Wind Power Plant 1.2

Wind Power Plant
Wind power plant is a type of power plant that utilizes electric energy by the use of wind energy. It
transforms kinetic energy of wind into kinetic energy (rotational force) with wind turbine and mobilize
generator with the force to gain electric energy. A wind power plant is one of the designs considered
in the proposed development of the 35 MW power requirement of the client. The wind turbine will be
an alternative source for the area of western part of Batangas specifically Balayan and Nasugbu as
the two towns are expected to bloom into a full blown cities in the province in the years to come.
Based on the location of the client, a wind power plant will be a suitable option because of the weather
on the town of Calatagan in Batangas. Last year, an average of 8.9 meter per second wind speed
measured at 10 meters above the ground in Calatagan, a neighbor town of Balayan and Nasugbu.
The highest wind speed measured is 9.88 meter per second and the direction of the wind is West.
Another reason why Calatagan is considered to be the location of the wind power plant is because
of few natural obstacles that will block the path of wind.
Figure 3.1 Design options of Wind Power Plant
Figure 3.1 shows the design options of the wind power plant. The design will revolve on the which
orientation is the best suitable for the location. Horizontal – axis wind turbine is further divided into
two which is the free standing type and the lattice type. Vertical – axis wind turbine has savonius and
darrieus types.
Design Options of Wind Power Plant
The diagram above shows the different wind turbine design options. There are two types of wind
turbines according to the rotor axis orientation-horizontal and vertical. Under each category fall more
subtypes. In this design project, two horizontal axis wind turbine and two vertical axis wind turbines.
Wind turbines use the energy of the wind to drive a generator which generates the electricity. Wind
power can be extracted with the use of wind turbines. They could be grouped together on a wind
farm to produce a desired output. Oftentimes they are on land but now, there are also offshore wind
turbines. Wind turbine generators differ in size from small ones which generate enough power for a
small application or establishment to utility size ones which can generate power for hundreds of
users.
Figure 3.2 Schematic for Wind Power Plant
The AC voltage output from the wind farm shall be step-up by a transformer before transmitting it via
a transmission line to the substation. Then from the substation, the voltage shall be stepped down
to a suitable voltage for consumer loads supplied by feeders. Different turbines have different
efficiency. Specifically, this refers to the ability of the blades to capture the mechanical power from
the wind referred to as the coefficient of power. Almost all generators have similar gearbox and
generator efficiencies. The formula for power coefficient is:
P
Cp = IEC 61400-12-1 Sec. 8.4 Power
1
ρAV3 coefficient of Wind Turbines
2
where,
Cp = power coefficient
P = mechanical power harnessed by the blades from the wind
ρ = 1.225 density of air (kg/m3)
A = area swept by the blades (m2)
V = 9.88 in the Calatagan wind farm site velocity of wind (m/s)
From the above equation, the general formula for estimating the power in watts that can be
harnessed by the blades from wind energy can be obtained:
1 IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance

Pblades = ρAV3 Cp Measurements of Electricity
2 Producing Wind Turbines
To get the raw power of the wind only, omit the power coefficient. Note that input power mentioned
above is the mechanical power produced in the blades, not the power of the wind itself. Therefore,
the total input power is:
IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance
1 Measurements of Electricity
Pin = ρAV3
2 Producing Wind Turbines.
In the above formula, the air density, area swept by the blades, and the wind speed in the locality
would be considered in the selection of the wind turbine rating to be selected by the designer.
Figure 3.3 Power coefficient versus advance ratio for different wind turbine configurations.
The figure above shows the Glauert ideal Cp which is the result of a more detailed analysis that
explicitly involves the advance ratio. Lying below and to the right of the Glauert ideal are the
expected Cp values for different wind turbine configurations.
To make the selection process of wind turbines easier, IEC has provided a standardized means of
describing the output power characteristics of wind turbines. This is through the provisions of power
curves on the turbine datasheets. These power curves are created manufactured based on careful
measurements as prescribed in IEC 61400-12-1 Sec. 8.1.
Figure 3.3 Power Curve Power Wind Turbine
By only having the wind speed as an input, the designer can easily determine if a wind turbine fits
the air conditions in the locality. In the site where the wind farm is to be situated in Calatagan, the
average annual wind speed is 9.88 m/s. It is a high wind area thus it is a great spot for harnessing
wind energy.
Figure 3.15 Distance Between Wind Turbines

The distances between turbines varies per design options, as it depends on rotor diameter.
Regarding wake losses, the general recommendation of the wind turbine manufacturers is that if the
turbines are to be placed in a cluster, the minimum separation distance between the turbines should
be 4 to 6 times the rotor diameter so as to reduce wake losses. We decided to keep a minimum
separation distance of 5 times the rotor diameter. The distance requirement is based on the
assessment as prescribed in IEC 61400-12-1 A.1.
Thus, Distance between Turbines = 5(D)

IEC 2005 (E) 61400-12-1 A.1:
where: Requirements regarding neighbouring
D = Rotor Diameter and operating wind turbines
Requirements
The physical constraints of the chosen site can play a decisive regardinganeighbouring
role in designing wind farm layout.
and operating wind turbines
The nature of the terrain and surrounding developments need to be considered. A wind farm layout
should aim at reducing wake losses caused by interaction of wind turbines in a cluster. A general
rule is that as the separation distance between the turbines increases, the wake losses decrease.
With very large separation distance, the number of turbines which can be placed in a given area
reduces. For example, if turbines are to be placed in a row, these should be preferentially placed,
perpendicular to the predominant wind direction. This will reduce wake losses as well as loss of
energy due to yaw operations.
Design Stages of Wind Power Plant
Figure 3.4 Proposed Single Line Diagram of Wind Power Plant
The Figure 3.3 shows the single line diagram of the power system and the stages where each component is
designed.
Stage 1: Load Forecasting
Data from Load Curve IEEE Std. 1013 (2000). Load

Peak demand in the year 2018 = 20.76 Computation, Future Maximum
Peak demand in the year 2019 = 24.31 Demand, Section 6, p.236
Computation of Rate of Increase (g)
Using the growth equation from Electric Power IEEE Std. 1013 (2000). Load
Distribution System Engineering by TuranGönen: Computation, Average Demand, Section
6, p.236
where:
Pm = P2018 (1+g)m
Pm = Peak demand after 'm' years
P2018 = Peak demand in year 2018
m = Elapsed Time in Years
20.76 (1+g)2
Computing Future Peak Demand for the year

2028 IEEE Std. 1013 (2000). Load
P2028 = P2018 (1+g)10 Computation, Future Maximum Demand,
P2028 = 20.76 (1+0.0821)10 Section 6, p.236
P2028 = 34.944 MW
Reserve Capacity in 10 years

PRC = PDC - P2028 IEEE Std. 1013 (2000). Load
Computation, Future Maximum Demand,
where: Section 6, p.236
PRC = Reserve Capacity
PDC = Dependable Capacity
PRC = 6.48 – 34.944

PRC = ⎼28.464 MW (Deficient)
Power Demand per Feeder

PRC
PF = IEEE Std. 1013 (2000). Load
n Computation, Future Maximum Demand,
Section 6, p.236
where:
PF = Demand per Feeder
PRC = Reserve Capacity
n = Number of Feeder
34.944 MW
PF =
3
PF = 11.648 MW
*Note: load forecasted data sourced from BATELEC I
Stage 2: Step Down Transmission Substation Design
Rating
10,000 kVA, 3-phase, 69/13.8 kV
At Primary Side
MVA Rating
I=
√3 × V IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2010,
10 MVA Standard General Requirements for
I=
√3 (69 kV) Power and Regulation Transformers.
I = 83.6739 A
Primary Winding Conductor
The size of conductor for primary winding should be
167.3479 A. As indicated that the 80% ampacity of
the conductor shall be the full load current.
IFL = 83.6739 A × 1.25 NEC Section 240-3: General

IFL = 104.5924 A Requirements for Branch Circuit,
Use: Waxwing 266.8 (KCM or AWG) Feeder and Other Conductors.
At Secondary Side
MVA Rating
I= IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2010,
√3 × V
10 MVA Standard General Requirements for
I= Power and Regulation Transformers.
√3 (13.8 kV)
I = 418.3698A
Secondary Winding Conductor

The size of conductor for secondary winding should NEC Section 240-3: General
be 418.3698A. As indicated that the 80% ampacity Requirements for branch circuit,
of the conductor shall be the full load current. feeder and other conductors
IFL = 418.3698A x 1.25
IFL = 522.9622 A
Use: Finch 1113.0 (KCM or AWG)
Circuit Breaker
Primary Circuit Breaker NEC Section 450.3 – Computation for
16.7348 A × 3 = 50.2043 A
Overcurrent Protection of Transformer
Use: 60AT CB
Secondary Circuit Breaker

83.6740 A × 3 =251.022 A NEC Section 450.3 – Computation for
Use: 300 AT CB Overcurrent Protection of Transformer
Grounding Conductor
Primary Grounding Conductor
1 PEC Part 2, Article 1.4.4.3(b) or
IGROUNDING = (Current) System Grounding Conductors for
5
1 Multi-Grounded Alternating Current
IGROUNDING = (83.6739) Systems.
5
IGROUNDING = 16.7348 A
Use: Turkey 6 (KCM or AWG)
The size of conductor should be 16.7348 A as indicated that the 80% ampacity of the conductor
shall be the full load current.
Secondary Grounding Conductor
1
IGROUNDING = (Current) PEC Part 2, Article 1.4.4.3(b) or
5
1 System Grounding Conductors for
IGROUNDING = (418.3698 A)
IGROUNDING = 83.6740 A Systems.
Use: Raven 1/0 (KCM or AWG)
Neutral Conductor
INEUTRAL = (IFLSecondary) PEC Part I(2009), Sec. 2.20.3.22 page
INEUTRAL = 522.9622 A 320: Feeder or Service Neutral Ground
Switch Gear Design

S
IDSA = IEC 62271-102(2001) High-voltage
√3 VL switchgear and control gear - Part
10 MVA 102: Alternating current disconnectors
IDSA = × 2.5
√3 (13.8 kV) and earthing switches
IDSA = 1045.9244 A
IEC standards assume that peak value of making current disconnectors is to be 2.5 times the RMS
value of rated short circuit current for MV (13.8 kV) switches and between 1.7-2.2 times for LV
switches.
Use: 12 – 100 A – Medium Split-Core 1.25” (32mm) Opening
Disconnector Rating
Voltage Transformer IEC 62271-102(2001) High-voltage
69 kV switchgear and control gear - Part
VT- Primary Voltage = 102: Alternating current disconnectors
√3
VT- Primary Voltage = 39.8372 kV and earthing switches
13.8 kV IEC 60099-8(2011) Part 8/IEEE C62.22

VT-Secondary Voltage =
√3 page 8 – 16; Standard for Lightning
VT- Secondary Voltage = 7.9674 kV Arrester and Ground Voltage Fault
Type: Disconnector Material: Porcelain

Rated Voltage: 13.2 kV Application
Current Transformer
IGROUNDING = 43. 7386 A
Use: Primary Current = 100 A IEC 60099-8(2011) Part 8/IEEE C62.22
Secondary Current = 5 A page 8 – 16; Standard for Lightning
Accuracy Power = 30 VA Arrester and Ground Voltage Fault
Accuracy Class = 0.5
Lighting Arrester
Voltage ×1.05
VLA =
√3
Highest Voltage NEC (2001) Article 310, Table 310.60
69 kV × 1.05
VLA = (C) (67) and 310.60(C) (69), page 226;
√3 Conductor for general wiring
VLA = 41.829 kV
Use: RP1 Primary Side Normal Duty Distribution Class (ZnO)
Nominal Voltage Philippine Grid Code PP. (32) Section 3.2.3 – the
13.8 kV × 1.05 system owner must ensure that the voltage variation
VLA = must be not more or less than +-5% of the nominal
√3 voltage at any point during normal operation.
VLA = 11.9512 kV
Use: RP1 Load Side Normal Duty Distribution Class (ZnO)
Bus Bar Sizing Copper Development Association

10 MVA (2014), Article 5.2, page 79: Conductor
ILF =
√3 (13.8 kV) for general wiring
ILF = 418.3697 A
IBUS = ILF1 + ILF2 + ILF3

IBUS = 418.3697 A + 418.3697 A + 418.3697 A IEEE Std Red Book C4 A4.5. Page
IBUS = 1255.1091 A 124 - 125: Solving 3 phase current
Use: 750 MCM or 375 mm2
Bus Bar Dimension

Direct in ground – ¼ x 8, ⅜ x 6, ½ x 5, ½ x Copper development association
6, ¾ x 4, ¾ x 5 (2014), Article 5.2, page 79: Conductor
Free air – ¼ x 6, ⅜ x 5 for general wiring
For 30˚C Rise
Copper Development Association Inc.
Resistance per Meter Copper development association

-6
0.68 × 10 (2014), Article 5.2, page 79: Conductor
RDCBUSBAR = for general wiring
(0.00635) (0.125)
RDCBUSBAR = 7.0452 × 10-4 Ω/m
(0.2) (0.68 × 10-6 ) Copper development association
RACBUSBAR = (2014), Article 5.2, page 79: Conductor
(0.00635) (0.125)
for general wiring
RACBUSBAR = 7.5825 × 10-6 Ω/m
Inductance Per Meter and Inductive Reactance Per Meter

(31.9) (0.125) (0.125)
L=
(0.125)
L = 3.9875 × 10-9 H/m Copper Development Association
XL = 2π (60) (3.99×10−9) (2014), Article 5.2, page 79: Conductor
XL = 1.5042 Ω/m for general wiring.
Capacitance Per Meter and Capacitive Reactance Per Meter

(0.225) (8.8542×102 ) (0.125)
C=
(0.125) Copper Development Association
C = 15.9376 × 10-24 F/m (2014), Article 5.2, page 79: Conductor
1 for general wiring.
Xc =
2π (6) (5937610×10-24 )
Xc = 1.6644 × 1020 Ω/m
Impedance
ZBUS = [√ (3 9875×10−9) × (5 9376×10−2)]
ZBUS = 2.5209 × 10-16 Ω/m Copper Development Association
(2014), Article 5.2, page 79: Conductor
1.5042×10-9 ×5.9376×10-2
Φ = tan -6
for general wiring.
7.5825×10
Φ = 90∘
ZTOTAL = 2.5209 × 10-6 Ω/m × (10 m)
ZTOTAL = 2.5209 × 10-15∠-90
Use: Dimensions in meter: 6.35 mm × 152 mm IEEE Std Gray Book C8.3.3 page 231:
Basic insulating materials are either
Skin Effect Ratio at 70℃: 1.18
Area in CM: 1910CM organic or inorganic.
Voltage Drop Calculation

VD = I √ (R2 + X2)
National Electric Code (1999), Article
210, page 19: Where the maximum
where:
total voltage drop on both feeders and
I = Full Load Current
branch circuits to the farthest outlet
R = Resistance
does not exceed 5 percent.
X = Reactance
At 6.1 miles to New Substation

R = 6.1 (0.8950) = 5.4595 Ω
X = 6.1 (0.6403) = j3.9058 Ω National Electric Code (1999), Article
VD = 83.6739 √ (5.45952 + 3.90582) total voltage drop on both feeders and
VD = 3.7705 kV branch circuits to the farthest outlet
3.7705 kV does not exceed 5 percent.
VD % =
69 kV
VD % = 4.4645 %
The voltage drop is passing because under National Electric Code (1999), Article 210, page 19 the
voltage drop should not exceed 5%.
Touch Potential Calculation

Using clay as soil which is 100 Ω
The metal is 100 mm thick
Derating Factor
Stated under IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety in AC substation grounding
100
0.09 (1 - 100 ×100) IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
CD = 1 - in AC substation grounding:
2 × 0.1 + 0.09
CD = 0.6928 Calculation of Potential Difference
Decrement Factor
X 1
Ta = × ( ) IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
R 2 TF
1 in AC substation grounding:
Ta = 15 × ( ) Calculation of Potential Difference
2 T(60)
Ta = 0.0398
-2 × Tf
Ta
DF = √1+ ( Tf ) (1 - e Ta ) IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
Ta -2 × 0.15 in AC substation grounding:
DF = √1+ ( Tf ) (1 - e 0.0398 ) Calculation of Potential Difference
DF = 1.1248
Maximum Grid Current

I = IGDF
IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
I = 3.1 (1.1248)
in AC substation grounding:
I = 3.4869 A
Calculation of Potential Difference
Ground Potential
0.157 IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
VTOUCH POTENTIAL MAX = 1.5 CDρs (√0.15) in AC substation grounding:
VTOUCH POTENTIAL MAX = 45 V Calculation of Potential Difference
Buried Length
Lr
L = LC+ [1.55 + 1.22 ( )] LR
√L2X + L2Y
3
L = LC+ [1.55 + 1.22 ( )] LR Calculation of Potential Difference
√902 + 502
L = 994 m
Geometric Spacing Factor

1 1 1 1
KS = π [2h + D+h + D (1 – 0.5n-2)] IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
1 1 1 1
KS = π [2 (0.6) + 12.5+0.6 + 12.5 (1 – 0.5n-2)] in AC substation grounding:
KS = 0.314
Power Losses
NLL = 11.6 kW IEEEC.57.12.00-2010 IEEE Standard
LL = 47.6 kW General Requirements for Liquid-
Immersed Distribution, Power, and
where: Regulating Transformers
NLL = No Load Losses
LL = Load Loss
Short Circuit Impedance

%Z* = 9%
Total Power Losses IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2010,

TLF = NLL + LL Standard General Requirements for
TL = 3TLF Power and Regulation Transformers
where:
TLF = Total Loss in the Transformer per Feeder
TL = Total Loss for the Two Transformers
LL = Load Loss
TLF = 11.6 kW + 47.6 kW IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2010,

TLF = 59.2 kW Standard General Requirements for
TL = 177.6 kW Power and Regulation Transformers
*Note: Transformer rating, losses, and short-circuit impedance are according to manufacturer
specifications: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/69kv-10mva-Power-Transformer-for-
Electric_60696507750.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.30.18a4f9d2RWOnFO
New Substation Layout
Figure 3.22 New Substation Layout

The figure above shows the layout design of the new substation that will be deployed in Balayan and
Nasugbu, both are rated 10 MVA.
Stage 3: Transmission Line Design
The location of the Wind Power Plant is at Calatagan, Batangas. The power generated is to be
transmitted on two feeders namely Balayan and Nasugbu. To distances of the two feeders from the
generation to substation is 9.8 km and 16.4 km respectively.
Conductor Specification
At Balayan = 9.8 km
Calculation for Total Resistance of Conductor
Ω IEC 60287-1-1 Calculation of Current
R = (0.06712 ) 9.8km Ratings, Section 2.4.3, Table 2, Page
km 31, 2006
R = 0.6578 Ω
Calculation for the Inductance of the Transmission Line

Deq
L = 2 x 10-7 ln ( )
GMR
where:
Deq = Equivalent spacing of conductors or Geometric Mean Distance(GMD) of conductors
GMR = Geometric Mean Radius of conductor
L = Inductance of the conductor
Considering the transmission system is completely
National Electrical Code (NEC),
transposed,
GMR = 0.7788 (r) Rated 60-Hz withstand voltage, Article
370, page 461, 2011
where:
r = Radius of The Conductor
.680 in
r= = 0.34 in = 0.008636 m
2
GMR = 0.7788 (0.008636 m)
GMR = 6.7257 × 10-3
Using a Single Circuit Tower
Figure 3.20 Single Circuit Tower
The figure above shows the appearance of a single circuit tower for a transmission line.
3
Deq = √(7.7492m)(8.4119m)(5.2469m) BULLETIN 1724E-2003 Horizontal
Deq = 6.9933 m Separation Recommendations
Section 6.b.(2), page 6-1
6.9933 1000m
L = 2 x 10-7 ln ( -3
)( ) ( 9.8km )
6.7257 x 10 1km
L = 13.6157 mH
XL = 2π f L = 2π (60) (13.6157 mH) National Electrical Code (NEC),

XL = j5.133 Ω/phase Rated 60-Hz withstand voltage, Article
370, page 461, 2011
Total Impedance of Transmission Line
ZCONDUCTOR = 0.6578 + j5.133 Ω/phase
ZT = ZCONDUCTOR × 3 phase
ZT = (0.6578+ j5.133 Ω/phase) × 3 phase
ZT = 1.9734 + j6.9147 Ω
At Nasugbu = 16.4 km
Calculation for Total Resistance of Conductor
IEC 60287-1-1 Calculation of Current
Ω Ratings, Section 2.4.3, Table 2, Page
R = (0.06712 ) 10.34km 31, 2006
km
R = 0.6940 Ω
Calculation for the Inductance of the Transmission Line

Deq
L = 2 x 10-7 ln ( )
GMR
where:
Deq = Equivalent spacing of conductors or Geometric Mean Distance(GMD) of conductors
GMR = Geometric Mean Radius of conductor
L = Inductance of the conductor
Considering the transmission system is completely

transposed National Electrical Code (NEC),
GMR = 0.7788 (r) Rated 60-Hz withstand voltage, Article
370, page 461, 2011
where:
r = radius of the conductor
0.680 in
r= = 0.34 in = 0.008636 m
2
GMR = 0.7788 (0.008636m)
GMR = 6.7257 × 10-3 m
Using a Single Circuit Tower
Figure 3.21 Single Circuit Tower

The figure above shows the appearance of a single circuit tower for a transmission line.
3
Deq = √(7.7492 m)(8.4119 m)(5.2469 m) BULLETIN 1724E-2003 Horizontal
Deq = 6.9933 m Separation Recommendations
Section 6.b.(2), page 6-1
6.9933 1000 m
L = 2 x 10-7 ln ( -3
) ( ) (10.34 km)
6.7257 x 10 1 km
L = 14.3659 mH
XL = 2π f L = 2π (60) (14.3659 mH) National Electrical Code (NEC),

XL = 5.4158 Ω/phase Rated 60-Hz withstand voltage, Article
370, page 461, 2011
Total Impedance of Transmission Line
ZCONDUCTOR = 0.5262 + j5.4158 Ω/phase
ZT = ZCONDUCTOR × 3 phase
ZT = (0.5262 + j5.4158 Ω/phase) × 3 phase
ZT = 1.5786 + j16.2474 Ω
Computation for Line Current per Feeder

S
IL = PEC Part I (2009) Sec 4.30.2.4 page
√3 VL 580: General Requirements for Full
Load Branch Circuit, Feeder and Other
where: Conductors.
IL = Load Current
S = Apparent Power Output
VL = Line Voltage
11.648 MW + 177.6 kW
IL =
√3 69 kV
IL = 97.9588 A
Conductor Specifications
The size of conductor 97.9588 × 1.25 = 122.4485 A
PEC Part I (2009) Sec 4.30.2.4 page
As indicated that the 80% ampacity of the conductor
580: General Requirements for Full
Load Branch Circuit, Feeder and Other
Use: ACSR Turkey, AWG 6
Conductors.
For the grounding conductor,
1
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = ( ) (IL ) Philippine Electrical Code Part 2
5
1 Article 1.4.4.3 (b): “System Grounding
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = ( ) (97.9588 ) Conductors for Multi-Grounded
5
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = 19.5918 A Alternating Current Systems”
Use: ACSR Turkey, AWG 6
Transmission Line Resistance

Based on ACSR Turkey specifications, IEC 60228, 3rd Edition 2004 – 11
Resistance⁄
1000 ft = 0.641 Ω International Standard on Conductors
of Insulated Cables.
Length of Feeders:
LF1 = 9.8 km
LF2 = 16.4 km
Total Resistance of Each Feeder

RFn = LFn x R IEC 60228, 3rd Edition 2004 – 11
International Standard on Conductors
where: of Insulated Cables.
LFn = Length of Feeder 'n'
R = Conductor Resistance per Unit Length
RF1 = LF1 x R IEC 60228, 3rd Edition 2004 – 11

RF1 = 9.8 km x 0.641Ω⁄0.3048 km International Standard on Conductors
RF1 = 20.6096 Ω of Insulated Cables.
RF2 = LF2 x R
RF2 = 16.4 km x 0.641Ω⁄0.3048 km
RF2 = 34.4895 Ω
RFT = RF1 + RF2

RFT = 55.0992 Ω
Losses per Feeder:

IEEE Transactions on Power
PFn = 3I2 RFn Delivery (Volume: 21, Issue: 3, July
2006) Power Loss Measurement and
where:
Estimation Method
PFn = Power Loss in Feeder 'n'
I = Line Current
RFn = Resistance of Feeder 'n'
PF1 = 3I2 RF1 IEEE Transactions on Power

2
PF1 = 3(97.9588) (20.6096) Delivery (Volume: 21, Issue: 3, July
PF1 = 593.3046 kW 2006) Power Loss Measurement and
Estimation Method
PF2 = 3I2 RF2
2
PF2 = 3(97.9588) (34.4895) IEEE Transactions on Power
PF2 = 621.3142 kW Delivery (Volume: 21, Issue: 3, July
2006) Power Loss Measurement and
Estimation Method
PFT = PF1 + PF2
PFT = 1214.6188 MW
Stage 4: Step Up Transmission Substation Design
Rating
25,000 kVA, 3-phase, 13.8 kV/69 kV
Primary Winding
MVA Rating
I=
√3 × V
20 MVA
I=
√3 (11 kV)
I = 836.7395 A
Primary Winding Conductor

be 836.7395 A. As indicated that the 80% ampacity Requirements for Branch Circuit,
of the conductor shall be the full load current. Feeder and Other Conductors.
IF = 836.7395 A x 1.25
IF = 1045.9244 A
Use: Waxwing 266.8 (KCM or AWG)
At Secondary Winding
MVA Rating IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2010,
I=
√3 × V Standard General Requirements for
20 MVA Power and Regulation Transformers.
I=
√3 (69 V)
I = 167.3479 A
Secondary Winding Conductor

be 167.3479 A. As indicated that the 80% ampacity Requirements for Branch Circuit,
of the conductor shall be the full load current. Feeder and Other Conductors.
IF = 167.3479 A x 1.25
IF = 209.1849 A
Circuit Breaker
NEC Section 450.3 – Computation for
Primary Circuit Breaker
167.3479 A x 3 = 502.0437 A Overcurrent Protection of Transformer
Use: 600 AT CB
Secondary Circuit Breaker

NEC Section 450.3 – Computation for
Overcurrent Protection of Transformer
33.4696 A x 3 = 100.4088 A
Use: 15000 AT CB
Grounding Conductor
PEC Part 2, Article 1.4.4.3(b) or
Primary Grounding Conductor
1
System Grounding Conductors for
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = (Current) Multi-Grounded Alternating Current
5
1 Systems.
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = (836.7395 A)
5
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = 167.3479 A
Use: Turkey 6 (KCM or AWG)
Secondary Grounding Conductor

1 PEC Part 2, Article 1.4.4.3(b) or
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = (Current) System Grounding Conductors for
5
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = (167.3479 A)
5 Systems.
IGROUNDING CONDUCTOR = 33.4696 A
Use: Raven 1/0 (KCM or AWG)
Neutral Conductor
INEUTRAL = (IFLSecondary) PEC Part I(2009), Sec. 2.20.3.22 page
INEUTRAL = 522.9622 A 320: Feeder or Service Neutral Ground
Switch Gear Design

S
IDSA = IEC 62271-102(2001) High-voltage
√3 VL switchgear and control gear - Part
10 MVA 102: Alternating current disconnectors
IDSA = × 2.5
√3 (13.8 kV) and earthing switches
IDSA = 1045.9244 A
IEC standards assume that peak value of making current disconnectors is to be 2.5 times the RMS
value of rated short circuit current for MV (13.8 kV) switches and between 1.7-2.2 times for LV
switches.
Use: 12 – 100 A – Medium Split-Core 1.25” (32mm) Opening
Disconnector Rating
Voltage Transformer IEC 62271-102(2001) High-voltage
69 kV switchgear and control gear - Part
VT- Primary Voltage = 102: Alternating current disconnectors
√3
VT- Primary Voltage = 39.8372 kV and earthing switches
13.8 kV
VT-Secondary Voltage = IEC 60099-8(2011) Part 8/IEEE C62.22
√3 page 8 – 16; Standard for Lightning
VT- Secondary Voltage = 7.9674 kV
Arrester and Ground Voltage Fault
Type: Disconnector Material: Porcelain
Rated Voltage: 13.2 kV Application
Current Transformer
IGROUNDING = 43. 7386 A
Use: Primary Current = 100 A IEC 60099-8(2011) Part 8/IEEE C62.22
Secondary Current = 5 A page 8 – 16; Standard for Lightning
Accuracy Power = 30 VA Arrester and Ground Voltage Fault
Accuracy Class = 0.5
Lighting Arrester
Voltage ×1.05
VLA =
√3
Highest Voltage NEC (2001) Article 310, Table 310.60
69 kV × 1.05
VLA = (C) (67) and 310.60(C) (69), page 226;
√3 Conductor for general wiring
VLA = 41.829 kV
Use: RP1 Primary Side Normal Duty Distribution Class (ZnO)
Nominal Voltage Philippine Grid Code PP. (32) Section 3.2.3 – the
13.8 kV × 1.05 system owner must ensure that the voltage variation
VLA = must be not more or less than +-5% of the nominal
√3 voltage at any point during normal operation.
VLA = 11.9512 kV
Use: RP1 Load Side Normal Duty Distribution Class (ZnO)
Voltage Drop Calculation

VD = I √ (R2 + X2)
National Electric Code (1999), Article
where:
total voltage drop on both feeders and
I = Full Load Current
branch circuits to the farthest outlet
R = Resistance
does not exceed 5 percent.
X = Reactance
At 6.1 miles to Balayan New Substation

R = 6.1 (0.8950) = 5.4595 Ω
VD = 167.3479 √ (5.45952 + 3.90582) total voltage drop on both feeders and
VD = 1.1234 kV branch circuits to the farthest outlet
1.1234 kV does not exceed 5 percent.
VD % =
69 kV
VD % = 1.6281 %
At 10.2 miles to Nasugbu New Substation

R = 10.2 (0.8950) = 9.1290 Ω
VD = 167.3479 √ (9.12902 + 6.53212) 210, page 19: Where the maximum
VD = 1.8795 kV total voltage drop on both feeders and
1.878.5275 kV branch circuits to the farthest outlet
VD % = does not exceed 5 percent.
69 kV
VD % = 2.7225 %
Touch Potential Calculation

Using clay as soil which is 100 Ω
The metal is 100 mm thick
Derating Factor
100
0.09 (1 - 100 ×100) IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
CD = 1 - in AC substation grounding:
2 × 0.1 + 0.09
CD = 0.6928 Calculation of Potential Difference
Decrement Factor
X 1
Ta = × ( ) IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
R 2 TF
1 in AC substation grounding:
Ta = 15 × ( ) Calculation of Potential Difference
2 T(60)
Ta = 0.0398
-2 × Tf
Ta
DF = √1+ ( ) (1 - e Ta ) IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
Tf
Ta -2 × 0.15 in AC substation grounding:
DF = √1+ ( Tf ) (1 - e 0.0398 ) Calculation of Potential Difference
DF = 1.1248
Maximum Grid Current

I = IGDF
I = 3.1 (1.1248)
I = 3.4869 A
Ground Potential
0.157 IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
VTOUCH POTENTIAL MAX = 1.5 CDρs (√0.15)
VTOUCH POTENTIAL MAX = 45 V Calculation of Potential Difference
Buried Length
Lr
L = LC+ [1.55 + 1.22 ( )] LR
√L2X + L2Y
3 Calculation of Potential Difference
L = LC+ [1.55 + 1.22 ( )] LR
√90 + 502
2
L = 994 m
Geometric Spacing Factor

1 1 1 1
KS = π [2h + D+h + D (1 – 0.5n-2)] IEEE Std 80 (2000), Guide for safety
1 1 1 1 in AC substation grounding:
KS = π [2 (0.6) + 12.5+0.6 + 12.5 (1 – 0.5n-2)] Calculation of Potential Difference
KS = 0.314
Power Losses
NLL = 19.2 kW IEEEC.57.12.00-2010 IEEE Standard
LL = 84.2 kW General Requirements for Liquid-
Immersed Distribution, Power, and
where: Regulating Transformers
LL = Load Loss
Short Circuit Impedance

%Z = 9% IEEEC.57.12.00-2010 IEEE Standard
General Requirements for Liquid-
Total Power Losses Immersed Distribution, Power, and
TL = NLL + LL Regulating Transformers
where:
TL = Total Loss for the Step-up Transformer
LL = Load Loss
TL = 103.4 kW
*Note: Transformer rating, losses, and short-circuit impedance are according to manufacturer
specifications: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/69kv-10mva-Power-Transformer-for-
Electric_60696507750.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.30.18a4f9d2RWOnFO
Switchyard Layout
Figure 3.18 Switchyard Layout
A switchyard, consisting of large breakers and towers, is usually located in an area close to the plant.
The substation is used as the distribution center where electrical power is supplied to the plant from
the outside, and electrical power is sent from the plant
Figure 3.19 Switchyard Sections and Details
The figure above shows the sections and details of the wind farm switchyard.
Stage 5: Wind Power Plant Design
Coordinates of Plant & Poles and Lattices
Figure 3.16 Coordinates, Poles and Lattices of the Wind Farm
The site in Calatagan has a flat terrain and does not have any tall structures in the vicinity, which
may have a significant effect on the wind farm layout.
Required kW Output
2
POut = PDeficient + PTL + ∑ PFn

n=1
where:
Pout = Required kW Output of the Transformer
PDeficient = Power Deficiency in Balayan & Nasugbu in the year 2028
PTL = Total Losses in the Transformers
2
∑ PFn = Total Losses in the Distribution Feeders

n=1
POut = 28.464 MW + (0.177 MW + 0.103 MW) + 1.214 MW

POut = 29.958 MW
Number of Wind Turbines to be Used

Target Power Output
Number of Turbines =
Output of Each Unit
Horizontal Wind Turbine
This wind turbine is characterized by blades which are perpendicular to the ground. Most of them
which are built nowadays are two or three-bladed. Meanwhile, there are some which use single blade
only or even more than three. The following is the wind turbine to be used.
Option 1: Horizontal-Axis Upwind Turbine (Free Standing)
Figure 3.6 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (Free Standing)
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top
of a tower, and may be pointed into or out of the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind
vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a
gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to
drive an electrical generator. HAWT in free standing configuration was made by steel pipe with a free
standing design. It was used for 1 kW to 50 kW wind turbines. The height of mono tower is usually
from 12m to 36m. It has less vibration and more reliable.
General Data
 Manufacturer: Vestas (Denmark)
 Model: V117
 Nominal power: 4.2 MW
 Rotor diameter: 57.2 m
 Number of blades: 3
 Start-up wind speed: 4 m/s
 Maximum wind speed: 25 m/s
 Generator output voltage: 690 V
Power Available in the Wind
To compute the available power in the wind we use the formula:
1
PAVAIL = 2 ρAV3
IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst
where: PAS-102(12):3791–3795. Stability
D
Swept area = π ( 2 )2 Simulation of Wind Turbine Systems.
Air Density = 1. 225 kg / m3
Wind Velocity = 9.88 m / s
Rotor Diameter = 52 Dm
52
PAVAIL = Pin = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 π ( )2
2
PAVAIL = Pin = 3.0359 MW
Note: Pin is the mechanical power produce by the rotational movement of the wind turbine.
Theoretical Maximum Wind Power

1
PMAX = 2 ρAV3 Cp IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance
Measurements of Electricity
where: Producing Wind Turbines
D
Swept area = π ( 2 )2
Cp = Betz Limits (0.5926)
Rotor Diameter = 57.2 Dm
57.2
PMAX = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 (0.5926) π ( )2
2
PMAX = 1.7990 MW
Reasonably Obtainable Wind Power

POBT = Cp (PAVAIL) IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance
POBT = (0.55) (3.0359 MW) Measurements of Electricity
POBT = 1.6697 MW Producing Wind Turbines
Generator Efficiency
Efficiency Generator = (0.95 × 0.97) × 100% = 92.15%
Efficiency at The Generation Part = (0.9215 × 0.98) × 100% = 90.307%
Note: Considering that the nominal power that the generator served was 1000 kW and the generator
should only be loaded at 50% of its full load.
Pout = 0.90307% (1.6697) = 1.5079 MW per turbine

Note: The electrical power output will depend on the efficiency at the generator part and the
mechanical power.
Number of Wind Turbines

34.944 MW
Number of Wind Turbines = = 23.17 ≅ 23 wind turbines
1.5079 MW
Note: To know the number of turbines needed to be constructed we have to consider the electrical
power needed in the area which is 34.944 MW:
Losses Calculation
Power Input - losses
Efficiency = IEEE Trans Power Apparatus Syst
Power Input PAS-102(12):3791–3795. Stability
1.5079 MW - losses
92.15 % = Simulation of Wind Turbine Systems.
1.5079 MW
Losses = 1.5079 MW – 0.9215 (1.5079 MW)
Losses = 118.3702 kW per turbine
Note: To compute for the losses in each turbine consider the amount of mechanical power in the
wind turbine and the efficiency of the generator.
Total Power Losses PAS-102(12):3791–3795. Stability
Total losses = Losses × Number of Wind Turbines Simulation of Wind Turbine Systems.
Total losses = 118.3702 kW x 23
Total losses = 2.7225 MW
Note: To compute for the total losses in the wind turbines, multiply the total losses in each turbine to
the number of turbines.
Distance Between Turbines

Distance between Turbines = 5(D)
where: IEC 2005 (E) 61400-12-1 A.1:

D = Rotor Diameter Requirements regarding neighbouring
DT = 5 (57.2 m)
DT = 286 m Requirements regarding neighbouring
Power Plant Layout
Figure 3.14 Power Plant Layout
The figure above shows the layout of the wind farm consisting of 23 wind turbines with a distance of
286 m between each of them.
Single Line Diagram
Figure 3.17 Single Line Diagram of the Wind Farm

Option 2: Horizontal-Axis Upwind Turbine (Lattice)
Figure 3.8 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (Lattice)
Horizontal-axis wind turbine in lattice configuration turbines are delivered with steel towers, which
are manufactured in sections of 20-30 meters with flanges at either end, and bolted together on the
site. The towers are conical (i.e. with their diameter increasing towards the base) in order to increase
their strength and to save materials at the same time.
General Data
 Manufacturer: Siemens Gamesa
 Model: SG 4.5-145 DD
 Nominal power: 4.8 MW
 Rotor diameter: 145 m
 Generator output voltage: 690 V

1
PAVAIL = 2 ρAV3
D
127
PAVAIL = Pin = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 π ( )2
2
PAVAIL = Pin = 14.9659 MW

1
D
52
PMAX = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 (0.5926) π ( )2
2 IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance
PMAX = 8.8688 MW per turbine Measurements of Electricity
Producing Wind Turbines
IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance
POBT = Cp (PAVAIL)
POBT = (0.55) (2.5090 MW)
POBT = 8.2313 MW Producing Wind Turbines
Pout = 0.90307% (8.2313 MW) = 7.4334 MW per turbine
mechanical power.

34.944 MW
Number of Wind Turbines = = 25.3238 ≅ 26 wind turbines
7.4334 MW
Losses Calculation
1.3799 MW - losses
1.3799 MW
Losses = 1.3799 MW – 0.9215 (1.3799 MW)

Distance between Turbines = 5(D)
where: IEC 2005 (E) 61400-12-1 A.1:

DT = 5 (127 m)
DT = 635 m Requirements regarding neighbouring
Power Plant Layout
Single Line Diagram
Option 3: Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (Darrieus)
Figure 3.10 Darrieus Vertical Wind Turbine
A type of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) used to generate electricity from the energy carried in
the wind. The turbine consists of a number of curved aero foil blades mounted on a vertical rotating
shaft or framework. The curvature of the blades allows the blade to be stressed only in tension at
high rotating speeds. A Darrieus wind turbines appear to be more suitable in different fields such as
building integration, the extreme zones (mountain refuge, observatories) than the classic wind
turbines. It is less efficient compared with the three-bladed wind turbines, this kind of wind turbine
can overcome the limits due to the sizes of blades and their rotation speed. The main advantage of
this type of turbines is that the generator can be easily set up in the ground.
General data
 Manufacturer: Ropatec (Italy)
 Model: TS30pro
 Nominal power: 30 kW
 Rotor Diameter: 12 m
 Generator Output voltage: 400 V

1
PAVAIL = 2 ρAV3
D
12
PAVAIL = Pin = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 π ( )2
2
PAVAIL = Pin = 133.6163 kW

1
D
12
PMAX = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 (0.5926) π ( )2
2
PMAX = 79.1809 kW

POBT = (0.45) (79.1809 kW) Measurements of Electricity
POBT = 35.6315 kW Producing Wind Turbines
Pout = 0.90307% (35.6315 kW) = 32.1776 kW per turbine
mechanical power.

34.944 MW
Number of Wind Turbines = = 1085 wind turbines
32.1776 kW
Losses Calculation
32.1776 kW - losses
32.1776 MW
Losses = 32.1776 kW – 0.9215 (32.1776 kW)

Distance between Turbines (Ln) = 5 (D)
where: IEC 2005 (E) 61400-12-1 A.1:

Ln = 5 (12 m)
Ln = 60 m Requirements regarding neighbouring
Power Plant Layout
Single Line Diagram

Option 4: Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (Savonius)
Figure 3.12 Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (Savonius)
A Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine is a slow rotating, high torque machine with two or more scoops
and are used in high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines. Most wind turbines use lift generated
by airfoil-shaped blades to drive a rotor, the Savonius uses drag and therefore cannot rotate faster
than the approaching wind speed.
General Data:
 Manufacturer: Arborwind (Michigan, USA)
 Model: PT-180
 Nominal power: 60 kW @10.9 m/s
 Rotor Diameter: 18 m
 Start-up wind speed: 3.129 m/s
 Maximum wind speed: 11.176 m/s
 Generator Output voltage: 480 V

1
PAVAIL = 2 ρAV3
D
18
PAVAIL = Pin = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 π ( )2
2
PAVAIL = Pin = 300.6366 kW

1
D
12
PMAX = (0.5) (1.225) (9.88)3 (0.5926) π ( )2
2
PMAX = 178.1523 kW

Producing Wind Turbines
POBT = (0.30) (178.1523 kW)
POBT = 53.4472 kW
Pout = 0.90307% (53.4472 kW) = 48.2665 kW per turbine
mechanical power.

34.944 MW
Number of Wind Turbines = = 724 wind turbines
48.2665 kW
Losses Calculation
48.2665 kW - losses
48.2665 kW
Losses = 48.2665 kW – 0.9215 (48.2665 kW)

Distance between Turbines (Ln) = 5 (D)
where: IEC 2005 (E) 61400-12-1 A.1:
Ln = 5 (12 m)
Ln = 60 m Requirements regarding neighbouring
Power Plant Layout
Single Line Diagram

Figure 3.17 shows the single line diagram of the wind farm. Wind turbines are connected to breakers
to collector bus and goes through the collector feeder breakers. The local wind turbine grid can be
AC or DC and is the grid connecting the wind turbines together and to the collecting point. It is then
connected to switch gear or open substation which converts the voltage to a desired output. The
collecting point is the substation, including the transformer and power electronics used for the
respective transmission technology that is chosen. The transmission system is the connection to
shore, where the power is transmitted to the wind farm grid interface.

Wind Power Plant 1.2

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Wind Power Plant

Figure 3.1 Design options of Wind Power Plant

Figure 3.2 Schematic for Wind Power Plant

1 IEC 61400-12-1 Power Performance

Figure 3.15 Distance Between Wind Turbines

Thus, Distance between Turbines = 5(D)

Design Stages of Wind Power Plant

Figure 3.4 Proposed Single Line Diagram of Wind Power Plant

Stage 1: Load Forecasting

Data from Load Curve IEEE Std. 1013 (2000). Load

Computing Future Peak Demand for the year

Reserve Capacity in 10 years

PRC = 6.48 – 34.944

Power Demand per Feeder

*Note: load forecasted data sourced from BATELEC I

Stage 2: Step Down Transmission Substation Design

IFL = 83.6739 A × 1.25 NEC Section 240-3: General

Secondary Winding Conductor

Secondary Circuit Breaker

Switch Gear Design

13.8 kV IEC 60099-8(2011) Part 8/IEEE C62.22

Type: Disconnector Material: Porcelain

Bus Bar Sizing Copper Development Association

IBUS = ILF1 + ILF2 + ILF3

Bus Bar Dimension

Resistance per Meter Copper development association

Inductance Per Meter and Inductive Reactance Per Meter

Capacitance Per Meter and Capacitive Reactance Per Meter

Voltage Drop Calculation

At 6.1 miles to New Substation

Touch Potential Calculation

Maximum Grid Current

Geometric Spacing Factor

Short Circuit Impedance

Total Power Losses IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2010,

TLF = 11.6 kW + 47.6 kW IEEE Standard C57.12.00-2010,

Figure 3.22 New Substation Layout

Stage 3: Transmission Line Design

Calculation for the Inductance of the Transmission Line

Using a Single Circuit Tower

Figure 3.20 Single Circuit Tower

XL = 2π f L = 2π (60) (13.6157 mH) National Electrical Code (NEC),

Calculation for the Inductance of the Transmission Line

Considering the transmission system is completely

Using a Single Circuit Tower

Figure 3.21 Single Circuit Tower

XL = 2π f L = 2π (60) (14.3659 mH) National Electrical Code (NEC),

Computation for Line Current per Feeder

Transmission Line Resistance

Total Resistance of Each Feeder

RF1 = LF1 x R IEC 60228, 3rd Edition 2004 – 11

RFT = RF1 + RF2

Losses per Feeder:

PF1 = 3I2 RF1 IEEE Transactions on Power

Stage 4: Step Up Transmission Substation Design

Primary Winding Conductor

Secondary Winding Conductor

Secondary Circuit Breaker

Secondary Grounding Conductor

Switch Gear Design

Voltage Drop Calculation

At 6.1 miles to Balayan New Substation

At 10.2 miles to Nasugbu New Substation