IFFAN SULIHAN RHAHMADANI

SIKLUS MESIN KONVERSI PANAS KE MEKANIK 023116400000097

DAN SOAL

Energi adalah kemampuan untuk melakukan

usaha. Energi bersifat abstrak yang sukar dibuktikan tetapi dapat dirasakan
adanya. Menurut hukum Termodinamika Pertama, energi bersifat kekal.
Energi tidak dapat diciptakan dan tidak dapat dimusnakan, tetapi dapat
berubah bentuk (konversi) dari bentuk energi yang satu ke bentuk energi yang
lain. Sebagai contoh pada proses pembakaran pada mesin mobil/motor
(sistem motor pembakaran dalam), bensin satu liter dikonversi menjadi kerja
yang berhasil guna tinggi, yakni menjadi energi gerak/mekanik pada
mobil/motor, sehingga dapat memindahkan manusia/barang dari suatu
tempat ke tempat lain. Dalam hal ini bensin satu liter memiliki energy dalam
yang siap dirubah menjadi kerja yang berguna (availabilitas). Dengan kata lain
availabilitas adalah kemampuan sistem untuk menghasilkan kerja yang
berguna.

Siklus termodinamika mesin pengkonversi panas menjadi ke mekanik,

salah satu siklus tersebut dipakai pada heat engine yang bekerja dengan
mengkonversi energy panas menjadi kerja dengan mengeksploitasi gradien
suhu antara sumber panas dan sumber dingin. Panas dapat bergerak dari suhu
tinggi ke suhu rendah dan dalam proses ini, panas tersebut dikonversi menjadi
kerja. Salah satunya adalah siklus Joule atau Brayton yang digunakan pada
sistem terbuka maupun tertutup di heat engine atau di power plant dengan
turbin gas secara ekslusif. Siklus Brayton juga biasa disebut siklus gas turbin
karena menggunakan gas-gas (selain dari steam) yang bisa dikompresi tetapi
tidak dicairkan oleh condenser.

Proses 1-2: Kompresi isentropic udara atmosfer dari inlet ke kompresor dan
ke tekanan maksimum in siklus.
Proses 2-3: Proses pembakaran dengan tekanan yang konstan (penambahan
panas).

Proses 3-4: Proses ekspansi isentropic pembakaran dari inlet ke turbin dan
ke turbine exhaust pada tekanan atmosfir.

Proses 4-1: Proses penolakan panas tekanan konstan sampai suhu kembali
ke kondisi intial.

SOAL

JAWABAN
(7.10). Sebuah siklus Brayton standar udara beroperasi dengan
perbandingan tekanan kompresi 4,2. Efisiensi actual ekspansi dan kompresi
dari gas proses adalah 0,88 dan 0,82, temparatur maksimum dan minimum
masing-masing 800 dan 16oC. Hitunglah kerja kompresi, kerja ekspansi,
perbandingan kerja ekspansi dan kompresi, dan efisiensi termis actual dan
teoritis. Jika keluaran daya dari instalasi 8 MW, tentukan aliran gas dalam
kilogram per menit.

Diketahui:

ɳc= 0.82

ɳt= 0.88

P2/P1 =4.2

T1=16 +273= 289K

T3 = 800+273 =1073 K
Ditanya:

wc, wt, , ɳth aktual dan teoritis , wt /wc, jika P=8MW berapa aliran udara

Jawab:

 Kerja kompresi:
𝛾−1
𝑃2
T2=T1(𝑃1) 𝛾

0.4
T2= 289 × 4.21.4 =435.48 K

wc= h1-h2 = cp(T1-T2)

wc= 1.0048 (-435.48+289) =-147.18kJ/kg

 Kerja ekspansi
𝛾−1
𝑃4
T4=T3(𝑃3) 𝛾

0.4
T4= 1073 × (1/4.2)1.4 =712.07 K

wt = h3-h4 =cp(T3-T4)

wt = 1.0048 (1073-712.07) =362.66 kJ/kg

 Perbandingan kerja ekspansi dan kompresi:

𝑤𝑡 362.66
=
𝑤𝑐 147.18
𝑤𝑡
= 2.46
𝑤𝑐
 Efesiensi termis actual
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
ɳth, a =
𝑞𝑎

wnet =wc+wt

wnet= 362.66-147.18=215.48 kJ/kg

qa = cp(T3-T2)

qa= 1.0048(1073-435.48)=640.59 kJ/kg

215.48
ɳth, a = = 33.63%
640.59
  Efisiensi termis teoritis:
𝑃1 𝛾−1
ɳth = 1 − ( ) 𝛾
𝑃2
0.4
ɳth = 1 − (1/4.2)1.4 = 33.63%

 Jumlah alran udara = P/w

P=8MW=8000kW

P/w =8000×60/215.48 =2227.58 kg/menit

(7.11). Sebuah mesin siklus Bryton terbuka beroperasi dengan perbandingan

tekanan kompresi 6 dan temparatur masuk 20oC, temparatur masuk turbin
950oC. Mesin ini memutar generator listrik yg menghasilkan 25 Mwe dengan
efisiensi generator 90%. Pada system-system berikut, tentukan efisiensi
termis, kerja spesifik dan massa udara yang dipakai jika efisiensi kompresor
dan turbin 80%.

(a) Siklus Bryton sederhana

(b) Siklus Bryton regenerative dg keefektifan regenerator 80%

(c) Siklus Bryton yg menggunakan dua tingkat kompresi dg intercooler

sampai 20oC

(d) Siklus Bryton yg menggunakan kedua-dua regenerator (b) dan

intercooler (c).

The thermal efficiency of this cycle is found as the net work delivered by the
cycle divided by the heat added to the working substance. From this
definition of the cycle thermal efficiency we may write:

𝑊net 𝑄rejected
ɳ= =1−
𝑄added 𝑄added

since the constant pressure heat rejection is equal to the change of enthalpy
in the process from state 4 to state 1, and the head added in a constant
pressure process from state 2 to state 3 is the change of enthalpy between
these two state, we may write for the case of constant specific heats:
 𝑇4 𝑇1
(𝑇2 − 𝑇2)
ɳ=1−
𝑇3
𝑇2 − 1

note that the process from state 1 to state 2 is an insentropic compression

and the process from state 3 to state 4 is an insentropic expansion, and that
P3=P2 and that P4=P1. Hence, we may write

𝑇3 𝑃3 𝛾−1 𝑃2 𝛾−1 𝑇2
=( ) 𝛾 =( ) 𝛾 =
𝑇4 𝑃4 𝑃1 𝑇1

Where ɣ is the ratio of specific heats. Canceling through the appropriate term
yeild an expression for the ideal Brayton cycle thermal efficiency for constant
specific heats as :

𝑃1 𝛾−1 𝑇1
ɳ= 1−( ) 𝛾 = 1−
𝑃2 𝑇2

Additional equations:

Compressor:

ℎ2 − ℎ1
ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1 =
ɳ𝑐

Where ɳc is the adiabatic compressor efficiency, h2s is the state reached by

isentropic comression from state 1, and h2a is actual state of the gas leaving
the compressor.
Turbine :

ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑎
ɳ𝑡 =
ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠

where ɳt is the turbine efficiency, h4s is the state reached by insentropic

expansion from state 3, and h4a is the actual state of the gas leaving the
turbine

 Gas Turbine

 The compressor which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it and
feeds it to the combustion chambet literally at speeds of hundreds of
miles per hour.
 The combustion system, typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors
that inject a steady stream of fuelin to the combustion chamber where
it mixes with air
  The turbine is an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating
aerofoil secrion blades. As hot combustion gas expands through the
turbine, it spins the rotating blades. The rotating blades performm a
dual function; they drive the compressor to draw more pressurized air
into the combustion section, and they spin a generator to produce
electricity.

Land based gas turbines are of two types

1. Heavy frame engines

Heavy frame engines are characterized by lower compression ratios
(below 15) and tend to be physicaly large
2. Aeroderivative engines
Aeroderivative engines are derivied from jet engines, as the name
implies, and operate at very high compression ratios. Tent to be very
compact

One key to a turbine’s fuel to energy efficiency is the temperature at which it

operates. Higher temperature generally mean higher efficiencies which in
turn can lead to more economical operation. The requirement for cooling the
turbine limits the ultimate thermal efficiency.

To boost efficiency is to install a recuperator or waste heat boiler onto the

turbine’s exhaust. A recuperator captures waste heat in the turbine exhaust
system to preheat the compressor discharge air before it enters the
combustion chamber. A waste heat boiler generates syeam by campturing
heat from the turbine exhaust. High pressure steam from these boilers can be
used to generate additional electric power with steam turbines.

 Closed Brayton Cycle

The additional complexity of this Brayton cycle model is a function of
including a closed circuit for fluid involved in the combustion or heating
process. In a power plant, such a fluid could be gas heated from combustion
of oil, coal, or natural gas or from nuclear fission. In engines, the fluid would
most likely be the gas produced via combustion.

This system is closed because circuit of fluid are employed, the fluid which
expand through the turbine is not merely expelled as echaust. It represents
models integrated in power plant design.

 Bryton Cycle-Regeneration

The exhaust gases leaving the turbine in state 4 is higher than the
temperature of the gas leaving the compressor. Therefore heat can be
transferred from the exhaust gasses to the high pressure gas leaving the
compressor using a counterflow heat exchager, known as regenerator

The efficiency of the cycle with regeneration is found as follows:

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑡 − 𝑊𝑐
ɳ𝑡ℎ = =
𝑞H 𝑞H

qH= Cp (T3-Tx)

wt= Cp (T3-T4)

For an ideal regenerator, T4=Tx and therefore qH=wt , consequently

𝑊𝑐 𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1) 𝑇1 𝑃2 𝛾−1

ɳ𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− =1− ( ) 𝛾
𝑊𝑡 𝐶𝑝(𝑇3 − 𝑇4) 𝑇2 𝑃1

The high pressure gas leave the generator at temperature Tx’ =T4

Therefore the regenerator efficiency is defined by

 ℎ𝑥−ℎ2
ɳreg = 𝑥 ′ −ℎ2

 Brayton cycle with regeneration and intercooling

 Brayton cycle

a. Basic cycle
b. With reheat
c. With intercooling