 1.1214

The value for the skin friction f’’ (0) for Newtonian fluid (β=0) is 1.281750 in the present study, which is
compared with Magyari and keller[2], f’’(0)=1.281812 which is good in the agreement. In order to analyze the results,
numerical computations have been carried out using the method described in previous section for various values of β, S, N
and Pr. The graphs are plotted in the figure 2 (a) &2 (b). It is observed that velocity is found to be decreasing with an
increase in Casson parameter β. The momentum boundary layer thickness decreases with increase in Casson parameter β is
observed. Fluid velocity is much more suppressed in case of suction(S=0.5) than that of blowing(S=-0.5) shown in the
figure 2(b)

for newtonian case with S=0,N=0,Pr=0.7

1
β=0.5
0.9
β=1.0
β=2.0
0.8

0.7

0.6
f '(η )

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Figure 2a: Velocity Profiles with Casson Parameter (Newtonian Case)

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1150 T. Hymavathi & W. Sridhar

N=0.1,Pr=0.7
1
β=0.5 at S=-0.5
0.9
β=1 at S=-0.5
0.8
β=2 at S=-0.5
β=0.5 at S=0.5
0.7 β=1 at S=0.5
β=2 at S=0.5
0.6

f '(η )
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Figure 2b: Velocity Profiles with Casson Parameter when

Suction/Blowing is Present at N=0.1

The temperature profiles for various values of Casson parameter β is plotted in the figure 2(b). The thermal
boundary layer thickness increases with increase in β. Increase in temperature field is much more pronounced in case of
blowing(S=-0.5) than that of suction(S=0.5) shown in 2(c).

at N=0.1,Pr=0.7
1
β=0.5 at S=-0.5
0.9
β=1 at S=-0.5
0.8
β=2 at S=-0.5
β=0.5 at S=0.5
0.7 β=1 at S=0.5
β=2 at S=0.5
0.6
θ (η )

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Figure 2c: Temperature Variations with Casson Parameter

in Presence of Suction/Blowing

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Numerical Study of Flow and Heat Transfer of Casson Fluid 1151
Over an Exponentially Porous Stretching Surface
in Presence of Thermal Radiation
β=2,Pr=0.7,N=0.1
1
S=-1
0.9 S=-0.5
S=0
0.8
S=0.5
S=1
0.7

0.6

f'(η )
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Figure 3a: Velocity Profiles for Various Values of

Suction/Blowing Parameter S

The effect of suction / blowing parameter S on velocity profiles is shown in the figure 3(a). The velocity decreases
with increase in suction, whereas velocity is found to increase with blowing. It is observed that, when the wall
suction(S>0) is considered, this causes a decrease in the boundary layer thickness and the velocity field is reduced. S=0
represents the non-porous stretching sheet. Opposite behaviour is noted for blowing(S<0). Which means that for such
behaviour, stronger blowing is provided, the heated fluid is pushed farther from the wall which due to less influence of
viscosity, the flow is accelerated. This effect acts to increase maximum velocity within the boundary layer. The same is
applied in the reverse direction in case of suction

The temperature profiles for variable suction/blowing parameter S is shown in the figure 3 (b). It is observed that
temperature decreases with an increase in suction, whereas it increases when blowing. Temperature overshoot is noted for
blowing. Due to suction, temperature field is much more suppressed. In general, the effect of suction is to make the
velocity and temperature distribution more uniform within the boundary layer.

Pr=0.7,N=0.1,β=2
1
S=-1
0.9 S=-0.5
S=0
0.8
S=0.5
S=1
0.7

0.6
θ (η )

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Figure 3b: Temperature Profiles with Suction/Blowing Parameter S

The effect of Prandtl number Pr on temperature profiles when S=0.5 of suction at the boundary shown in the
figure 4(a). Temperature is found to be decreasing with an increase in Prandtl number. An increase inPrandtl number

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1152 T. Hymavathi & W. Sridhar

reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness.

β=2,S=0.5,N=0.1
1
Pr=0.5
0.9 Pr=0.7
Pr=1.0
0.8
Pr=2.0
Pr=3.0
0.7

0.6

θ (η )
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Figure 4a: Temperature with Variations in Prandtl Number

in Presence of Suction Parameter S

S=-0.5,β=2,N=0.1
1
Pr=0.5
0.9 Pr=0.7
Pr=1.0
0.8
Pr=2.0
Pr=3.0
0.7

0.6
θ (η )

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
η

Figure 4b: Temperature with Variations in Prandtl Number in

Presence of Blowing Parameter S

The effect of Prandtl number Pr on temperature profiles when S=-0.5 of blowing at the boundary shown in the
figure 4(b). Temperature is found to be decreasing with increase in Prandtl number.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The numerical study of flow and heat transfer of Casson fluid over an exponentially porous stretching surface in
the presence of thermal radiationis analyzed. The main findings of this investigation may be summarized as

• Thermal boundary thickness increases with an increase in Casson Parameter whereas Momentum boundary layer
thickness decreases.

• The effect of suction on viscous incompressible fluid is to decrease the velocity field which causes the increment
of skin-friction.

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Numerical Study of Flow and Heat Transfer of Casson Fluid 1153
Over an Exponentially Porous Stretching Surface
in Presence of Thermal Radiation
• Skin-friction is higher for suction than blowing.

• Increase in the Prandtl number, temperature decreases and reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness.

• The surface shear stress increases with an increase in Casson parameter.

• As radiation parameter increases, Temperature increases.

It is hopeful that the present investigation will contribute a better understanding of the flow dynamics and heat, and
mass transfer of Casson fluid flow over an exponential stretching surface as well as real application.

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3. Elbashbeshy EMA. Heat transfer over an exponentially stretching continuous surface with suction. Arch Mech VOl53,2001, pp
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