A.(5213416049), Fatkhulil Jannah Eva (5213416051), Jovian Triyana Putra (5213416057)
Introduction • Definition of Chlorination
Disinfection method is a method that uses Chlorination is a form of water treatment
disinfectants that can kill germs or reduce that aims to kill germs and oxidize pathogenic microorganisms (causes of chemicals in water. The residual chlorine disease) that exist in liquid waste / content as a chlorination product is wastewater. Desifectants can be in the influenced by some reducing agents in form of certain substances / substances, or chlorine which results in insufficient with physical behavior. The process of residual chlorine to kill bacteria. disinfection in liquid waste is usually done Chlorination is the process of giving after the waste treatment process is chlorine to the water which has undergone completed, ie after processing primary, a filtration process and is an advanced step secondary, or tertiary, before the waste is in the process of water purification. discharged into the environment. Chlorine is widely used in processing So that the use of disinfectants is effective, industrial waste, swimming pool water, does not pollute the environment, and does and drinking water in developing countries not make microoganism resistant because as a disinfectant, the cost is (resistant) to a disinfectant, then several relatively cheap, easy, and effective. things that need to be considered when Chlorine compounds commonly used in providing disinfectants, among others: the chlorination process include chlorine substance toxicity, contact time required, gas, hypochlorite compounds, chlorine effectiveness of substances, levels the dose dioxide, bromine chloride, used, should not be toxic (poison) to dihydroisosianurate and chloramine. humans and animals, resistant to water and • How Chlorine Works low cost. Chlorine in water will turn into There are several criteria to determine that hydrochloric acid by following manner the disinfectant is ideal for use. Like, Cl2+H2O H2O+H++Cl- This substance is Working quickly to inactivate then neutralized by the nature of alkaline microorganisms at room temperature, their and water so that it will break down into activity is not affected by organic matter, hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions pH, temperature and humidity, is not toxic HOCl H++OCl- This reaction has to animals and humans, is not corrosive, Ka=2,95.10-8 in aqueous solution colorless and leaves stains, odorless / smells pleasant, is biodegradable / easy to Chlorine as dysfectant works mainly in the decompose, stable solution, easy to use form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and a and economical and broad spectrum small portion in the form of hypochlorite activity. ion (OCl-). Chlorine can work effectively so that it disinfects when it is in water with Process Description a pH of around 7. If the water pH value is more than 8.5, then 90% of the Dechlorination of effluent hypochlorite acid will ionize to Effluent from chlorination need to be hypochlorite ion. Thus, the disinfectant removed from chlorine residual. properties that have chlorine become weak Dechlorination done in activated caron bed or reduced. , filled with sulfur dioxide or sulfite salts Procedures of disinfection (i.e., sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, or sodium metabisulfite)
Chlorination limit and dose
Chlorination was first practiced as a means of disinfection, and still widely used in the world as its principal use. However, there are limits for form and concentration of Before chlorination, wastewater leaves the chlorine residual. Depending on its pH, at home and passes through an advanced least 1.0 ppm chloramine residual after 60 pretreatment system such as an aerobic min., or 0.2 to 0.8 ppm free residual after treatment unit, sand filter or media filter. 10 min. More than standards will cause These advanced pretreatment systems respiratory impairment with extreme remove most of the organic matter and discomfort. suspended solids from the wastewater. Equipment The organic matter and suspended solids must be removed from the wastewater Pump Tank:serves as a reservoir for the first; otherwise, the chlorine will react with wastewater until it is distributed into the these materials instead of disinfecting the soil. The tank also is generally where the target organisms. Also, these materials will chorine is mixed with the effluent. provide physical barriers to protect the •Storage Container: holds the bleach pathogens. until it is dosed into the effluent. This Once treated, the effluent collects in a reservoir usually is made of a plastic pump tank, which serves as a reservoir for container or PVC piping. It located outside the wastewater until it is distributed into the pump tank on the ground surface, or the soil. The tank also is generally where buried in the ground the chorine is mixed with the effluent. Powering mechanism :sends a dose of After chlorination, the treated wastewater chlorine to the effluent and mixes it with is distributed into the soil periodically in the wastewater. When the pump turns on what are called distribution events. to distribute the treated effluent, the water Distribution events can be activated either flowing through an aspirator will generally by a float in a demand-controlled system power the mechanism that doses chlorine or by a timer in a timer-controlled or night into the wastewater. The water flow distribution system. through the aspirator creates a vacuum that pulls bleach from the reservoir and doses it dissolved organic nitrogen or dissolved into the pump tank. organic carbon react with either free chlorine. They are potentially harmful to Metering device: controls the chlorine humans and may exist as an intermediate dose. The device is placed in the supply for other disinfection by-products. The system to restrict the amount of chlorine formation of organic chloramines can only delivered to the pump tank. Several types occur in thepresence of suitable N- of metering devices are available. The containing precursors (e.g. amino acids) meter can restrict the dose to a specific and therefore improved understanding of volume of chlorine, to a specific flow rate, the occurrenceand concentration of or to operation for a specific period of precursors in water systems would help to time. predict the formation of organic Spray Heads: distribute filtrate into the soil chloramines. periodically by a float in a demand- • Solution controlled system or by a timer in a timer- controlled or night distribution system When adding chlorine as disinfectant agent, the right dosage of chlorine required to determined, depending to the properties •Material of waste water will be treated.
Chlorine
Due to its low cost, high availability and References
easy operation, chlorine has historically •F.L.I. WATER LTD. (2010): Tertiary been the disinfectant of choice for treating Filtration. Kempston: F.L.I. Water wastewater. Limited Chlorine oxidizes organic matter, including microorganisms and •Heeb, M.B., Kristiana, I., Trogolo, D., pathogens.chlorination, but trained Arey, J.S., von Gunten, U.2017. Formation personel are required to determine the right and reactivity of inorganic and dosage of chlorine and ensure proper organicchloramines and bromamines mixing. during oxidative water treatment. Water Res. Case Study •How, Z.T., et al., Organic haloamines in Organic haloamines in chlorine-based chlorine-based disinfected water systems: disinfected water systems A critical review,J.Environ. Sci. (2017), The term organic chloramines may refer to http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.025 anyhalogenated organic compounds measured as part of combined chlorine (the differencebetweenthemeasured free and total chlorine concentrations), andmay include N-chloramines,N-chloraminoacids, N-chloraldimines and N-chloramides. Organic chloramines can form when