c


 


<span> 


 


</span>









 


 







Q _atom_and R _atom_ has electron arrangement of _2.8.2_and _2.8.7 respectively.

Each Q atom will _donates__ 2 electrons to form a Q2+ ion// Q ----------à Q2+ + 2e-

Each R atom will __accept__ 1 electron to form a R- _ion // R + e ----------à R-

This is to achieve __stable electron arrangment.

Q2+ ions and R- ions are then attracted by strong _electrostatic___force and pulled
togther forming an ionic bond.

An ionic compound with formula QR2 is formed.

(ii) P _atom has electron arrangement of 2.4.

It needs 4 more electrons to achieve _stable_ electron arrangement

R __atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7.

It needs 1 more electron to achieve _stable_ electron arrangement

One P atom will _contribute 4 electrons for _sharing.

One P atom will share a pair of electrons with 4 R atoms to form a single covalent bond.
A covalent compound with formula PR4 is formed.



 !

 
"#



 

!



 !
 

"

  
$!


 


 !


!
"

Your answer should consist of the following:

__MCE_ITEM__§ Chemicals required

__MCE_ITEM__§ Procedures of the experiment

__MCE_ITEM__§ Diagram showing the set-up of the apparatus

__MCE_ITEM__§ Half-equations involved in the reaction

__MCE_ITEM__§ Observation

[10 marks]

Materials : silver nitrate solution, silver plate, iron spoon

Apparatus : sand paper, beaker,connecting wires, batteries,

Diagram : (make sure diagram don't have switch // the switch is closed/linked, spoon is
immersed

completely in AgNO3 solution, all label is complete.

Prosedure :

__MCE_ITEM__1) A beaker 100ml is filled with 80cm3 silver nitrate 0.5M solution.

__MCE_ITEM__2) A spoon is immersed completely into the solution and is

connected to the _negative terminal

__MCE_ITEM__3) A silver plate is connected to the _positive terminal and immersed

in the solution.

__MCE_ITEM__4) Close the switch to complete the circuit.

__MCE_ITEM__5) Record the observation at both electrodes after 30minutes.

Anode (+) : Ag ------à Ag+ + e

Observation : Silver plate becomes thinner

cathode (-) : Ag+ + e -------à Ag

Observation " a layer of grey solid is formed on thesurface of spoon and the spoon

becomes thicker

4
 

 


$!


 
 
 

 


! !

"

%!
&'
 (
)
%*!
&

+
 
c







 ,
 
 
 
c







$!
 
 
)

4
-"




"./01

Glacial ethanoic acid only consist of neutral molecules.

There are no free moving ions

Inaqueous solution, ethanoic acid ionise partially toform free moving ions

Equation:CH3COOH ------------> CH3COO- + H+

H+ ions and CH3COO- ions which are free to move can coduct electric current

4
-"2 

 


$!


  !



  "

<span> !#
)
</span>

#    -" 34

 
 -" 345

$!
 
!#)
     

 

4
-"2




"./01

Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid whereas ethanoic acid is a weak acid

Ethanoic acid ionise partially in water to produce a low concentration of hydrogenion.

Hydrochloric acid ionise _completely in water to produce a high concentration of

hydrogen ion.

The concentration of hydrogen ions in hydrochloric acidis higher_than that in ethanoic

acid.

Thus, hydrochloric acid has lower value of pH comparedto ethanoic acid




 $





  


 $


".201

Oxidation is the increase in oxidation number and reduction is the decrease_ in oxidation
number.








6
$!

 $







!


 
  

7


$!
 
  



"8


,

 


"

Answers :

(i) Zn + CuSO4 ---------- > ZnSO4 + Cu

Each Zn atom is oxidised_to Zn2+ ion by donataing 2 electrons.

Zn ------------> Zn2+ + 2e

Each Cu2+ ion is reduced to Cu atom by receiving / accepting 2 electrons.

Cu2+ + 2e-------------> Cu

Ionic equation is : Zn + Cu2+ ---------> Zn2+ + Cu



 

  $


6
$!

 $








!


   

  
 

7


$!
 
  



"8


,

 


"

(ii) Cl2 + 2KI ----------> 2KCl + I2Each iodide ion is _oxidised_to iodine atom
because the oxidationnumber increase from -1 to 0

I- -------> I + e-

Each chlorine atom is _reduced_ to chloride ion because the oxidation number
decreasefrom 0 to -1

Cl + e -------> Cl-

Ionic equation is : 2I- + Cl2 -------> 2Cl- + I2

9





 $

"7


$!
6
$!





"40

HCl + NaOH ------------> NaCl + H2O (1%)+1-1 +1-2+1 +1

-1 +1-2 (1%)
The oxidation number of each element is the same before and after the reaction, no
changes of oxidation happen for each element,so it is not a redox reaction (1%)


!




 $

"7


$!
6
$!





"40

Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI --------------à PbI2 + 2KNO3

+2 -1 +1-1 +2-1 +1-1

The oxidation number of each element isthe same before and after the reaction, no
changes of oxidation happen for each element, so itis not a redox reaction


:

!


 
$!
 
 "


:

!  !!
;  !



 




"


:
 
 
!
 !!
"

<<=c <84 =<<9








  !!
  
:
"Zinc

<<=c <84 =<< !
 !
!



!
 !!
> Atoms

<<=c <84 =<< $!

 
:
 
 
!
 !!
>

4
!



 ?
 


 )
<!
*

 





 
 6

  

 )


 



"