RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

Sample Weight, g Height, mm Permeability, Result

mmH2O

150.08 46.58 35 Failed

163.86 51.38 34 Failed

162.02 51.38 37 Failed

160.12 50.70 35 Succeed

Table 1: Data obtained for each sample

 Parameters for each green sand sample had been shown on Table 1 which consists of weight(g),
height(mm), permeability(mmH2O), and result. This experiment required the weight of the green sand
must be ranging weight between 145g to 175g and needed the obtained the height to 50.8mm with
acceptable tolerance of 0.125mm. These are important as the main objective for the sample needed to
follow the given requirement is to not let the resultant of permeability properties too much different in
theoretical value. The first to the third sample was failed due to difference in height obtained from the
experiment. The fourth sample was succeeded as the weight are in right value which include in the desired
range and successful obtained the desired height which is 50.7mm. The permeability obtained by using
permeability test machine on sample 4 is 35 mmH2O. The permeability for each sample not too much
difference in value as the experiment was done in same condition. Therefore, it can be seen the weight
play a major role to get the desired height as each experiment was done by same procedure.

Sample Weight Height Permeability Strength, lb/in2 Strength, 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

4 160.12 50.7 35 14.45 101.35

Table 2: Data obtained from sample 4

Table 2 above shows the results for the fourth trial. The compression strength for the fourth sample is
14.45 lb/in2. The result was obtained by using Universal Sand Strength Testing Machine with lb/in2 in
unit. Thus, the unit must be converted to standard metric unit which is kN/m2 before do any calculation.

𝑙𝑏 1𝑁 (1𝑖𝑛)2
14.45 = = = 101.35𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑖𝑛2 0.221𝑏 (0.0254)2

.
Sample calculation

Figure 1: Theoretical Specimen Measurement

Where the conversation of unit from inch to matrix;

1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 2.54 𝑐𝑚

𝐷 = 50.8 𝑚𝑚 = 5.08 𝑐𝑚

𝑟 = 25.4 𝑚𝑚 = 2.53 𝑐𝑚

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

= 𝜋(2.53)2

= 20.1𝑐𝑚3
 Parameters Value

Volume of air, V (cm3) 2000

Height of sand specimen, H (cm) 5.08

Pressure, P (gm/cm3) 10

Cross sectional area of the sand specimen, A (cm2) 20.1

Time, T (min) 1

Table 3: Theoretical properties of permeability number for green sand specimen

Permeability number, PN

𝑃𝑁 = 𝑉𝐻
𝑃𝐴𝑇
= (2000𝑐𝑚3 )(5.08𝑐𝑚)
(10𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚2 )(20.1𝑐𝑚2 )(1𝑚𝑖𝑛)

= 50.55𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦)

Percentage error, %:
𝑃𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, % = | | 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
50.55 − 35
=| | 𝑥 100%
50.55
= 30.76%

It can be seen in this experiment the experimental permeability value is higher than 30% compared to
theoretical permeability value. There were many possible factors occurred in the experiment resultant on
higher percentage error of permeability including environment factors, parallax errors and random errors.
Details of the reasons for the higher percentage error of permeability has been explained briefly in
discussion below. Various ideas and suggestion have been listed in recommendation part in order to reduce
the percentage error of permeability.