s

Constants 
1
2
Damped angular frequency ωd = ω2 −
2τ
Speed of light c0 = 3.0 × 108 m/s
Damped energy E(t) = E0 e−t/τ
Speed of sound c = 342 m/s
Waves in one dimension
Gravitational acceleration g = 9.8 m/s2
2π
−34
Wave number k=
Plank’s constant h = 6.626 × 10 J·s λ
ω
−23
Wave speed c = λf =
Boltzmann constant kB = 1.381 × 10 J/K k
Harmonic wave going in x dir. Dy = A sin (kx − ωt + φi )

Equations from 121 Standing wave fixed at ends Dy = 2A sin (kx) cos (ωt)
m
Linear density µ=
Constant acceleration (x dir.) xf = xi + vx,i ∆t + 12 ax ∆t2 sl
T
Wave speed on string c=
vx,f = vx,i + ax ∆t µ

2 2 Power harmonic wave on string Pav = 21 µA2 ω 2 c

vx,f = vx,i + 2ax ∆x
∂2f 1 ∂2f
1 Wave equation = 2 2
∆x = 2 (vx,i + vx,f )∆t ∂x2 c ∂t

Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2 Waves in two and three dimension

P~
F 1
Equation of motion ~a = Amplitude surface waves A∝ √
m r
Interaction pair F12 = −F~21
~ 1
Amplitude spherical waves A∝
r
P
Intensity of spherical wave I≡
A
Periodic motion P
Intensity of surface wave Isurf ≡
L
1 I

Frequency f≡ Intensity level β = (10 dB) log
T 10−12 W · m−2
Angular frequency ω = 2πf Beating wave Dx = 2A cos (πfbeat t) sin (2πfav t)
SHM displacement x(t) = A sin (ωt + φi ) Beat frequency fbeat = |f1 − f2 |
d2 x
SHM equation = −ω 2 x Average frequency fav = 1
(f1 + f2 )
dt2 2
1 c ± vo
SHM mechanical energy E = K + U = mω 2 A2 Doppler effect fo = fs
2 c ± vs
n
Fourier’s theorem: sum of sinu- fn = c
T Shock wave angle sin θ =
vs
soidal functions with frequency

Natural angular frequency:

r
k
mass on a spring ω=
rm
κ
torsion oscillator ω=
rI
mlcm g
pendulum ω=
r I
g
simple pendulum ω=
l
SHM with small damping x(t) = Ae−t/2τ sin (ωd t + φi )