Adhesive Anchor - Meinheit PDF

Bogota ACI Seminar August 13, 32014
Adhesive Anchors
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ACI Seminar
– Bogota
August 13,
www.wje.com
2014
Learning Objectives
 Review behavior of adhesive anchors
 Review unique design aspect of adhesive anchors
 Discuss importance of installation procedures
 Discuss provisions in ACI 318‐11 Appendix D
 Describe relationship between Appendix D and ACI
355.4 (Qualification procedure for adhesive anchors
in concrete)
 Review installer certification program
Meinheit Anchorage to Concrete
Presentaton Part 2 1
Types of Anchors
Covered by ACI 318-11 Not Covered by ACI 318-11
Cast-in-Place Mechanical Bonded Screw

Undercut Expansion Adhesive Grouted 3
Adhesive Anchor
Bond failure of an adhesive anchor

photos courtesy of University of Stuttgart
Definitions
 Adhesive anchors – chemical / polymeric
 Grouted anchors – cementitious
 Current ACI 318‐11 only allows chemical /
polymeric mortars
BOSTON I‐90 TUNNEL
Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T)
July 10, 2006
Ceiling Panel Collapse
Boston Big Dig Tunnel
Boston Big Dig Tunnel
NTSB Report
 NTSB – Cause: poor creep resistance of
adhesive anchors subjected to sustained
tension load
 NTSB – Conclusion: insufficient
understanding by designers and lack of
standards on adhesive anchors in sustained
tension
 NTSB – Recommendation: prohibit use of
adhesive anchors in sustained loading
9
Primary Cause – Poor Installation
10
Material characteristics
11
Anchor Bond Materials
 Chemically Bonded
 Capsules systems
– Glass
– Foil
 Injection systems
– Two‐part static nozzle mixing
 Hole diameter < 1.5 x bar diameter
 Threaded rods used / reinforcing bars
 Nonchemical (grout) Bonded (not covered in code)
 Cementitious
 Hole diameter > 1.5 to 2 x bar diameter
 Headed anchors used but also threaded rods
12
Adhesive Anchors
 Adhesive materials
 Epoxy Acrylates
– Resins – Part A; Curing agent – Part B
– Almost no shrinkage during curing
 Polyesters
– Short shelf life; Degrade with exposure to sunlight; can
polymerize without catalysis
 Vinyl esters
– Faster curing than epoxies slower than polyesters
 Hybrid systems
– Cement improves stiffness at high temperature
– Negligible material shrinkage
13
Loadings on Adhesive
Anchors
14
General ‐ Loads on Adhesive Anchors
 Tension load – most important
 Compression load
 Shear load
 Sustained load – tension (creep)
 Elevated temperature – service conditions
 Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)
 Fire
15
Adhesive Anchors
– Failure Modes Tension
Concrete Bond failures Anchor

cone steel
failure Adhesive/substrate Adhesive/threaded Mixed failure
16
Basic Behavior
17
Cone Breakout Model
N N
Embedment
Depth
Fractured
Concrete
Embedment depth
Model Reflecting Model Used in Design

Actual Behavior
18
Uniform Bond Failure Model
Nbond
Nbond =   da hef
hef
 da = diameter of anchor rod
hef = embedment depth
 = average bond stress
da
19
Uniform Bond Model and Tests
600
measured loads
500
mean - uniform bond model
5% fractile - uniform bond model
400
Load (KN)
300
200
100
Only 17 of 891 data points below 5% fractile (1.9%)
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Bond Area (A b ) (mm2)
20
Key Factors
 Hole cleanliness
 Temperature
 Sustained load
 Moisture in hole
 Cracking
21
Hole Cleaning
22
Hole Cleaning – Dry Concrete
Bond stress capacity, %
Method of hole cleaning

23
Temperature
24
NTSB to ACI
“Use your building codes, forums,
educational materials, and publications to
inform design and construction agencies of
the potential for gradual deformation (creep)
in anchor adhesives and to make them aware
of the possible risks associated with using
adhesive anchors in concrete under sustained
tensile–load applications.”
25
Sustained Load – Creep Test Setup
26
Creep Test Results
at Different Bond Stress Levels
68-75% MSTL
57% MSTL
Failure
88%MSTL
36-45% MSTL
Stable
42 days -
Mean Short Term Load (MSTL) standard
sustained
load test
See appendix G for all creep curves 27
Creep Stress vs. Time‐to‐Failure
% of Mean Short-term Load Strength
Short-term tests
Intersects 5 min at 75%
Tests conducted at 1100 F (420 C)
28
Moisture
35
DRY HOLE (BASELINE)

30 DAMP HOLE
Average Uniform Bond Strength, MPa WET HOLE
25
20
15
10
0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
29
Influence of Cracked Concrete
30
ACI 318‐11 Appendix D
Code
31
Appendix D Adhesive Anchor Scope
 Adhesive anchors must meet the assessment criteria
in ACI 355.4
 This is an ACI standard (like an ASTM
specification)
 Similar to ACI 355.2 (qualification standard for
mechanical [expansion] anchors)
 Can be used in seismic applications
 Can be installed horizontally or upwardly inclined
 Installer certification required for these
positions
32
General Requirements
 Tension design
 Sustained loading
– 0.55 Nba > Nua,sustained
 Shear design
 Combined tension‐shear design (interaction)
33
Tension Design
 Designer must consider failure modes of:
 Steel failure
 Concrete breakout failure
 Bond pullout failure
34
Steel Failure Mode ‐ Tension
 Steel rupture
Nsa = Ase futa

futa < 1.9 fy
futa < 125,000 psi
35
Basic Single Anchor Breakout Strength
 Single anchor in tension in cracked concrete
Nb = kc a (fc’)1/2 (hef )3/2

kc = 10 for cast ‐ in anchors
kc = 7 for post ‐ installed anchors
a = Lightweight concrete modification factor
Note: an adhesive anchor should be considered like a post‐
installed anchor, even though there are no wedging forces
developed at embedded end for concrete breakout
36
User Friendly CCD Design Model
Area ANco
Nn
1.5hef
1.5hef 1.5hef
1.5hef
350 hef 1.5hef 1.5hef
Elevation Plan View
ANco = 9hef 2 (D-6)
37
Projected Area ANc
ca1 s1 1.5hef ca1 1.5 hef

s1  3.0 hef
1.5hef ANc ≤ nA
A nANco
Nco
Limit
s2
ca2  1.5 hef
ca2
s2  3.0 hef
Corner
38
Concrete Breakout Strength of Anchor
Group (Tension)
Ncbg = (ANc /ANco ) ec,Nb ed,Nb c,Nb cp,Nb Nb
Accounts for eccentricity

Accounts for edge effects
Accounts for cracking
Accounts for post - installed anchor
Accounts for projected area of failure surface Basic single anchor strength
consider only anchors in tension

39
Basic Bond Strength
 Single anchor in cracked concrete
Nba = a a  da hef

a = 5% fractile result in cracked concrete
from ACI 355.4
a = lightweight concrete modification factor
(0.6 normal )
40
User Friendly CCD Design Model for
Adhesive Anchors
Nn
cNa
cNa cNa
cNa
hef
cNa cNa
Elevation Plan View
ANao = (2cNa)2
41
Critical Spacing and Edge Distance
 Cast-in-place and post-installed mechanical anchors

 ACI 318-11
scr = 2ccr = 3.0 hef
 Bonded anchors
 ACI 318-11
scr = 2ccr
where: ccr = cNa = 10 da (uncr/7.6)1/2
42
ACI CCD Design Model ‐ Group
Nag = (ANa /ANao ) ec,Na ed,Na cp,Na Nba

< (ANc /ANco) ec,Nb ed,Nb c,Nb cp,Nb Nb
Tension failure = Bond failure < Concrete failure
43
Edge Effects
 If ca,min > 1.5 hef
 ed = 1.0
hef
 If ca,min < 1.5 hef
 ed,N = 0.7 + 0.3 (ca,min / 1.5 hef ) ca1
44
Calculation of Eccentricity
Centroid of T1 T2
Anchors Loaded in
Tension Resultant
Only Anchors in Tension

e'N Tension Load
( T1 + T2 )
Considered to Determine
e’N
45
Eccentricity Effect
 For Anchor Groups
ec,N = 1 / (1 + [2e’N / 3hef ])

where e'N  s/2
 Biaxial Eccentricity ?
ec,N = (ec ,N)x (ec, N)y
46
Control Splitting
 Splitting failures occur when close to edge
 For uncracked concrete add modification cp,Na
cp,Na = ca,min / cac

cac = 2 hef unless ACI 355.4 says it is different
47
Cracking
 Where conditions indicate that there is no cracking
under service conditions
Use uncr instead of cr
 uncr ‐ comes from manufacturers product
qualification sheet (ACI 355.4)
48
Code Guidance for Bond Stress Design
Environment Concrete Peak service tcr tuncr

moisture temperature
Outdoor Dry to fully 79o C 1.4 MPa 4.5 MPa
saturated
o
Indoor Dry 43 C 2.1 MPa 7.0 Mpa
49
Shear Design
 No changes because anchor is adhesively bonded
 Better and simpler design equation
1/2 3/2
Vb = 3.7 (fc’) (ca1)
Edge distance
50
D.7 ‐ Tension / Shear Interaction
Nu
[Nua /Nn ] + [Vua /Vn ]
5/3 5/3
= 1.0
 Nn
[Nua /Nn ] + [Vua /Vn ] = 1.2

(D – 42)
0.2  Nn
Vu
0.2  Vn  Vn
51
ACI 355.4
Qualification of Post‐Installed Adhesive
Anchors in Concrete
52
ACI 355.4 Prescribes Four Types of Tests
 Identification tests
 Reference tests
 Reliability tests
 Service‐condition tests
53
ACI 355.4 Reference Tests
 Establish baseline performance of anchors for
comparison with Reliability and Service‐Condition
tests
 Establish primary characteristic anchor data
54
Relative Bond Stress Comparison
Adhesive and Grouted
4000
Adhesive Grouted
Average Uniform Bond Stress, [psi]
3055
3040
2946
2901
2872
2850
2663
3000
2586
2579
2564
2480
2342
2314
2306
2259
2227
2104
2013
1800
1780
1659
1656
2000
1631
1627
1450
1063
793
1000
447
334
0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Adhesive uncr mean Product Grouted uncr mean
= 1850 psi [12.7 MPa] = 2590 psi [17.9 MPa]
55
ACI 355.4 Reliability Tests
 Sensitivity to hole cleaning
 Dry installation
 Water‐saturated installation
 Water‐filled installation
 Submerged installation
 Sensitivity to mixing effort
 Sensitivity to cracking
 Installation in cracked concrete
 Crack with cycling with sustained load
 Sensitivity to freeze and thaw cycling
 Sensitivity to sustained load
 Sensitivity to installation direction
56
ACI 355.4 Classification
 Classify anchor based on ratio between performance in
reliability and reference tests
% of Reference Capacity
 Category 1 80 or above
 Category 2 70 ‐ 79
 Category 3 60 ‐ 69
below 60 (anchor unqualified unless other penalties are taken)
57
ACI 355.4 Service‐Condition Tests
 Determine basic performance of anchors under service
conditions
 Verify anchor behavior under
 Elevated temperature installation
 Curing time at low temperatures
 Resistance to alkalinity
 Resistance to sulfur
 Seismic tension
 Establish minimum spacing and edge distances to preclude
splitting on installation
 Establish shear capacity of anchor steel (may be calculated)
58
ACI 355.4 Evaluation Report
 Independent Testing
and Evaluation Agency
 Evaluates test results
and issues report
 Classifies the anchor for
use with ACI 318
Appendix D
59
Adhesive Anchor
Certification
ACI-CRSI
60
AAI Certification
 Training for installers
 Provided by manufacturers
 Written test – test baseline knowledge
 Environmental conditions
 Equipment / materials
 OSHA issues
 Performance test
 Downhand vertical into concrete
 Vertical overhead into a tube or pipe
 Written and Performance tests administered by ACI
61
Downhand Vertical
 Hole depth
 Hole cleaning technique
 Adhesive dispensing
 Rod / bar installation
62
Hole Drilling
 Hole normal to surface
 Correct depth
 Removal of concrete
dust spoil
63
Express Initial Material
 Initial material is
typically not well mixed
 Need to discard
 Did the installer do this?
64
Installation – All Thread
65
Blind Overhead Vertical
 Install adhesive in a
upside‐down hole
 Use insertion tube to
feel depth of hole
66
Overhead Vertical
Poor filling Close up
67
Adhesive Anchor Installer Certification
(AAI)
 Training
 Written test
 Performance exam
 Program is live and available from local sponsoring
groups (LSG) !
 Administered by ACI
68
Drawing Notes
Copies available
on CRSI website
www.crsi.org/webstore
69
Questions and
Answers
70

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Bogota ACI Seminar August 13, 32014

Covered by ACI 318-11 Not Covered by ACI 318-11

Cast-in-Place Mechanical Bonded Screw

Bond failure of an adhesive anchor

Concrete Bond failures Anchor

Model Reflecting Model Used in Design

Bond Area (A b ) (mm2)

Bond stress capacity, %

Method of hole cleaning

See appendix G for all creep curves 27

Intersects 5 min at 75%

Tests conducted at 1100 F (420 C)

DRY HOLE (BASELINE)

Nsa = Ase futa

Nb = kc a (fc’)1/2 (hef )3/2

Elevation Plan View

ANco = 9hef 2 (D-6)

ca1 s1 1.5hef ca1 1.5 hef

Ncbg = (ANc /ANco ) ec,Nb ed,Nb c,Nb cp,Nb Nb

Accounts for eccentricity

Accounts for post - installed anchor

consider only anchors in tension

Nba = a a  da hef

Elevation Plan View

Critical Spacing and Edge Distance

 Cast-in-place and post-installed mechanical anchors

Nag = (ANa /ANao ) ec,Na ed,Na cp,Na Nba

Only Anchors in Tension

ec,N = 1 / (1 + [2e’N / 3hef ])

cp,Na = ca,min / cac

Environment Concrete Peak service tcr tuncr

[Nua /Nn ] + [Vua /Vn ] = 1.2

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