Ecology
• ecology is the study of how living
organisms and the physical environment
Ekosistem interact in an immense and complicated
web of relationships
Susilowati
FAKTOR BIOTIK
Tingkatan-tingkatan organisme
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Clumped dispersion
• Random dispersion occurs • which occurs when
when individuals in a individuals are concentrated
opulation are spaced in specifi c parts of the
throughout an area in a habitat.
manner that is unrelated to
the presence of others.
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Mycorrhizae
• Another example of mutualism is the association • Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungi
between reef-building animals and dinofl and the roots of plants. The association is common;
biologists think that about 80% of all plant species have
agellates called zooxanthellae.
mycorrhizae. The fungus, which grows around and into
• These symbiotic algae live inside cells of the the root as well as into the surrounding soil, absorbs
coral polyp (the coral forms a vacuole around essential minerals, especially phosphorus, from the soil
the algal cell), where they photosynthesize and and provides them to the plant. In return, the plant
provide the animal with carbon and nitrogen provides the fungus with organic molecules produced by
photosynthesis.
compounds as well as oxygen
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Aliran Energi
Aliran energi merupakan rangkaian urutan pemindahan
bentuk energi satu ke bentuk energi yang lain dimulai dari sinar
matahari lalu ke produsen, konsumen primer, konsumen
sekunder, sampai ke mikroorganisme di dalam tanah sebagai
dekomposer. Siklus ini berlangsung dalam ekosistem.
fotosintesis
6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
respirasi
Energy flow
Konsumen merupakan makhluk hidup yang memperoleh
energi dalam bentuk materi organik.
Berdasarkan tingkat trofiknya (dalam hal pemenuhan
kebutuhan makanan), konsumer dibedakan atas :
Konsumer primer atau herbivor
Konsumer sekunder atau karnivor
Konsumer tersier atau karnivor puncak
Dekomposer merupakan makhluk hidup yang
memperoleh makanannya dengan cara
menguraikan senyawa-senyawa organik yang
berasal dari makhluk hidup yang sudah mati.
Dekomposer berperan mengembalikan materi ke
lingkungan abiotik dan digunakan kembali oleh
tumbuhan hijau
Autotrophs
• Detritivor (detritus feeder), hewan yang Autotrophs disebut sebagai
memakan hancuran tubuh organisme atau primary producers.
serpihan organisme (detritus).
Photoautotrophs fix energy from
• Scavenger, hewan yang memakan tubuh hewan the sun and store it in complex
lain yang telah membusuk (bangkai). Scavenger
berbeda dengan pengurai karena scavenger
organic compounds.(= green plants,
algae, some bacteria)
merupakan hewan makro yang tidak mampu
menguraikan bahan organik secara langsung. light
simple complex
inorganic photoautotrophs organic
compounds compounds
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• Gross and Net Primary Production. Efisisensi transfer energi diantara tingkat trofik
biasanya kurang lebih 20%
– Total primary production is known as
gross primary production (GPP). • Production
• Jumlah energi cahaya yang diubah menjadi Efficiency.
energi kimia.
– One way to
– The net primary production (NPP) is understand
equal to gross primary production minus secondary
the energy used by the primary producers production is
for respiration (R): to examine the
• NPP = GPP – R process in
individual
organisms.
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Konsumen tkt II
(karnivora)
Konsumen tkt I
(herbivora)
Produsen
(autotrof)
Konsumen I Konsumen I
produsen Konsumen I
energi yang
dipantulkan
pengurai
pengurai
Piramida Ekologi
JUMLAH ORGANISME, KANDUNGAN ENERGI ATAU BERAT KERING
(BIOMASSA) SETIAP TINGKATAN TROFIK (tingkat perolehan makanan
dari suatu organisme)
Aliran energi dalam ekosistem dapat
GAMBAR PADA UMUMNYA BERBENTUK PIRAMID diperlihatkan melalui rantai makanan dan jaring-
jaring makanan, tetapi untuk mengetahui jumlah
DINAMAKAN PIRAMIDA EKOLOGI
energi dari berbagai tingkat trofik dapat
dipelihatkan melalui piramida ekologi.
SEHINGGA DAPAT BERUPA TINGKATAN TROFIK IV
PIRAMIDA JUMLAH (DEKOMPOSER)
PIRAMIDA ENERGI
Terdiri atas :
TINGKATAN TROFIK III
PIRAMIDA BIOMASSA (KONSUMEN II)
a. Piramida energi
TINGKATAN TROFIK II
KONSUMEN I b. Piramida jumlah
TINGKATAN TROFIK I
c. Piramida biomassa
(PRODUSEN)
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– The water cycle is more of a physical process • The carbon cycle fits the generalized scheme
than a chemical one. of biogeochemical cycles better than water.
TUGAS Individu
Decomposition rates largely determine the rates
of nutrient cycling
siklus fosfor, nitrogen, siklus karbon, siklus • The rates at which nutrients cycle in
sulfur, daur air, siklus oksigen ecosystems are extremely variable as a
result of variable rates of decomposition.
– Decomposition can take up to 50 years in the
tundra, while in the tropical forest, it can occur
much faster.
– Contents of nutrients in the soil of different
ecosystems vary also, depending on the rate of
absorption by the plants.
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The human population is disrupting chemical • Measurements in 1958 read 316 ppm and
cycles throughout the biosphere increased to 370 ppm today
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• The destruction of ozone probably results from the Enceng Gondok sebagai
Biofilter Alami
accumulation of chlorofluorocarbons, chemicals used in
refrigeration and aerosol cans, and in certain manufacturing
processes.
• Enceng gondok memiliki kemampuan
– The result of a reduction in the ozone layer may be
increased levels of UV radiation that reach the surface of dalam menyaring/menyerap zat pencemar
the Earth. yang mengandung zat organik, unsur
• This radiation has been linked to skin cancer and hara, dan mineral atau sebagai (biofilter)
cataracts.
yang tinggi.
• The impact of human activity on the ozone layer is one more
example of how much we are able to disrupt ecosystems • Akar tanaman enceng gondok dapat
and the entire biosphere. menyerap partikel logam berat, fenol dan
fosfat.
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