Math

ECET 209 – Lecture 4

Introduction to Microcontrollers
 C Operators

• How Math gets done!!

• Several types:
– Relational
– Arithmetic
– Assignment
– Logical
– Bitwise
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 Assignment Operator

• Mechanism to place values into variables or

registers

unsigned char old_value = 10;

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 Arithmetic Operators

• Allow basic mathematical operations

– Addition
– Subtraction
– Multiplication
– Division

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 Additional Arithmetic Operators

• Modulus
• Increment
• Decrement

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 Basic Math

250 + 10 = 260
Right?
5 / 2 = 2.5

0 – 1 = -1
WRONG!!
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 250 + 10 = 4

5/2=2

0 – 1 = 255

How can this be ????

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 Answer lies in the
Architecture & Variables

• 8 Bit Processor
• Non-Floating Point
• Signed vs. Unsigned

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 8 Bits

128

64

32

16

1
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 8 Bits

128

64

32

16

1
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 8 Bits

128
64
32
16
8
4

2
1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 250
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 + 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 260

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 8 Bits

128

64

32

16
8

1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 250
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 + 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 260

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 8 Bits
256
128

64
32

16

8
4

2
1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 250
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 + 10
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 260
4

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 16 Bits
65536
32768
16384
8192
4096

2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2

1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 + 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 260

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 16 Bits
65536
32768
16384
8192
4096

2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2

1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 250
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 + 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 260

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 Next Example

5 / 2 = 2 not 2.5

Integer Math!! The answer gets

truncated ( there is no decimal ).

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 However

• We can use decimals, they just don’t appear

in the answer.

• For example

2 * 2.5 = 5

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 Signed vs. Unsigned

• Remember, we said that

0 – 1 = 255 not -1

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 Representing Signed Numbers

• The 2’s complement system is used to

represent signed numbers
• Perform subtraction by actually performing
addition
• Use same hardware to both add and subtract
• Sign bit is placed in front of the MSB
– 0 for positive, 1 for negative

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 Signed vs. Unsigned

Sign Bit

64
32

16
8

4
2

1
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 Signed vs. Unsigned
Sign Bit
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1

C will gladly let you refer to this as an

unsigned character type variable, thus
the answer becomes 255 not –1.
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 Variables

• Used to store information

• Allow the programmer to refer to
information through meaningful names
• Must be declared before they can be used

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 Variables

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 Atmel AVR Overview

• 8-Bit RISC Microcontroller

• Non-Floating Point Processor

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 House Rules for Variables

• Use unsigned char as default

– unless size or function dictates otherwise

– avoid floating point unless absolutely required *

– We must keep track of intermediate values

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 Variable Declaration

• To declare a variable
– Provide the data type
– Provide the variable a name

For Example:
unsigned char number_of_dogs; // …

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 Variable Naming

• Variable names are critical in code

readability
– C is Case sensitive
– Lower case letters are generally preferred
– Start with a letter
• Can contain numbers & underscores
• Be descriptive

number_of_dogs

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 Variable Naming (cont)

• Declare at the beginning of a code block

• Before any executable statement
main ()
{
unsigned char number_of_dogs;

DDRC = 0xFF;
}
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 Multiple Declarations

• Multiple variables of the same type can be

declared on the same line

unsigned char old_value, new_value;

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 Variable Initialization

• Variables can be initialized when declared

unsigned char last_count = 25;

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 Initializing Multiple Variables

• Avoid declaring and initializing multiple

variables on the same line

unsigned char old_value = 10, new_value = 15;

(instead)
unsigned char old_value = 10;
unsigned char new_value = 15;

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 Scope of Variables

• Global Variables vs. Local Variables

– Save for our upcoming discussion on functions

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 Intermediate Values

• Be aware of the intermediate values!!

• For instance
– Convert degrees F to C

C = 5 / 9 * ( F – 32 )

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 Intermediate Values

C = 5 / 9 * ( F – 32 )

The intermediate value of 5/9 will be 0 and thus,

the answer will be 0.

Why?

Integer Math
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 Intermediate Values

C = 5 / 9 * ( F – 32 )

The intermediate value of 5/9 will be 0 and thus,

the answer will be 0.

Why?
C = 0 * ( F – 32 )
Anything multiplied by 0 is 0.
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 Intermediate Values

• To overcome this problem

– Could rearrange the equation
C = 5 * ( F –32 ) / 9

900 decimal => 0x384

could become 0x84
900 14 => 132 decimal
0x84

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132 / 9 = 14.667
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 Intermediate Values

• To overcome this problem

– Could rearrange the equation
C = 5 * ( F –32 ) / 9

– Force Floating Point Math

C = 5.0 / 9 * ( F – 32 )

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 Modulus

• To get the modulus, perform long division

and take the remainder

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 Increment / Decrement

• Only “short cut” that I use

• Just like adding or subtracting one

i++; // same as i = i + 1

j--; // same as j = j - 1

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 Using printf()

For example

unsigned char degree_C;

unsigned int degree_F;

degree_F = PINA;

degree_C = 5 * (degree_F – 32) / 9;

printf(“The temp in C is %d”, degree_C);

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 Digital Logic Review

A B Y=A*B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

A 0 0 1 1
& B 0
Y=A&B 0
1
0
0
0
1
1

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 Digital Logic Review

^
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 Digital Logic Review

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 << 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 >> 1

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 Order of Precedence
Name: Operator(s): Grouping:
Primary () . [] -> Left to Right
Unary ! ~ - (type) * & ++ -- sizeof Right to Left
Binary */% Left to Right
Arithmetic +- Left to Right
Shift << >> Left to Right
Relational < <= > >= Left to Right
Equality == != Left to Right
Bitwise & Left to Right
Bitwise ^ Left to Right
Bitwise | Left to Right
Logical && Left to Right
Logical || Left to Right
Conditional ?: Right to Left
Assignment = += -= /= *= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |= Right to Left

Source: Barnett, Cox, and O'Cull Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR

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 Enough for Math Today

• We’ll revisit this again and again

– Subject of Lab 4
– Future HW / Simulation Assignment

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