Ionic and Metallic Bonding

Valence Electrons: the electrons in the highest occupied energy level. This determines the chemical
properties of an element. Corresponds to the group number. Usually the only electrons used in
chemical bonds.

*electron dot structures: show valence electrons as dots

Table 7.1 (p. 188)

*The Oclet Rule: in forming compounds atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a nobel
gas (ns np )
2 6

*Formation of Cations: when an atom loses valence electrons it becomes a cation. Names are the same,
properties are different. Commonly formed from the loss of valence electrons in metals (1, 2, or 3).
Sodium is typical (loses 1 electron to form a cation which has the same configuration as neon)

Na 1s 2s 2p 3s → Na 1s 2s 2p
2 2 6 1 + 2 2 6

↑oclet

Magnesium achieves the electron configuration of neon by losing 2 valence electrons (Mg ) 2+

Cations of group 1A always have a charge of 1+

“ “ 2A “ “ 2+

CHARGES MAY VARY FOR TRANSITION METALS

eg: iron may be Fe or Fe 2+ 3+

SOME IONS OF TRANSITION METALS DO NOT HAVE NOBEL GAS ELECTRON

CONFIGURATIONS

EG: silver forms the ion Ag w/ 18 electrons in its highest occupied energy level and all of its oribtals
+

filled (4s 4p 4d )
2 6 10

copper forms Cu+

Pseudo Nobe ➚ gold Au+

Gas Configurations ➘ cadmium Cd2+

mercury Hg2+

*Formation of Anions (atoms that have gained electrons): anions from non-metallic elements have
different names typically ending in “-ide”; have nearly full valence shells; halide ions form when
chlorine and other halogens gain electrons; all have a charge of 1-

Table 7.2 (p. 192)

Some Common Anions! ANIONS!

1-

F -
flurodie
CI -
chloride
Br -
bromide
I-
iodide
Oh -
hydroxide
CIO -
hypochlorite
NO 3
-
nitrate
CHO 2 3 2
-
acetate
HCO 3
-
hydrogen carbonate

2-

O 2-
oxide
S 2-
sulfide
SO 4
2-
sulfate
CO 4
2-
carbonate

3-

N 3-
nitride
P 3-
phosphide
PO 4
3-
phosphate

Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds

Ionic Cmpounds: compounds composed of cations and anions: cations-metal; anions-nonmetals; ionic
compounds are electrically neutral

Ionic Bonds: the electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions which hold them together in ionic
compounds

If sodium loses an electron, and chlorine gains an electron BOTH achieve a stable con
figuration.

eg: Na : 1s 2s 2p + 2 2 6
Ci : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
- 2 2 6 2 6

eg: AI (3A) + Br (7A) → AIBr 3

Chemical Formula: shows the kinds and number of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a
substance

Note: ionic compounds are a collection of positively and negatively charged ions arranged in repeating
patterns. In this case the chemical formula refers to a formula unit: the lowest whole number ratio of
ions
Properties of Ionic Compounds

Fluorite: CaF 2

Aragonite: CaCO 3

Beryl1: BeAI (SiO ) 2 3 6

Hermatile: Fe O
2 3

Grossularite: Ca AI (SiO ) 3 2 4 3

Barite: BaSO 4

Rutile: TiO 2

Wulfenite: PbMoO 4

Pyrite: FeS 2

Cinnbar: HgS

*most are crystalline solids at room temperature

*generally have high melting points (salt -800°C)
•in NaCI, each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chloride ions and each chloride ion is sur
rounded by six sodium ions!
*coordination number: the number of ions of opposite charge that surround that ion. (Both Na and CI+ -

have a coordination number of 6 in NaCI)

*Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or when molten

Bonding in Metals
metals are made up of closely packed cations instead of neutral ions
valence electrons in metals are free
metallic bonds consist of the attraction of the free floating electrons for the metallic cations
the “sea-of-electrons” model explains the properties of metals, especially conductivity
malleability and ductility can be described as “ball bearings immersed in oil”

•Crystalline Structure of Metals

-metals are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns
-monometallic crystalline solids can have atoms arranged in a variety of ways

(8) body-centered cubic: sodium, potassium, iron, tungsten, chromium

(12) face-centered cubic: copper, silver, gold, aluminum, lead

(12) hexagonal close packed: magnesium, zinc, cadminium

alloys: mixtures of two or more elements, at least one of which is metal

sterling silver: 92.5% Ag, 7.5% CU
bronze: 7 parts copper, 1 part tin
non-ferrous alloys
cast iron: 90% Fe, 4% C

STEEL: IRON, CARBON + boron, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tung

 sten, ranadium; resist corrossion, are hard, ductile and tough
stainless steel: Fe (80.6%), Cr (18%) and C (0.4%)
“substitutional alloyws” and “interstital alloys”

steel is an interstitial alloy because carbon fits in the interstices between iron