Int. J. Contemp. Math. Sciences, Vol. 5, 2010, no.

24, 1187 - 1192

The Generalization of Apollonious Identity

to Linear n-Normed Spaces
Mehmet Açıkgöz

University of Gaziantep
Faculty of Science and Arts
Department of Mathematics
27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
acikgoz@gantep.edu.tr

Nurgül Aslan

University of Gaziantep
Faculty of Science and Arts
Department of Mathematics
27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
guzguzelim27@hotmail.com

Serkan Aracı
University of Gaziantep
Faculty of Science and Arts
Department of Mathematics
27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
mtsrkn@hotmail.com

Abstract. We shall extend the well known Apollonious identity in func-

tional analysis to linear n-normed spaces and prove it in this spaces.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 41A65, 46A15, 46B05, 46B20

Keywords: n-inner product, n-normed space, Apollonious identity

1. Introduction
In [4] and [5], S. Gahler introduced an attractive theory of 2-norm and n-
norm on a linear space. Since then these were studied in many papers such as
[3] and [7].
1188 M. Açıkgöz, N. Aslan and S. Aracı
In [6], H. Gunawan and M. Mashadi gave a simple way to derive an (n − 1)-
norm from the n-norm and realized that any n-normed space is an (n − 1)-
normed space.
Generalized n-inner product spaces defined by K. Trencevski and R. Mal-
ceski [9] which are generalization of n-inner product spaces introduced by A.
Misiak [8].
Definition 1. Let n ∈ N and X be a real linear space of dimension greater
than or equal to n. A real-valued function ., ..., . on X × X × · · · × X = X n
satisfying the following four properties:
1.1) x1 , · · · , xn  = 0 iff x1 , · · · , xn are linearly dependent,
1.2) x1 , · · · , xn  is invariant under any permutation,
1.3) x1 , · · · , xn−1 , αxn  = |α| x1 , · · · , xn−1 , xn  for any α ∈ R,
1.4) x1 , · · · , xn−1 , y + z ≤ x1 , · · · , xn−1 , y + x1 , · · · , xn−1 , z
is called an n-norm on X and the pair (X, ., ..., .) is called n-normed linear
space.
A trivial example of an n-normed space is X = Rn equipped with the fol-
lowing n-norm;
⎛ ⎞
 x11 . . . x1n 
 
⎜ . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
x1 , · · · , xn E = abs ⎜⎜
 . . ⎟
⎟
⎝ . . ⎠

 xn1 . . . xnn 
where xi = (xi1 , · · · , xin ) ∈ Rn for each i = 1, 2, · · · , n (The subscript E is for
Euclidean).
The properties of n-normed spaces can be given as follows:
P1) x1 , · · · , xn−1 , xn  ≥ 0,
P2) x1 , · · · , xn−1 , xn  = x1 , · · · , xn−1 , xn + α1 x1 + · · · + αn−1 xn−1 
for every x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ∈ X and α1 , · · · , αn−1 ∈ R.
Definition 2. [2] Assume that n is a positive integer and X is a real linear
space such that dim X ≥ n and ., .|., ..., . is a real function defined on X ×
X × · · · × X = X n+1 such that
2.1) x1 , x1 |x2 , ..., xn  ≥ 0, for any x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ∈ X and x1 , x1 |x2 , ..., xn  =
0 if and only if x1 , x2 , · · · , xn are linearly dependent vectors,
2.2) a, b|x1 , ..., xn−1  = ϕ (a) , ϕ (b) |π (x1 ) , ..., π (xn−1 ) , for any a, b, x1 , x2 , · · · , xn−1 ∈
X and for any bijection
π : {x1 , x2 , · · · , xn−1 } → {x1 , x2 , · · · , xn−1 }
and
ϕ : {a, b} → {a, b} ,
2.3) If n > 1, then x1 , x1 |x2 , ..., xn  = x2 , x2 |x1 , x3 , ..., xn  for any x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ∈
X.
 Apollonious identity to linear n-normed spaces 1189
2.4) αy, z|x1 , ..., xn−1  = α y, z|x1 , ..., xn−1  for any y, z, x1 , x2 , · · · , xn−1 ∈
X and any scalar α ∈ R.
2.5) y + y1 , z|x1 , ..., xn−1  = y, z|x1 , ..., xn−1  + y1 , z|x1 , ..., xn−1  for any
y, y1, z, x1 , · · · , xn−1 ∈ X.
Then ., .|., ..., . is called the n-inner product and (X, ., .|., ..., .) is called
the n-inner product space.
This n-inner product induces an n-norm by

x1 , · · · , xn  = x1 , x1 |x2 , ..., xn .
Definition 3. [2] Assume that n is a positive integer, X is a real linear space
such that dim X ≥ n and ., ..., .|., ..., . is a real function on X 2n such that
3.1) x1 , ..., xn |x1 , ..., xn  ≥ 0 if x1 , ..., xn are linearly independent vectors,
3.2) x1 , ..., xn |y1, ..., yn  = y1 , ..., yn |x1 , ..., xn  for x1 , ..., xn , y1 , ..., yn ∈ X,
3.3) λx1 , ..., xn |y1, ..., yn  = λ x1 , ..., xn |y1 , ..., yn  for any scalar λ ∈ R and
x1 , ..., xn , y1 , ..., yn ∈ X,

3.4) x1 , ..., xn |y1 , ..., yn  = − xσ(1) , ..., xσ(n) |y1, ..., yn for any odd permuta-
tion σ in the set {1, 2, ..., n} and x1 , ..., xn , y1 , ..., yn ∈ X,
3.5) x1 + z, x2 , ..., xn |y1 , ..., yn  = x1 , x2 , ..., xn |y1 , ..., yn +z, x2 , ..., xn |y1 , ..., yn 
for any x1 , ..., xn , y1 , ..., yn , z ∈ X,
3.6) If x1 , y1 , ..., yi−1, yi+1 , ..., yn |y1 , ..., yn  = 0 for each i ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}, then
x1 , ..., xn |y1 , ..., yn  = 0 for arbitrary vectors x2 , ..., xn .
Then the function ., ..., .|., ..., . is called a generalized n-inner product space.
In the special case, if we consider only such pairs of sets x1 , ..., xn and
y1 , ..., yn which differ for at most one vector, for example x1 = x, y1 = y
and x2 = y2 = a1 , · · · , xn = yn = an−1 then by putting
x, y|a1, ..., an−1  = x, a1 , ..., an−1 |y, a1, ..., an−1 
we obtain an n-inner product.
Example 1. [9] Let X be a space with inner product . | . then
 
 a1 | b1  a1 | b2  . . . a1 | bn  
 
 a2 | b1  a2 | b2  . . . a2 | bn  
 
 . . . 
a1 , ..., an | b1 , ..., bn  =  
 . . . 
 . . . 
 
 a | b  a | b  . . . an | bn  
n 1 n 2

defines a generalized n-inner product on X.

Proposition 1. Let ., ..., . be a n-norm on X. Then
x + y, x2 , · · · , xn 2 + x − y, x2, · · · , xn 2
(1.1) = 2 x, x2 , · · · , xn 2 + 2 y, x2 , · · · , xn 2
where x, y, x2 , x3 , · · · , xn ∈ X.
1190 M. Açıkgöz, N. Aslan and S. Aracı
Proof. (See [2].)
The equality given in (1.1) is called parallelogram law in generalized n-inner
product space.
2. Main Results
In this section, for our main result we shall define the Apollonious identity
in linear n-normed spaces, and give its proof in this spaces. For n = 2, we
obtain our results in [1].
Definition 4. Let X be an n-inner product. For x, y, z ∈ X and x2 , · · · , xn ∈
X, the Apollonius identity
x − y, x2 , · · · , xn 2 + x − z, x2 , · · · , xn 2
 2
1  y+z 
(2.1) = 2 
y − z, x2 , · · · , xn  + 2 x − , x2 , · · · , xn 
2 2 

where ., ..., .2 = ., .|., ..., ..

Theorem 1. The identity (2.1) is true.
Proof. To prove this identity; let z = −y, then we have
x − y, x2 , · · · , xn 2 + x + y, x2, · · · , xn 2
1
= 2y, x2 , · · · , xn 2 + 2 x, x2 , · · · , xn 2
2
which is known as parallelogram law. Now, let us use the definition and
properties of n-inner product to prove the Apollonious identity, we have
x − y, x2, · · · , xn 2 + x − z, x2, · · · , xn 2
= x − y, (x − y) |x2, · · · , xn  + x − z, (x − z) |x2, · · · , xn 
= x, (x − y) |x2 , · · · , xn  − y, (x − y) |x2 , · · · , xn 
+ x, (x − z) |x2 , · · · , xn  − z, (x − z) |x2 , · · · , xn 
= 2 x, x|x2 , · · · , xn  + y, y|x2, · · · , xn 
+ z, z|x2 , · · · , xn  − x, y|x2, · · · , xn 
− x, z|x2 , · · · , xn  − y, x|x2 , · · · , xn  − z, x|x2 , · · · , xn 
1
= [y, (y − z) |x2 , ..., xn  − z, (y − z) |x2 , ..., xn ]
2        
y+z y+z y+z
+2 x, x − |x2 , ..., xn − , x− |x2 , ..., xn
2 2 2
   
1 y+z y+z
= [y − z, (y − z) |x2 , ..., xn ] + 2 x − , x− |x2 , ..., xn
2 2 2
 2
1  y + z 
= y − z, x2 , ..., xn  + 2 
2
 x − , x2 , ..., x n


2 2
which is the desired result.
 Apollonious identity to linear n-normed spaces 1191
Theorem 2. The identity
x − y, x2 , ..., xn 2 + x − z, x2 , ..., xn 2
1
= y − z, x2 , ..., xn 2 + 2 x, x2 , ..., xn 2
2
is true.
Proof. By using the above fact, we can write
x − y, x2 , ..., xn 2 + x − z, x2 , ..., xn 2
= x − y, x2 , ..., xn |x − y, x2 , · · · , xn  + x − z, x2 , ..., xn |x − z, x2 , · · · , xn 
= x, x2 , ..., xn |x − y, x2 , · · · , xn  − y, x2 , ..., xn |x − y, x2 , · · · , xn 
+ x, x2 , ..., xn |x − z, x2 , · · · , xn  − z, x2 , ..., xn |x − z, x2 , · · · , xn 
= x, x2 , ..., xn |x, x2 , · · · , xn  − x, x2 , ..., xn |y, x2, · · · , xn 
− y, x2 , ..., xn |x, x2 , · · · , xn  + y, x2, ..., xn |y, x2 , · · · , xn 
+ x, x2 , ..., xn |x, x2 , · · · , xn  − x, x2 , ..., xn |z, x2 , · · · , xn 
− z, x2 , ..., xn |x, x2 , · · · , xn  + z, x2 , ..., xn |z, x2 , · · · , xn 
= 2 x, x2 , ..., xn |x, x2 , · · · , xn  + y, x2 , ..., xn |y, x2, · · · , xn 
+ z, x2 , ..., xn |z, x2 , · · · , xn  − x, x2 , ..., xn |y, x2, · · · , xn 
− x, x2 , ..., xn |z, x2 , · · · , xn  − y, x2 , ..., xn |x, x2 , · · · , xn 
− z, x2 , ..., xn |x, x2 , · · · , xn 
1
= [y, x2, ..., xn |y − z, x2 , · · · , xn  − z, x2 , ..., xn |y − z, x2 , · · · , xn ]
2    
y+z
+2[ x, x2 , ..., xn | x − , x2 , · · · , xn
2
   
y+z y+z
− , x2 , ..., xn | x − , x2 , · · · , xn ]
2 2
1
= [y − z, x2 , ..., xn | (y − z) , x2 , · · · , xn ]
2    
y+z y+z
+2[ x − , x2 , ..., xn | x − , x2 , · · · , xn ]
2 2
 2
1  y + z 
= y − z, x2 , ..., xn  + 2 
2
 x − , x 2 , ..., x n


2 2
which is the desired result.

References
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Received: November, 2009