SUMMARY

EFFECT OF PAINT TYPES ON CHANGES COLOR

IRIS ON OCULAR PROSTHETICS

Written by

Gunawan Sri Sarjono

14/373980/PKG/082

Submitted to

SPECIALTY EDUCATION PROGRAM OF DENTISTRY

FACULTY OF DENTISTRY
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
2018
i
 SUMMARY

EFFECT OF PAINT TYPES ON CHANGES COLOR

IRIS ON OCULAR PROSTHETICS

Written by

Gunawan Sri Sarjono

14/373980/PKG/082

Apptoved by

Supervisor

Dr. drg. Endang Wahyuningtyas., M.S., Sp. Pros (K) September 5th 2018

Co-supervisor

Dr. drg. Titik Ismiyati., M.S., Sp.Pros(K) September 5th 2018

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 DECLARATION

I hereby certify this publication manuscript does not certain any work

that has been submitted previously to obtain a Specialist degree in a university

and to the best of my knowledge, it does not contain any material or views which

have been written or published previously by others, except where such work has

been cited in writing within the text and mentioned in this references,

Yogyakarta, September 5th 2018

Gunawan Sri Sarjono

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE........................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDMENT.............................................................. ii
DECLARATION...................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................ iv
ABSTRACT.............................................................................. v
INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 1
MATERIAL AND METHODS................................................. 2
RESULTS................................................................................. 2
DISCUSSION........................................................................... 5
CONCLUSSION....................................................................... 7
SUGGESTION.......................................................................... 7
REFERENCES......................................................................... 7

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 EFFECT OF PAINT TYPES ON CHANGES COLOR
IRIS ON OCULAR PROSTHETICS

Gunawan Sri Sarjono1 , Endang Wahyuningtyas2, Titik Ismiyati2

ABSTRACT

Esthetic consideration is one of the important things in the creation of

ocular prosthetics. The paint application in ocular prosthetics construction is
remaining an option for Prosthodontist. The purpose of the study was to examine
the colored paint types toward iris color change of the ocular prosthetics.
Three black paint types were used oil paint (Maries Oil Colour, China),
automotive paint (Avian, Indonesia), and acrylic paint (Sakura, Japan) to paint
paper disc to produce 27 iris ocular prosthetics. Chromameter were used to
examine the first and the final color after acrylic processing using microwave. The
measurement results processed using Commision Internationale de l'Eclairage. It
tested using one-way ANOVA and extended with Least Significances Difference
(LSD) test (p<0.05).

Keywords: Paint types, Iris color change, Ocular prosthetics.

1)

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INTRODUCTION

Eye loss does not only cause a person to have a functional disability, but

also affects to aesthetic appearance1. Making ocular prosthetics is a technical

procedure that is sensitive to produce accurate duplication of the color, size,

contour and orientation of the natural eye as expected by patients2. During iris

coloring, the technique of making and selecting the right type of paint is very

important. The right iris color determination stage is difficult because the stability

of the paint color cannot be controlled during the acrylic polymerization process3.

The cause of color changes in the manufacture of ocular prosthetics can

occur due to the interaction between the paint and acrylic resin components,

because the presence of residual acrylic monomers affects the paint component

which is also a polymer. The right iris color determination stage is difficult

because the stability of the paint color cannot be controlled during the acrylic

polymerization process3.

During the coloring process, it is necessary to determine the right type of

paint and technique. To find out the color formation and the most suitable method

in iris coloring, a number of studies have been conducted. Research using oil

paint, watercolors, acrylic paints, and automotive paints in brown and blue iris

coloring concluded that the use of blue oil paint had the best stability compared to

other types of paint4. Based on the description of the background of the problem,

there has been no research on the effect of the type of paint on the iris color in

black eye prosthetics.

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MATHERIAL AMD METHODS

The subjects of this study were 27 samples of hot polymerized clear acrylic

discs with a diameter of 15 mm and thickness of 1 mm, 27 samples of white

acrylic with a diameter of 15 mm, and 27 waterproof papers which were divided

into 3 groups, namely group I nine samples of clear acrylic plates colored with

colored acrylic paint black, group II nine samples of clear acrylic plates stained

with black oil paint, group III nine samples of clear acrylic plates stained with

black automotive paint, measurement of the initial color of the sample on acrylic

plates using chromameter. Samples that have been taken in initial measurements

are included in a microwave-only box. Microwave heating is done with a low

power of 90 watts for 13 minutes, 1 minute 12 seconds with a high power of 500

watts, and allowed to cool for 30 minutes. Color measurements are carried out

after treatment using chromameter for all samples. Calculation of color changes in

the sample using the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage method. Color

change data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA analysis and continued with the

Least Significances Difference (LSD) test at p <0.05.

RESULT

The average results of the change in the color of the sample type of paint can

be seen in Table 1. The lowest mean of iris staining changes is the oil paint group,

which is 0.712 ± 0.081. The highest average coloring change is the automotive

paint group which is 2.807 ± 0.825

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 Table 2. Average and Standard Deviation of Iris Color Changes in Ocular
Prosthetics with Different Paint Types
Treatment group Number of Samples average ± SD
Automotive paints 9 2,807 ± 0,825
Oil paints 9 0,712 ± 0,081
Acrylic paints 9 2,253 ± 0,766
Information:
SD: Standard deviation
The results of the research data were first analyzed by Shapiro Wilk

normality test to determine the normal distribution of the population of the

research data.S

Table 2. Results of Normality Changes to Iris Color Changes in Eye Prosthetics

with Different Paint Types
Shapiro Wilk test
groups Statistics Probability (p)
Automotive paints 0,891 0,203
Oil paints 0,889 0,195
Acrylic paints 0,941 0,589
The results of the normality test with Shapiro Wilk in table 2 shows that

the data on iris staining chenges in ocular prosthetics has a p value>0.05, so the

data population has a normal distribution. The research data was then tested with

the Levene test to determine homogeneity. Levene's test results in iris color

changes in different types of ocular prosthetic using different types of paint

showed p = 0.7, therefore the assumption of homogeneity was stated to be

fulfilled because p value> 0.05 means that the population variant is

homogeneous.One-way ANOVA test results as shown in table 3 to determine the

effect of the type of paint on the iris color changes in the ocular prosthesis.

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 Table 3. ANOVA Test Results Change of Iris Color in Ocular Prosthetics with
Different Paint Types
Variant Source Number Free Squared F count Probability
of squares degree average (p)
(SS) (df) (MS)

Between groups 21,198 2 10,599 24,955 0,000

In Group 10,194 24 0,425
Total 31,392 26
One-way ANOVA test results in table 3 show that there are significant

differences between different types of paint in ocularpProsthetic (p <0.05). The

data was tested by the Least Significances Difference (LSD) post hoc test to see

the differences between treatment groups with one another in table 4.

Table 4. Least Significances Difference (LSD) Test Results of Iris Color

Changes in Ocular Prosthetisc with Different Types of Paint
Paint type Amount of Oil paint Acrylic Automotif paint
sample paint
Oil paint 9 -2,0944*

Acrylic paint 9 -1,540*

Automotif paint 9 0,5542

Information:
*: There are Significant Differences
The LSD test results in table 4 show the differences in iris staining changes

which can be concluded as follows: the oil paint group showed significant

differences (p <0.05) with the automotive paint group and acrylic paint group

while the automotive paint group did not have a significant difference with the

acrylic paint group (p> 0.05).

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DISCUSION

The results of the study and the measurement of color changes in paint

used in making ocular prosthetics showed a variation in mean values. Table 1

shows the smallest mean value of color change is oil paint (0.712 ± 0.081). Oil

paint has better color stability due to the content of opacifier (zinc oxide) so it is

more resistant to temperature changes. The material is an additive added to paint

which causes more resistance to heat during polymerization of acrylic and using a

microwave. Automotive paint has the highest average color change (2,807 ±

0.825) because the content of binder in the form of acrylic resin in automotive

paint causes instability when chemical reactions occur with acrylic monomers and

electromagnetic waves generated by microwaves. Automotive paints and acrylic

paints have the same binder, acrylic resin, so that if the binder is damaged by heat,

it causes color changes4.

One-way ANOVA test results in table 2 show that there are significant

differences between oil paint, acrylic paint and automotive paint (p <0.05). The

three types of paint undergo a process of discoloration, namely oil paint has the

smallest color change, followed by acrylic paint, and automotive paint. This type

of oil paint solvent uses natural oil, which is flaxseed oil which has properties that

are more resistant to temperature changes during polymerization. The oil paint

binding material does not contain water so that in the process of drying the oil

paint does not occur the process of evaporation of water content but the reaction

absorbs oxygen from the air. When the iris warms in the microwave, there is no

excessive evaporation of water from the oil paint. This is different from acrylic

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paints and automotive paints which have water-based solvents, so the drying of

the two paints comes from evaporating water leaving another paint component.

Normally complete drying of acrylic and automotive paint can take days to a year.

With the exposure to heat during microwave use the water in the paint evaporates

faster so that the chemical bonds in the paint are damaged5.

The results of LSD test changes in iris staining in ocular prosthetic with

different types of coloring paint showed a significant difference between oil paint

with automotive paint and acrylic (p <0.05), but between automotive paint and

acrylic paint did not show significant differences (p> 0.05). The temperature of

heat produced during the polymerization process of acrylic and heating using a

microwave can affect the color used in making iris. Temperature is an important

factor in the degeneration process (oxidation or hydrolysis) due to damage to

polymer bonds. The process of damage to these chemical bonds can also be

observed in the effects of long-term use of paint exposed to physical and chemical

conditions, such as exposure to changes in temperature and humidity. Acrylic

paints and automotive paints have no meaningful differences compared to oil

paints because they have the same binder composition, acrylic resin6.

Changes less than 1.00 cannot be observed visually, changes of less than 3.3 are

still clinically acceptable, and if more than 3.3 these materials are not suitable for

use7. This means that clinical discoloration and the results obtained from this

study are still acceptable (the biggest average is automotive paint which is 2.807 ±

0.825), oil paint has the best color change because after going through a further

polymerization process using a microwave because have color changes that

6
cannot be distinguished visually. Automotive paints and acrylic paints although

they have discoloration that can be seen visually but are still clinically acceptable.

The results show that this type of paint is influential in the manufacture of ocular

prosthetic. Oil paint has the smallest color change compared to automotive paint

and acrylic paint. Clinically the changes in the three types of paint are still

acceptable but the changes experienced by oil paint cannot be distinguished

visually.

CONCLUSION

The conclusion of this study is that the type of oil paint affects the iris color

changes in the ocular prosthetics.

SUGGESTION

Further research is needed to determine the effect of the type of paint used for

iris staining in the ocular prosthetics by considering the sun's light factor as one of

the iris color changes in the ocular prosthetics.

REFERENCES

1. Artopolou I., Montgomery P., Wesly P., Lemon J., 2006. Digital
imaging in fabrication of ocular prosthetics. J Prosthet Dent 2006;95:327-
30.
2. Bali, N,. Dhall R., Singh N 2015. Various Step Involved in Fabrication of
an Ocular Prosthetic: A Case Report. Int J Dent Med Res I(5): 93-96
3. Goiato, M., Santos D., Moreno A., Gennari-Filho H., Pellizzer E., 2011.
Evaluation of Color Stability of two Technicueqes for Reproducing
Artificial Iriades After Microwave Polymeritation. J Appl Oral Sci 19
(3):200-203.
4. Fernandes, A., Goiato M., Batista M., Santos D., 2008. Color Alteration of

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 the paint Used for Iris Painting in Ocular Prosthetics. Braz Oral Res 23
(4):386-392.
5. Goiato, M., Santos D., Moreno A., Gennari-Filho H., Pellizzer E., 2011.
Evaluation of Color Stability of two Technicueqes for Reproducing
Artificial Iriades After Microwave Polymeritation. J Appl Oral Sci 19
(3):200-203.
6. Banwaart., 2013. Chromatic Changes to Artificial Irises Produced Using
Different Techniques. J Biomed Opt, Vol 18 (5): 82-89.
7. Bonnati, M., Chunca, T., Regis, R., Silva-Lopato, C., Paranhos, H., 2009.
The Effect of Polimerization Cycles on Color Stability on Microwave-
Processed Denture Base. J. Prosthet Dent 18:432-437