Construction and Building Materials 138 (2017) 479–485

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Preparation and performance evaluation of an innovative pervious

concrete pavement
Jiusu Li a,⇑, Yi Zhang a, Guanlan Liu b, Xinghai Peng a
a
School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, 410114 Changsha, PR China
b
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA

h i g h l i g h t s

High strength pervious concrete pavement based on reactive powder concrete.

Solution of low strength, high likelihood clogging and inconvenient maintenance.

Characteristics of high compressive strength and favorable permeability.

Combination of efficient drainage and clogging-preventing in precast concrete pavement system.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The low strength, high likelihood for clogging and inconvenient maintenance are three main challenges
Received 9 December 2016 for the wider application of pervious concrete pavement. To overcome these challenges, a high strength
Received in revised form 26 January 2017 pervious concrete (HSPC) pavement was designed and prepared by introducing reactive powder concrete
Accepted 30 January 2017
(RPC) as the matrix in addition to constructing accessible pores. Optimized mix proportion of RPC and the
porosity were also evaluated in the design and preparation stage. After successful production of HSPC, its
performance (e.g. compressive strength, permeability) was evaluated via multiple mechanical and phys-
Keywords:
ical tests. As for the experimental results for HSPC, its 7 days compressive strength peaked at 61.37 MPa
Reactive powder concrete
Permeable pavement
together with a 13.02 mm/s corresponding permeability coefficient, which indicates a favorable perfor-
High strength pervious concrete mance for wide application. In addition, referring to current technologies of prefabricated concrete pave-
Permeability coefficient ment, (e.g., Miller super-slab system, Michigan system), a tongue-and-groove connecting structure was
Prefabricated concrete pavement designed and fabricated in the pervious concrete. Finally, a drainage system was designed to exclude
the clogging dusts in the pores of the HSPC pavement efficiently, where the clogging dusts were excluded
from bottom to top. This innovative high strength pervious concrete has the potential to allow of a wider
application of this material.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Environmental issues, such as waterlogging, water pollution,
atrocious climate and urban hot island phenomena, occur fre-
quently and globally. The presence of impermeable pavement in
highway and urban roads, which cuts off the moisture and heat
exchange between earth and air, is one main reason for these envi-
ronmental issues. Meanwhile, reported traffic accidents cause
more than one million fatalities and nearly five hundred billion
dollars’ loss globally every year. The lack of water permeability
in traditional pavement, which radically weakens the pavement’s
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: lijiusu@126.com (J. Li), zhangyi_zack@126.com (Y. Zhang),
luglant@tamu.edu (G. Liu), pengxinghai_csust@126.com (X. Peng).
skid resistance under rain or snow, is responsible for traffic acci-
dents. Unlike impermeable concrete pavement, pervious concrete
pavement (PCP) provides better rain-drainage and snow-melting
to prevent drivers’ safety issues such as slippery, glare, mist and
flood, under severe weather conditions. Additionally, the porous
structure in pervious pavement can preliminarily purify the rain
and serve as tunnels for atmosphere-pavement heat and moisture
exchange, leading to positive environmental effects (maintaining
water balance, relieving hot island phenomena and the protection
of biodiversity, etc.) [1–4]. However, due to the high porosity, the
two main types of permeable pavement (pervious concrete and
permeable asphalt mixture pavement) are also suffering from sev-
eral performance issues including concrete loose, pore clogging,
lower strength and durability, and difficulty in maintenance.
Besides physical and mechanical issues, asphalt oxidative aging

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.137
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
480 J. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 138 (2017) 479–485
fatigue, which is a chemical process relevant to porosity and pores
structure, can significantly reduce the life span of asphalt mixture
pavement as well [5–7]. Due to the deficiency in current pervious
pavement technology, its application is limited to light loading
constructions such as sidewalks, driveways, parking lots or resi-
dential streets. To utilize pervious concrete for heavier loading
pavements and other relevant construction or transportation
fields, demand for improved performance has increased
significantly.
The term of Sponge City was introduced in China in 2012, which
reflects the consideration of water absorption, reservation, perme-
ability, purification and release. From that time onward, building
more pervious concrete pavements as well as permeable asphalt
pavements became more widely encouraged and practiced. How-
ever, it is very intriguing but challenging to overcome the perfor-
mance bottlenecks of traditional pervious concrete pavement,
especially on its low strength (28d’s compressive strength hardly
exceed to 35 MPa), high likelihood of clogging and inconvenient
maintenance. The general methods to improve the strength of
PCP are the optimization of aggregate quality [8–11], gradation
[12–13] as well as the modification of binders by blending mineral
and chemical admixtures [14–17] to strengthen the bond between
the aggregates. Research on pervious concrete clogging is still pre-
mature, mainly focused on the pore characteristics and precipitates
distribution [18–21]. Prefabricated concrete is believed to be an
ideal solution for the difficulty in pervious concrete pavement
maintenance. As a response to the demands of feasible mainte-
nance for pervious concrete, the Strategic Highway Research Pro-
gram 2 (SHRP2) includes the design, fabrication, installation and
evaluation of prefabricated concrete as an important research
objective [22]. Besides in the U.S., the investigation and application
of prefabricated concrete also attracts researcher’s attention from
the Netherlands, France, Russian, Japan, etc. Recently, it was
reported over 32 km prefabricated concrete pavement toll way
was constructed in Indonesia.
In this research, reactive powder concrete (RPC, a developing
composite material with characteristics of super-high strength,
favorable toughness and durability) [23] is designed and manufac-
tured to be the matrix of an innovative high strength pervious con-
crete (HSPC) pavement. Superior to the traditional technologies for
pervious concrete preparation, this new method achieves water
permeability by constructing physical interconnected pores for
Fig. 1. The process of HSPC preparation.
prefabricated pervious concrete, based on mortar-similar materials
but no-fines concrete, so, this paper considers pervious concrete in
its untraditional form. The objectives of this study are to overcome
the obstacles in traditional pervious concrete such as low strength,
concrete clogging and maintenance difficulty, aiming a solution
towards safe, durable, widely applicable and environmentally
friendly pavement design and construction.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Ordinary Portland cement (P.O 52.5R, similar to Type III in ASTM
C150-07 with a strength grade of 52.5 MPa) was employed to pre-
pare the high strength pervious concrete. Silica fume (SF), fly ash
(FA, Grade II) (selected as reactive powder, featured with pozzolanic
activity) and U-type expansion agent (UEA) (which consists alu-
minum sulfate, aluminum oxide and aluminum potassium sulfate,
with strong resistance to undesirable shrinkage) were selected as
the mineral admixtures. A superplasticizer (water-reducing rate
above 30%) was used to improve the product strength by reducing
the water-binder ratio. River sand (passing through a square sieve
size of 0.6 mm prior to use) was also used in this research. In addi-
tion, other additives including styrene-butadiene latex, silica sol
and polypropylene fibers (PP) were applied, with the purpose to
get favorable mechanical properties, especially toughness.
2.2. Methods
The process of high strength pervious concrete preparation can
be described as follows (Fig. 1) and the steps are fivefold:
a) Materials preparation: In this step, the raw materials were
prepared and weighted.
b) Model design: The pore size, arrangement and shape were
designed as shown in Fig. 2. To meet the mechanical and
permeable properties requirement of the sample, the pore
size selected was 3 mm in diameter and there were four dif-
ferent types of layouts (3  3, 3  4, 4  4 and 4  5). The
sample was prepared by apical plate and pore making
components.
 J. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 138 (2017) 479–485 481

Fig. 2. Schematic of pore-making model.

c) Casting and forming: After well-stirring, the materials were 3. Results and discussion
casted into pre-made model and cured to age I. The initial
setting time was 165 min. 3.1. Mix design of high strength concrete
d) Pore making: The pore-making components were inserted
into formed matrix vertically to create straight pores that As specified in China, high strength concrete (HSC) refers to
connects the upper and bottom. Then, the sample was cured concrete with a compressive strength of no less than 60 MPa. In
to age II (setting time 1 day). this research, reactive powder concrete was introduced to make
e) Model removal: The model then was removed to check the HSC, serving as the matrix of HSPC. So, in this section, the mix
pore quality. If necessary, the samples would be continu- design was carried out with the goal of getting high strength con-
ously cured to experimental age. crete (not high strength pervious concrete). The initial mix propor-
tion of HSPC was determined based on analyzing the compressive
To prepare performance satisfied matrix material, single factor strength test results when water-binder ratio, SF dosage, FA
and orthogonal experiments and analysis were implemented with dosage, fiber and superplasticizer dosage was regarded as the
the index of mechanical properties. Other properties were also variables.
tested for better understanding of the material and the process of
HSPC preparation, e.g. initial/final setting time were tested for
determining the pore-making time. And with the test of HSPC’s
strength and permeability performance, the performance and fea- Table 2
sibility were evaluated for the innovative pervious concrete pave- Strength results of orthogonal test.
ment. Tests related to cement paste and mortar (initial/final setting № Flexural strength(MPa) Compressive strength
time, compressive strength and flexural strength) were performed (MPa)
per JTG E30-2005/ISO 957-1989, ISO 679-1989 [24]. The compres- 7d 11d 7d 11d
sive strength test of pervious concrete was conducted according to
1 8.75 8.10 71.66 73.20
the hardened cement concrete section in standard JTG E30-2005/ 2 11.48 7.05 65.02 76.94
ISO 4012-1978, where the sample size was prepared as 3 10.25 8.10 60.55 67.27
100 mm  100 mm  100 mm, and with the consideration of size 4 9.36 5.35 78.63 81.30
effect, all compression strength results were deducted to a fraction 5 11.70* 7.15 62.24 67.36
6 9.45 10.57 61.77 66.36
of 0.95. The flexural strength testing specimen size was
7 10.42 7.85 82.60 83.96
40 mm  40 mm  160 mm. Lastly, the water permeability test 8 10.45 10.60 58.45 59.78
was carried out by constant hydraulic testing method according 9 10.26 8.16 57.21 60.00
to CJJT135-2009 [25]. *
Exceeded equipment’s range.

Table 1
Orthogonal design plan for the optimal mix proportion.

№ P.O 52.5R FA SF Sand PP Superplasticizer Water/binder UEA Silica gel SBR Curing*
1 100% 11.83% 5.92% 46.75% 0.08% 1.36% 0.24 4.00%(2) 0.00%(1) 0.00%(1) 1
2 4.00%(2) 0.70%(2) 1.30%(2) 2
3 4.00%(2) 1.50%(3) 2.60%(3) 3
4 3.00%(1) 1.50%(3) 0.00%(1) 2
5 3.00%(1) 0.00%(1) 1.30%(2) 3
6 3.00%(1) 0.70%(2) 2.60%(3) 1
7 5.00%(3) 0.70%(2) 0.00%(1) 3
8 5.00%(3) 1.50%(3) 1.30%(2) 1
9 5.00%(3) 0.00%(1) 2.60%(3) 2
*
Curing method: 1 represents T = 40 ± 5 °C, humidity P80%; 2 represents soaking in normal temperature water; 3 represents soaking in 40 ± 5 °C water. The percentage
shown in this table is mass percent.
482 J. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 138 (2017) 479–485

Table 3
Extremum difference analysis.

№ UEA Silica gel SBR Curing Compressive strength(MPa) Flexural strength(MPa) Flexural strength reduction(MPa)
1 4.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1 71.66 8.75 0.65
2 4.00% 0.70% 1.30% 2 65.02 11.48 4.43
3 4.00% 1.50% 2.60% 3 65.55 10.25 2.15
4 3.00% 1.50% 0.00% 2 78.63 9.36 4.01
5 3.00% 0.00% 1.30% 3 62.24 >11.70 4.55
6 3.00% 0.70% 2.60% 1 61.17 9.45 1.12
7 5.00% 0.70% 0.00% 3 82.60 10.42 2.57
8 5.00% 1.50% 1.30% 1 58.45 10.45 0.15
9 5.00% 0.00% 2.60% 2 57.21 10.26 2.10
Dj* D1 = 1.32 D2 = 5.90 D3 = 5.64 D4 = 6.37 Compressive strength
D1 = 0.01 D2 = 0.22 D3 = 1.70 D4 = 1.24 Flexural strength
D1 = 0.97 D2 = 0.47 D3 = 1.90 D4 = 3.80 Flexural strength reduction
*
Dj is the extremum difference of column ‘j’.

Orthogonal design experiment was carried out after the deter-
mination of the initial mix proportion. In this orthogonal experi-
ment, there were four factors including curing condition plus
dosages of UEA, silica sol and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) latex.
The experiment design and results (average value) are shown in
Tables 1 and 2, respectively. All curing conditions were switched
to natural condition (T = 25 °C/RH = 80%) after seven days.
Table 2 indicated excellent 7d flexural strength for all nine
groups of samples with many above 10 MPa. Especially, the flexu-
ral strength of sample group 5 even exceeded the equipment’s test-
ing capacity. This result could be attributed to the role of dense
microstructure and polypropylene fibers in those samples. How-
ever, the 11d flexural strength of most groups showed certain level
of reduction, which could be explained by the decrease of the cur-
ing moisture. Additionally, different sample groups showed signif-
icant degree of variance on their compressive strength. For
example, the 7d compressive strength ranged from 57.21 MPa to
82.60 MPa. The compressive strength of 11d was close to their
7d value, despite the curing condition switch (from constant curing
to natural curing).
Table 3 statistically evaluated the effect of each factor on the
compressive, flexural strength and their deduction, via extremum
difference analysis method. The results indicated that factors
affecting the compressive strength of concrete could be summa-
rized in descending order as curing condition > silica sol >
SBR > UEA, and the optimum combination was 1, 2, 2, 3 (Table 3);
while the factors affecting the flexural strength of concrete could
be summarized as SBR > curing condition > silica sol > UEA, where
the best combination was 1, 1, 2, 3 (Table 3). The factors affecting
the deduction of flexural strength were curing condi-
tion > SBR > UEA > silica sol, where the effect of curing condition
(D4) was overwhelming, and the optimum combination was 1, 2,
3, 1 (Table 3). Further investigation suggested that although the
application of expansive agent would lead to strength reduction
(Table 3), its effect was minor comparing to the water saturated
curing condition (either 40 °C or room temperature). Especially,
at the final natural curing stage, both temperature and humidity
of sample were dramatically altered.
To make a sum, the optimum mix proportion of HSPC is shown
in Table 4. Comparing to the initial mix design, its 7d compressive
strength was 10 MPa higher at the same curing condition, reaching
70 MPa at natural curing condition and above 80 MPa under con-
stant curing condition (40 ± 5 °C, humidity P80%). Also, the flexu-
ral strength of high strength pervious concrete could reach 10 MPa
with low strength reduction.
3.2. Pores design and fabrication of high strength pervious concrete
As described previously, aggregate-aggregate contact is the tra-
ditional way to create permeable pores in Portland cement pervi-
ous concrete despite the various existing fabrication methods for
porous ceramics (e.g., extrusion, particle accumulation, gas foam-
ing, organic foam soaking) [26]. In the pores design and construc-
tion of HSPC, the processing technology of porous ceramic are
referred. Aiming the pores’ interconnectivity while considering
the effect of porous structure on strength and permeability, the ini-
tial design was proposed as following: select RPC as the matrix,
create interconnected top-bottom pore path via physical pore pro-
cessing, to implement satisfactory mechanical performance as well
as excellent water permeability.
The detailed procedures to fabricate pores are described below:
First, determine the pore size and morphology. In traditional pervi-
ous concrete, the pore usually possess size distribution in the range
of 2–4 mm [27], with obvious irregularity and uncertainty. From a
morphological perspective, cylinder is recognized as the best inter-
face shape because it is the ideal way to disperse interfacial force
evenly. In this research, a cylindrical pore with a 4 mm diameter
is selected. The second task is to determine the pore content.
According to standard CJJT135-2009, the continuous void fraction
should be no less than 10% for ordinary pervious concrete; how-
ever, considering that an interconnected pore structure possesses
much more efficient water permeability than a disconnected skele-
ton pore structure, four lower interconnected pore contents were
designed in this research, i.e. 1.246% (3  3 array), 1.617% (3  4
array), 2.216% (4  4 array) and 2.769% (4  5 array). Moreover,
the initial and final setting time of HSPC was evaluated, and the ini-
tial and final setting times were 165 min and 9 h, respectively.
Based on the quality of the pores, the optimum pore forming time
was ±0.5 h within the initial setting time. At last, a pore fabricating
model (Fig. 2) is designed to produce HSPC specimen with different
pore fraction, as shown in Fig. 3.
3.3. Performance of high strength pervious concrete
3.3.1. Porosity and permeability
The permeability coefficient, corresponding to the unit flow rate
under certain water pressure, is a direct indicator to characterize
the water permeability. For pervious concrete, national standard
requires a permeability coefficient no less than 0.5 mm/s (specified
in CJJT135-2009) [25]. However, even meeting this minimum
requirement, the application of pervious concrete is still practically

Table 4
Optimum mix proportion of HSPC.

P.O 52.5R FA SF Sand UEA Superplasticizer PP Silica gel SBR Water

100% 11.83% 5.92% 46.75% 3.00% 1.36% 0.08% 0.70% 1.30% 28.44%
 J. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 138 (2017) 479–485 483

Fig. 3. HSPC specimen and schematic.

Table 5 the porosity and permeability coefficient in HSPC shows significant

Permeability coefficient of HSPC with different porosity. linearity (Fig. 4). The regression parameters were estimated based
Porosity (%) 0 1.246 1.617 2.216 2.769 on statistical analysis, as shown in Eq. (1).
Permeability coefficient (mm/s) 0 13.11 16.89 18.32 21.71 kt ¼ 1:695 þ 785:648  p ð1Þ
0 13.19 16.56 18.83 22.24
0 12.94 16.48 18.62 22.74
where kt is permeability coefficient, p is the porosity. The R2 is
0 12.85 16.83 18.54 20.67
0.976, and p value is 0.004 (0.05), suggesting a statistically signif-
Mean (mm/s) 0 13.02 16.69 18.58 21.84
icant linear relationship.
Compared to common pervious concrete, the porosity of pre-
pared high strength pervious concrete is much lower, which guar-
limited to certain locations. Moreover, although the total porosity antees the mechanical properties but also has negative effects on
of traditional pervious concrete can exceed 10%, its water perme- permeability. However, benefitting from the pores’ properties
ability could be still inefficient due to its inhomogeneous pore size, (which are characterized by straight shape, homogeneous and rel-
rough pore surface, long and circuitous water path, etc. atively large size (d = 4 mm)), the high strength pervious concrete
Table 5 shows the permeability coefficient testing results. The showed favorable permeability as shown in table 5. As discussed
permeability coefficient varied from 13.02 mm/s (1.246% porosity) above, it has the same effect to performance of anti-clogging too.
to 21.84 mm/s (2.769% porosity). This result is exciting because in As a comparison, common sense pervious concrete, featured with
comparison to the traditional pervious concrete (permeability inhomogeneous pore size, rough pore surface, long and circuitous
coefficient usually under 15 mm/s), the high strength pervious
concrete possessed more favorable water permeability even at
much lower porosity. This excellent permeability could be attribu- Table 6
ted to the innovative physical structure inside the HSPC, i.e., the 7d compressive strength of HSPC with different porosity.

top-bottom interconnected pore path, which also strengthens the Porosity (%) 0 1.246 1.617 2.216 2.769
correlation between porosity and water permeability coefficient. 7d compressive strength (MPa) 74.22 59.72 58.92 54.99 49.94
As a reference, literature report indicated that the relationship 71.66 63.80 56.71 53.33 48.93
between porosity and the permeability coefficient was non-linear 73.58 60.58 54.37 51.38 53.50
in traditional pervious concrete [28]. However, the regression on Mean (MPa) 73.15 61.37 56.67 53.23 50.79

Fig. 4. Correlation between porosity and permeability coefficient. Fig. 5. Comparison of measured and calculated compressive strength.
484 J. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 138 (2017) 479–485
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of prefabricated pavement design.
pore path, owns poor permeability and performance of anti-
clogging even with much higher porosity. That is to say, it is the
pores’ properties (ability and efficiency to transmit water and
plugs) that is critical for permeability and performance of anti-
clogging (not porosity).
3.3.2. Porosity and strength
In most of the solid materials, the porosity and strength are
inversely related [29], as expressed as Eq. (2):
S ¼ S0 ekp
where S is the material strength under certain porosity (p), S0 is the
strength of material without pores, k is a constant.
In many cases, the direct application of Eq. (2) to ordinary con-
crete is inaccurate because of the presence of the interfacial transi-
tion zone and micro cracks. However, in this research, the particle
sizes of HSPC raw materials are all below 0.6 mm (while most of
the particle diameters are even below 50 lm), producing solid
and homogenous RPC product. Thus, the application of Eq. (2)
becomes reasonable. Non-linear regression based on Eq. (2) was
done on the experimental data, aiming a descriptive explanation
of porosity and strength of pervious materials. In this regression,
the S0 was assumed to be 73.15 MPa, as shown in Table 6. Constant
k was optimized to be 0.1411, and statistical analysis returned R2
of 0.9876, indicating a nice regression. Thus, the relation of poros-
ity and strength in HSPC can be summarized as Eq. (3). Fig. 5 (plot-
ted by Table 6 and Eq. (3)) validates the equation estimations with
experiment results.
S ¼ 73:15e0:1411p
where S is the HSPC strength, p is the porosity in HSPC.
3.4. Prefabrication and drainage design of HSPC pavement system
Precast concrete pavement system, as a new rapid maintenance
technology, is recognized in favor of its improved weather toler-
ance, low time consumption and high quality [30]. Recently, pre-
cast concrete pavement system has been increasingly applied to
rapid repair and temporary construction for pavement, airport,
etc., especially in the urban road in occasion of heavy traffic and
short construction window [31]. In this study, common precast
concrete pavement systems (PCPS) all over the world were com-
pared, including Fort Miller super-slab system, Michigan system
ð2Þ (U.S., Canada, Indonesia), hexagonal PCPS (France), PAG XIV slab
system (Russian) and PCPS containing hore device plus sliding
dowel bar joint (Japan)[22,30]. Referring to the advantages of these
widely applied technologies, a tongue-and-groove connection PCPS
method specifically designed for high strength pervious concrete is
introduced (Fig. 6). The innovations of this combined pavement
system are: First, efficient combination of PCPS and HSPC extends
the potential application of PCP, while overcoming its inconve-
nience in maintenance. Second, the technology for HSPC mainte-
nance is creatively advanced, e.g., removing the slab when
structural failure was observed (Fig. 6(a) and (c)), and cleaning
clogging of pores from bottom to top which would be more feasible
and efficient (Fig. 6(b) and (d)), comparing to the traditional way.
According to the results of tests, the favorable performance
(mechanical and permeability) of HSPC guarantees the feasibility
of the tongue-and-groove connection PCPS, and as for applicability,
it would be investigated in future studies.
4. Conclusion
ð3Þ
Aiming a solution towards the current deficient strength,
durability and inconvenient maintenance in pervious concrete
 J. Li et al. / Construction and Building Materials 138 (2017) 479–485
pavement, an innovative high strength pervious concrete was
designed and prepared. Substantial performance evaluation indi-
cated that HSPC possesses ideal compressive and flexural strength
while maintaining excellent water permeability. Furthermore, an
efficient drainage system and clogging-preventing paths from bot-
tom to top were combined in the precast concrete pavement sys-
tems to overcome other technical bottlenecks in current pervious
concrete technology. The key findings of this research are summa-
rized as following:

Optimum mix proportion of RPC was determined to guarantee
performance of HSPC based on it. Results show that the opti-
mized product possesses over 70 MPa of compressive strength
and around 10 MPa of flexural strength.

An innovative pore structure is designed and applied to HSPC,
where interconnected pore path provides much excellent water
permeability at relatively low porosity. Other important proper-
ties for ideal HSPC production such as pore size (4 mm),
morphology (cylindrical), porosity/array design (1.246% (3  3
array), 1.617% (3  4 array), 2.216% (4  4 array) and 2.769%
(4  5 array)) and optimum pore forming time (±0.5 h within
the initial setting time) are also introduced.

The relations between HSPC porosity, permeability and strength
are investigated. The porosity (p) and permeability (kt) are lin-
early correlated in HSPC. Moreover, an exponential correlated
is found between the 7d compressive strength (S) and porosity
of HSPC.

Performance characterization indicates both satisfactory
strength and desirable permeability in HSPC. The permeability
coefficients varied from 13.02 mm/s to 21.84 mm/s, with a
corresponding strength ranging 61.37–50.79 MPa, which is
obviously higher than the common sense pervious concrete per-
formance level (compressive strength: 5.5–40 MPa, permeabil-
ity coefficient: 0.3–14 mm/s [8–9,11]).

A creative combination of precast concrete pavement system
(PCPS) and innovative high strength pervious concrete (HSPC)
is proposed. Efficient combination of PCPS and HSPC provides
broad application and easy maintenance, as well as a feasible
clog cleaning. Thus further extends the application possibility
of HSPC.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Hunan Province Department of Education for
the financial support in funding this research study (14A001). And
the research is also supported by Hunan Provincial Innovation
Foundation for Postgraduate (CX2015B352) and Water Resources
Science & Technology Plan of Hunan Province ([2016]194-40).
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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