KLASIFIKASI MASSA BATUAN

Barlian Dwinagara
Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
Tujuan dari klasifikasi massa batuan
(Bieniawski, 1989)

Mengidentifikasi parameter terpenting yang mempengaruhi

perilaku massa batuan
Membagi formasi massa batuan yang khusus ke dalam grup yang
mempunyai perilaku sama, yaitu kelas massa batuan dengan
berbagai kualitas
Memberikan dasar untuk pengertian karakteristik dari tiap kelas
massa batuan
Menghubungkan pengalaman dari kondisi massa batuan di satu
lokasi dengan pengalaman yang ditemui di lokasi lain
Mengambil data kuantitatif dan pedoman untuk rancangan
rekayasa (engineering design)
Memberikan dasar umum untuk komunikasi di antara para insinyur
dan geologiwan.

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

Sifat klasifikasi massa batuan

Sederhana, mudah diingat dan dimengerti

Sifat-sifat massa batuan yang penting harus
disertakan
Parameter dapat diukur dengan mudah dan
murah
Pembobotan dilakukan secara relatif
Menyediakan data kuantitatif

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

Tiga keuntungan dari pemakaian
klasifikasi massa batuan
Meningkatkan kualitas hasil penyelidikan
lapangan dengan data masukan minimum
sebagai parameter klasifikasi
Memberikan informasi/data kuantitatif
untuk tujuan rancangan
Penilaian rekayasa dapat lebih baik dan
komunikasi lebih efektif pada suatu
prooyek.

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Klasifikasi Batuan Utuh

Type batuan
Formasi geologi dan umur
Indeks:
• Specific Gravity, Porosity, Unit Weight,
Wave Velocities
• Strength (compressive, tensile, shear)
• Elastic Modulus

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Indeks Properties Batuan Utuh
Specific Gravity of Solids, Gs

Unit Weight, γ
Porosity, n
Ultrasonic Velocities (Vp and Vs)
Compressive Strength, σc
Tensile Strength, σt
Elastic Modulus, E (at 50% of σc)

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Specific Gravity of Rock Minerals

S peci f i c G r av i t i es of R ock Mi ner al s

galena
pyrite
barite
olivine
dolomite
calcite
chlorite
feldspar
quartz Common Minerals
serpentine Average G s = 2.70
gypsum
halite
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Reference Value
(fresh water)
Specific Gravity of Solids, G s

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Unit Weights of Rocks

28

γsat = γwater [ Gs(1-n) + n]

Saturated Unit Weight, γT (kN/m )
3

26

24

22

20

18 Dolostone Granite
Graywacke Limestone Gs =
Mudstone Siltstone 2.80
16 Sandstone Tuff
2.65
2.50
14
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Porosity, n

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Ultrasonic Velocities of Rocks
Seismic Velocities for Intact Rock Materials
5000

Shear Wave, Vs (m/s) 4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Compression Wave, Vp (m/s)

Limestone Chalk Marble Schist
Tuff Slate Anhydrite Grandiorite
Diorite Gabbro Granite Dunite
Basalt Dolostone Mudstone Siltstone

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

Strength of Intact Rocks

Compressive Strength, σc

(Direct) Tensile Strength, σt

(Indirect) Brazilian Strength, σt

Shear Strength, τ

• Across the intact rock

• Along the planar surface (joints)
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
 Lab Data on Intact Rocks (Goodman, 1989)

qu T0 ER ν Ratio Ratio
Intact Rock Material (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (-) qu/T0 ER//qu
Bar aboo Quar tzite 320.0 11.0 88320 0.11 29.1 276
Bedf or d Limestone 51.0 1.6 28509 0.29 32.3 559
Ber ea Sandstone 73.8 1.2 19262 0.38 63.0 261
Cedar City Tonalite 101.5 6.4 19184 0.17 15.9 189
Cher okee Mar ble 66.9 1.8 55795 0.25 37.4 834
Dwor shak Dam Gneiss 162.0 6.9 53622 0.34 23.5 331
Flaming Gor ge Shale 35.2 0.2 5526 0.25 167.6 157
Hackensack Siltstone 122.7 3.0 29571 0.22 41.5 241
John Day Basalt 355.0 14.5 83780 0.29 24.5 236
Lockpor t Dolomite 90.3 3.0 51020 0.34 29.8 565
Micaceous Shale 75.2 2.1 11130 0.29 36.3 148
Navaj o Sandstone 214.0 8.1 39162 0.46 26.3 183
Nevada Basalt 148.0 13.1 34928 0.32 11.3 236
Nevada Gr anite 141.1 11.7 73795 0.22 12.1 523
Nevada Tuf f 11.3 1.1 3649.9 0.29 10.0 323
Oneota Dolomite 86.9 4.4 43885 0.34 19.7 505
Palisades Diabase 241.0 11.4 81699 0.28 21.1 339
Pikes Peak Gr anite 226.0 11.9 70512 0.18 19.0 312
Quar tz Mica Schist 55.2 0.5 20700 0.31 100.4 375
Solenhof en Limestone 245.0 4.0 63700 0.29 61.3 260
Taconic Mar ble 62.0 1.2 47926 0.40 53.0 773
Taver nalle Limestone 97.9 3.9 55803 0.30 25.0 570

Statistical Results: Mean = 135.5 5.6 44613 0.29 39.1 372.5

S.Dev. = 93.7 4.7 25716 0.08 35.6 193.8
Note: 1 MPa = 10.45 tsf = 145.1 psi

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

Classification for Rock Material Strength

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Klasifikasi Batuan utuh

Classification by Uniaxial Compressive

Strength, σu
Categorize Rock by its Strength and
Modulus Ratio (ER/σu)
Summary plots for Igneous, Sedimentary,
and Metamorphic Rock Types
Check on reasonableness of your lab
measurements and tests

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Klasifikasi Massa Batuan

Stand Up Time (Lauffer, 1958)

RQD - early form of rating rock mass
Geomechanics System - Rock Mass
Rating (RMR) by Bieniawski (1984, 1989)
Q-System - Norwegian Geotechnical
Institute (Barton, et al. 1974)
Geological Strength Index, GSI (Hoek,
et al., 1995)
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

RQD =
∑ panjang `setiap`core > 10cm
x100%
total `panjang `core`run

tidak ada yang

>= 10 cm

RQD = ( ( 38 + 17 + 20 +43 ) / 200 ) x 100%

RQD = 59%
pecahan karena
proses pemboran tidak ada
perolehan

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

Priest dan Hudson (1976) memberikan hubungan
antara nilai RQD dengan jarak antar bidang
diskontinyu yang ada di dalam massa batuan (joint
spacing/Js) dengan persamaan sebagai berikut.

RQD = 100e −0,1λ (0,1λ + 1)

1
Js =
λ
Js = jarak antar diskontinyu, m
λ = Frekuensi diskontinyu per meter

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

Kualitas batuan berdasarkan RQD
(Deere, 1964)

RQD Kualitas massa batuan

< 25 Sangat buruk

25 – 50 Buruk

50 – 75 Sedang

75 – 90 BAik

90 - 100 Sangat baik

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
RMR based on five parameters:
• Uniaxial strength, qu
• Rock Quality Designation, RQD
• Spacing of Discontinuities
• Condition of the Discontinuities
Rock City
• Groundwater Conditions Chattanooga, TN
RMR = R1+R2+R3+R4+R5
Adjustment for Joint Orientation relative
to construction
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
 Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
Geomechanics Systems (CSIR) [after Bieniawski, 1984, 1989]

16 25
14
RMR Rating R1

RMR Rating R2
20
12
10
15
8
6 10
4
5
2
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Unconfined Compressive Strength, qu (MPa) Rock Quality Designation, RQD

25 35
Rough/Unweathered
30
20
RMR Rating R3

RMR Rating R4
Slightly
25
Rough Weathered
15 20

10 15 Slickensided Surface or Gouge-Filled

10
5
5
Soft Gouge-Filled
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Joint Spacing (meters) Joint Separation or Gouge Thickness (mm)

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
Geomechanics Systems (CSIR) [after Bieniawski, 1984, 1989]
16 16
u = joint water pressure Dr y Al t er nat e 1 D ef i ni t i ons
14 14
σ1 = major principal stress f or P ar amet er5 R
RMR Rating R5

RMR Rating R5
12 12
Damp
10 Al t e r nat e 2 D ef i ni t i ons 10
f or P ar a met e r5 R W et
8 8
6 6 Dripping

4 4
2 2
Flowing
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1 10 100 1000
Joint Water Pressure Ratio, u/σ1 Inflow per 10-m Tunnel Length (Liters/min)

ROCK MASS RATING (RMR) also CSIR System 5

Geomechanics System - (Bieniawski, 1984, 1989) RMR = Σ Ri
Geomechanics Classification for Rock Masses i=1
CLASS DESCRIPTION RANGE of RMR
I Very Good Rock 81 to 100 NOTE: Rock Mass Rating is obtained by summing the five index
II Good Rock 61 to 80 parameters to obtain an overal rating RMR. Adjustments for dip
III Fair Rock 41 to 60 and orientation of discontinuities being favorable or unfavorable
IV Poor Rock 21 to 40 for specific cases of tunnels, slopes, & foundations can also be
V Very Poor Rock 0 to 20 considered.

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Rock Mass Rating (Bieniawski, 1989)
A. Parameter klasifikasi dan pembobotan
Parameter Cakupan Nilai
Point load index Untuk nilai yang kecil,
Kekuatan intact > 10 4 - 10 2-4 1-2
(MPa) digunakan UCS
1 rock
UCS (MPa) > 250 100 - 250 50 - 100 25 - 50 5 - 25 1-5 <1
Pembobotan 15 12 7 4 2 1 0
RQD ( % ) 90 - 100 75 - 90 50 - 75 25 - 50 < 25
2
Pembobotan 20 17 13 8 3
Spasi rekahan >2m 0,6 - 2 m 200 - 600 mm 60 - 200 mm < 60 mm
3
Pembobotan 20 15 10 8 5
Permukaan slickenside/
Permukaan agak kasar Permukaan agak kasar Gouge lemah, tebal > 5 mm
Permukaaan sangat kasar Renggangan < 1 mm Gouge < 5 mm/
Kondisi rekahan Renggangan < 1 mm atau Renggangan
4 Tidak menerus Tidak Agak lapuk Renggangan 1 - 5 mm
Sangat lapuk > 5 mm Menerus
renggang Tidak lapuk Menerus
Pembobotan 30 25 20 10 0
Aliran per 10 m
panjang
Tidak ada < 10 10 - 25 25 - 125 > 125
terowongan
Air tanah (lt/mnt)
5
Tekanan pori
0 < 0,1 0,1 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,5 > 0,5
Teg. utama max
Kondisi umum Kering Lembab Basah Menetes Mengalir
Pembobotan 15 10 7 4 0
Pengaruh orientasi strike dan dip kekar umum dalam terowongan
Arah strike tegak lurus sumbu terowongan o o
Arah strike sejajar sumbu terowongan Dip 0 - 2 tanpa
Maju searah kemiringan Maju melawan kemiringan
6 o o o o o o o o o o o o memperhatikan jurus
Dip 45 - 90 Dip 20 - 45 Dip 45 - 90 Dip 20 - 45 Dip 45 - 90 Dip 20 - 45
Sangat Sangat tidak
Menguntungkan Sedang Tidak menguntungkan Sedang Tidak menguntungkan
menguntungkan menguntungkan

B. Penyesuaian pembobotan untuk orientasi kekar

Orientasi strike dan dip kekar Sangat menguntungkan Menguntungkan Sedang Tidak menguntungkan Sangat tidak menguntungkan
Terowongan 0 -2 -5 -10 -12
Pembobotan Fondasi 0 -2 -7 -15 -25
Lereng 0 -5 -25 -50 -60

C. Kelas massa batuan dari pembobotan total

Pembobotan 100 - 81 80 - 61 60 - 41 40 - 21 < 21
Nomer kelas I II III IV V
Pemerian Sangat baik Baik Sedang Jelek Sangat jelek

D. Arti kelas batuan

Nomer kelas I II III IV V
Stand up time rata-rata 10 tahun untuk span 15 m 6 bulan untuk span 8 m 1 minggu untuk span 5 m 10 jam untuk span 2,5 m 30 menit untuk span 1 m
Kohesi
o
> 400 kPaFHWA-NHI300Subsurface
- 400 kPa Investigations
200 - 300 kPa 100 - 200 kPa < 100 kPa
Sudut geser dalam ( ) > 45 35 - 45 25 - 35 15 - 25 < 15
 Penentuan sistem penyangga berdasarkan
RMR System

Bieniawski (1989) membuat pedoman untuk pemilihan

penyangga untuk terowongan berbentuk tapal-kuda yang
digali menggunakan teknik peledakan
RMR System dipakai oleh Unal (1983) untuk estimasi
support load (P, kN), untuk terowongan dengan lebar B
meter dan bobot isi batuan γ (kg/m3)

P = γB.(100 – RMR)/100
Korelasi antara RMR dan modulus deformasi batuan E
(GPa) :

E = 2 (RMR – 50)
Rock Mechanics - Koesnaryo 25
 PEDOMAN UNTUK PENGGALIAN DAN PENYANGGA
TEROWONG BERDASARKAN RMR-SYSTEM
Klas Massa Penggalian Penyangga
Batuan
20 mm dia, Fully grouted Shotcrete Steel sets

I, Vr good rock Full face, 3m advance Generally, no support required except for occasional spot bolting
RMR 81-100
II, Good rock Full face 1-1,5m adv. Locally, bolts in crown 50mm in crown None
RMR 61-80 Complete supp. 20m fr 3m long, spaced 2,5m, where required
face w/ occ. Wire mesh
III, Fair rock Top head. & bench 1,5- Systematic bolts 4m 50-100mm in None
RMR 41-60 3m adv. in top head. long, spaced 1,5-2m, in crown & 30mm in
Commence supp. After crown & walls w/ wire sides
each blast. Complete ,esh in crown
supp 10m after fr face
IV, Poor rock Top head. & bench 1,5- Systematic bolts 4-5m 100-150mm in Light to medium
RMR 21-40 3m adv. in top head. long, spaced 1-1,5m, in crown & 100mm in ribs spaced
Install supp. crown & walls w/ wire sides 1,5m where
Concurently w/ excav mesh in crown. required
10m after fr face
V. Vr poor rock Multiple drifts, 0,5-1,5m Systematic bolts 5-6m 150-200mm in Med to heavy
RMR <20 adv in top head. Install long, spaced 1-1,5m, in crown & 150mm in ribs spaced
supp. concurently w/ crown & walls w/ wire sides, & 50mm on 0,75m w/ steel
excav.Shotcrete a.s.a.p mesh. Bolt invert face lagging &
after blasting Rock Mechanics - Koesnaryo 26
forepoling.
 Definisi Active span menurut Lauffer

Active span
S

Penyangga terpasang jauh

Face dari face

S Penyangga dipasang dekat

face

Rock Mechanics - Koesnaryo 27

Grafik Stand-up time span terowongan tanpa
penyangga menurut RMR System

Rock Mechanics - Koesnaryo 28

 Contoh penggunaan RMR System :
Suatu terowongan dibuat pada massa batuan granit
dengan keadaan sbb :

No Parameter Nilai atau deskripsi Bobot

1 Kekuatan bat. 150 MPa 12

2 RQD 70% 13
3 Spasi kekar 0,5m 20
4 Kondisi kekar Permk agar kasar, sep <1mm, Hard joint wall rock 20

5 Airtanah Water under moderate pressure 4

Total skor 69

Keterangan : Orientasi pasangan kekar utama tegaklurus sumbu terowongan

dengan dip 30o berlawanan arah penggalian. Dari Tabel B, keadaan tersebut
dikatakan “tidak menguntungkan” dengan bobot -10 didapat dari Tabel C. Jadi
total skor akhir = 69-10 = 59, artinya massa batuan berada di Klas III-atas dengan
desskripsi : SEDANG/FAIR. Dari gambar kurva standup time :Stand-up time
terowongan dng diam. 3m tanpa penyangga ialah sekitar 1 bulan

Rock Mechanics - Koesnaryo 29

 Pemboran inti di daerah pegunungan
yang sulit

Pemboran inti

Lintasan Terowongan
30
NGI- Q Rating of Rock Masses
Q-Rating based on 6 parameters:
• Rock Quality Designation, RQD
• Number of Joint Sets, Jn
• Roughness of Discontinuities, Jr
• Discontinuity Condition/Filling, Ja
• Groundwater Conditions, Jw
• Stress Reduction Factor, SRF
Tucson, AZ
Rating of Rock Formation:
 RQD  J r  J w 
Q =    
 J n  J a  SRF 
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
NGI Q-System Rating for Rock Masses  RQD   J r  J w 
Q =      
(Barton, Lien, & Lunde, 1974)
 J n  J a   SRF 
Norwegian Classif ication f or Rock Masses
Q - Value Quality of Rock Mass
< 0.01 Exceptionally Poor 4. Discontinuity Condition & Infilling = Ja
0.01 to 0.1 Extremely Poor 4.1 Unfilled Cases
0.1 to 1 Very Poor Healed 0.75
1 to 4 Poor Stained, no alteration 1
4 to 10 Fair Silty or Sandy Coating 3
10 to 40 Good Clay coating 4
40 to 100 Very Good 4.2 Filled Discontinuities
100 to 400 Extremely Good Sand or crushed rock inf ill 4
< 400 Exceptionally Good Stif f clay inf illing < 5 mm 6
Sof t clay inf ill < 5 mm thick 8
PARAMETERS FOR THE Q-Rating of Rock Masses Swelling clay < 5 mm 12
Stif f clay inf ill > 5 mm thick 10
1. RQD = Rock Quality Designation = sum of cored pieces Sof t clay inf ill > 5 mm thick 15
> 100 mm long, divided by total core run length Swelling clay > 5 mm 20

2. Number of Sets of Discontinuities (joint sets) = Jn 5. Water Conditions

Massive 0.5 Dry 1
One set 2 Medium W ater Inf low 0.66
Two sets 4 Large inf low in unf illed j oints 0.5
Three sets 9 Large inf low with f illed j oints
Four or more sets 15 that wash out 0.33
Crushed rock 20 High transient f low 0.2 to 0.1
High continuous f low 0.1 to 0.05
3. Roughness of Discontinuities* = Jr
Noncontinuous j oints 4 6. Stress Reduction Factor** = SRF
Rough, wavy 3 Loose rock with clay inf ill 10
Smooth, wavy 2 Loose rock with open j oints 5
Rough, planar 1.5 Shallow rock with clay inf ill 2.5
Smooth, planar 1 Rock with unf illed j oints 1
Slick and planar 0.5
Filled discontinuities 1 **Note: Additional SRF values given
*Note: add +1 if mean joint spacing > 3 m for rocks prone to bursting, squeezing
and swelling by Barton et al. (1974)

FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations

 Geological Strength Index, GSI
Developed by Hoek, Kaiser, & Bawden
(1995), Hoek & Brown (1997).
GSI from Q-system:  RQD  J r 
GSI = 9 log    + 44
 J n  J a 
GSI from Geomechanics system where
RMR > 25: 4
GSI = 10 + ∑ (Ri )
i =1

Chart approach based on structure &

surface quality
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
 Terima
FHWA-NHI Subsurface Investigations
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