Only for internal use!

BRITISH STANDARD BS 434-1 :

1984
(Reprinted,
incorporating
Amendments No. 1,
No. 2 and No. 3)

Bitumen road
emulsions
(anionic and
cationic)
Part 1: Specification for bitumen road
emulsions

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BS 434-1:1984

mmittees resp~nsi le far t is

itish ~tandard

aration of this British Staa~d~,j d~ ., . ,

r°^trrasted ~~> the Rd~ad
eering Standards Committee ~ f~?~)'-` : ~ °~ ~ r^hn~c,~dl. Ç`d7r~x~nittee E1?~i11
oai vrhich the föllowing bodies wd}~°~,~ rdrh

i~r~ti~h aggregate Construction TVlat:er~°- ~

p~~~~nty Surveyors' Society
ion of Civil Engineering
ondon Council
of PdaroleurxD
zti:an of Civil Engineers
notion of Highway Engineers
st~tution of Municipal Engineers
~~d~~d Emulsion Association Ltd.
o~ Chemical Industry

'this British Standlard, hru ;

been prepared under tl . .
direction of the road 1 : ry=~ ï ;
Standards (;om~nitter, ,~. . .
published under the aui `~ : ~ ,
the Board of BST and o: :~d~ ; .
N eflada an
~+- "
,~ 291+eb5°uarv 194

t< ., ßS( 12-199D1

I~'irst published Ï2ece b~ :

Pi~°st revision I)ecexnbd. ~ ? a.
Arnendxnents issued since publics
û Secand revision Febru~~r~. I
Third revision .~1prï1 19üL~
Faurth revision a:: BS ~~a~ . Date O~ 1~SUe
Ud d~ber l f173
December

'lhe follovvin~ BSl refers ada~== : a--~-w-..- ~-

relate to the work on ties ~ 9d~ 141ay 1988
standard :
Gomna ttee relr'renr:c; 1 ~nd1C~7td`d
..$:~ t ti ~lune 1991 55'' ~i `k351ë'iltlt' 6,'11;~2dp 91ls~k"gAll
Draft far d~omment 8t1l1

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Only for internal use!
BS 434-1 :1984

This document may be used in part

only for the internal use!

C) BSI 1 2-1998
QYM"Mse!
BS 434-1 :1984

eword

lion of this fart of this British Standard, prepared tinder the direction
oad Engineering Standards Comiri',~i ,~ specifies requirements for
the 1973 edition
, ;ionic and cationic bitumen road emulsion ; . It supersedes
is withdrawn. Recommendations for the use of these emulsions for roads
urfaces are covered by Part 2 of this standard.
~-, iajor changes have been made to the previous edition of this standard but the
tunity has been taken to make a large number of minor alterations which
shown to be necessary as a result of users' experience,
itish Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
".-rast . Users of British Standards are res ,ible for their correct application.
;VMhance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
n legal, obligations.

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of pages
is document comprises a front cover. tin inside front cover, pages i and ii,
to 16, an inside back cover and a lack cover.
ca. and has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
, Iments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
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CD

o 13S] 12-1998
Only for internal use!
I Scope
This Part of BS 434 specifies requirements far
anionic and cationic bitumen emulsions used for the
preparation and treatment of road and other
surfaces carrying wheeled and foot traffic.
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard
are listed on the inside back cover.
2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 434, the
following definitions apply.
11
bitumen
a viscous liquid or a solid, consisting essentially of
hydrocarbons and their derivatives, that is soluble
in carbon disulphide l ); it is substantially
non-volatile and softens gradually when heated . It
is black or brown in colour and possesses
water-proofing and adhesive properties . It is
obtained by refinery processes from petroleum and
is also found as a natural deposit or as a component
of naturally occurring asphalt in which it is
associated with mineral matter
12
bitumen road emulsion
a liquid product in which a substantial amount of
bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition
in an aqueous medium by mans of one or more
suitable emulsifying agents . There are two types,
anionic and cationic
13
anionic emulsion
an emulsion in which the anion of the emulsifier is
at the interface with the bitumen particle that is
negatively charged and in which the aqueous phase
is normally alkaline
14
cationic emulsion
an. emulsion in which the cation ofthe emulsifier is
at the interface with the bitumen particle that is
r_ positively charged and in which the aqueous phase
M
Co is normally acid
2.5
binder content (including emulsifier)
the difference between 100 % and the percentage
U)
water content determined in accordance with
C
W appendix F
"The internationally agreed definition of bitumen relates its solubility to carbon disulphide but in the UK trichloroet
used since it is safer than carbon disulphide .
fG BSI 12-1998
BS 434-1:1984
3 Classification of road emulsions
3.1 Anionic road emulsions. Anionic road
emulsions shall be classified in order of stability as
follows.
a) Class Al: labile . An emulsion characterized by
rapid breakdown on. application and normally
unsuitable for mixing with aggregate; used cold.
b) Class A2., semi-stable. An emulsion with
sufficient stability to permit mixing with certain
grades of aggregate before breakdown occurs ;
used cold .
0 Class A& stable . An emulsion with sufficient
all
mechanical and chemical stability for
purposes involving mixing with aggregates
including those containing large proportions of
fines or chemically active materials such as
cement or hydrated lime; used cold .
d) Class A4.' slurry seal. An emulsion formulated
for the slurry seal process; used cold .
NOTE Additives may be used at the time of laying if
required to adjust the setting time or viscosity of the mix.
This class shall be subdivided as follows.
1) Class A4: slow setting. Suitable for mixing in
simple mixers for hand laying, in bulk transit
concrete mixers c r mobile mixing machines .
2) Class A& rapid setting. Suitable for handling in
special mobile mixing machines only.
NOTE I Classes Al and W am subdivided according to their
nominal binder contents (see Table 1) .
NOTE 2 Due to the wide variation in chemical activity and
physical structure of aggregates from different sources, not all
are suitable for the slurry seal process. It is necessary, therefore,
to test each aggregate in the laboratory with class A4 emulsion
and to subject the mixes with class A4 emulsion to the track
abrasion test in accordance with appendix Aof Part 2:1984 of this
standard. The loss in mass of the specimen after abrasion should
not exceed 5M g/m2 :
3.2 Cationic road emulsions. Cationic road
emulsions shall be classified in order of stability as
follows.
a) Class KI: rapid acting. An emulsion
characterized by rapid deposition of binder on
contact with road surfaces and aggregates
followed by early resistance to rain . Unsuitable
for mixing with aggregates; class KI-70 grades
used hot, other grades cold.
b) Class K2: medium acting. An emulsion in
which the rate of deposition of binder is
sufficiently delayed to permit mixing with certain
clean coarse aggregates before breaking to form a
continuous adhesive film without stripping; used
cold.
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BS 434-1 :1984

c) Class K3.- slow actint-, . An emulsion in which 5 Particle charge

the rate of depositio~ ~fidnderissufficiently .
When tested in accordance with appendix C, anionic
delayed to permit i) ~ , ~ ~ xx - Lth certain fine
emulsion, shall deposit on the anodej indicating that
aggregates belre J- ; j ig to form a continuous
the particles have a negative charge and cationic
adhesive film wi~l- ~ - v,ippi ng; used cold,
emulsion,,; sball. deposit on the cathode, indicating
Cationic slurry seal ~-.,As.ions are included in that the partio', - have a positive charge .
handlinginspecial
NOTE The chn n"~ F ni amount of deposit will depend on the
A class of emu6, , . , -i,
Class its
NOTE I M is mubth , to nonrim al Under
content (see Table 2). 6 Properties of emu
NOTE, 2 Due to the wide', in in chemical activity and
physical structure of aggrc,,~ c'wr different sources,' not all After sampling in accordance with appendix A,
are suitable for the slurry ,, At is necessary, therefore, emulsions shall be tested in accordance with
to test each aggregate in the i ; , r~ with class K3 emulsion
appendices B tod. The properties of anionic road
and to subject the mixes with ion to the track
abrasion test in accordance ,N 'Part2:1984 of this emulsions shall be as given in Table I and the
standa rd . The loss i n mase oi fter abrasion should properties of cationic road emulsions shall be as
not exceed 5W g&2. given in Table, 2,

4 Composition 7 Containers and marking

4.1 General. Road em~
bitumen, modified if r ~ ,~
emulsifying agents ani .1
surfactants and addit!
modify performance,,
emulsions for special
4.2 Bitumen. The bif , ,
shall contain 7.1 Containers . No corrosion or attack shall occur
y as specified in 4 .2, between the emulsion and the container or bung and
ter. Small amounts of
the emulsion shall not be adversely affected by the
iall be permitted to container
or bung .
~zlurry seal and other
NOTE The ti~, , i : iv~it metals or theiralloys may lead to the
evolution ol it,, ~ z;u" and On mulwmpwrd explosion of Me
used for the
~ f,~ ~
container .

of the emuk Y wa shall comply with

manufacture shall 12 Marking. Containers shall be legibly labelled
138 3690 and be " n nc (I from the range with the following minimum information:
grade 70 penetration to ; ~~ Ke 300 penetration, as a) the name wtrade mark of the manufacturer or
defined therein. supplier
NOTE I The bitumen may -odifiect by the addition of
b) the date, of filling,
fluxingagents ranging frorni ;, uz:tile distillates to beavyoils,
the amount of fluxing agent ti ern ally being not more c) the number of this
'A
~

than 5 % 1~y mass of the bi~ ;i anionic emulsion and 10 % i.e . BS 434/1 : 1984 ~,
foreationicemulsion, oras ;!- :~~ thepurebaser and the
manuActurer of the em & Q the closs of erntilsion and nominal binder
NOTE2 If required by th~ supplier should content ~-Ne I and Table 2) ;
provide a typical sampli, W 'ation bitumen used as do
basic ingredient of the eino Uorshould disclose the e) the mwo ~ 9f contents in Ifflograins or volume
nominal viscosity of the hi ; ~ ~ x mixture used . litres ;
NOTE 3 Attention is dra~% ~ ; bitumen originally
with 0 the word "Anionic" or "Cationic" on the head of
mmoying BS 300 rn, same test readt, on
analysis after extraction F- I the container which shall be coloured black for
Anionic and areen for Cationic ;
3 Toxicity . Any dr, q ,, washAgs or the like,
passing from. the worl, :I reams, ponds, rivers, g) the instructions to roll the drums before use,
(1) etc., shall not, after dilub-?n by these waters, have particularly in the ease of 40 % binder content
-S any toxic effect upon p1m . 4 animal or fish life . emulsions :
co
W aninsloveti rotect Irn frost.
72
Documents tive to bulk deliveries shall provide
similar .r~ , information.

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MarkingBS 434/1:1984 on or ~, ; rulation to a product. is a claim by the jnanulactv~-~- , - ~t-ro the product has been manufactured
accordance with Me rewo,ras of Me stanthtrd- Ile accuracy of such a claini - tii~ wfw, - , solely the manufacturet's
in
0 responsibility. Enquiries a~ iWainlity of third party certification to suppo! 1 ~7 claims. should be addressed to tile
0 Director, Quality Assan~nv , 'P 7 - i ~~a t, British Standards Institution, Unford W-0 Ahh, ,~i licynes NIKH 6LE in the case of
f
V certifiattion marks qdmii~' , v BSI or to the appropriate authority for oth r-
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BS 434- 1:1984

Table 1- Properties of anionic road emulsions

Property appendix Class of anionio road emulsions
or clause
1-60 Al-55 Al-40 A2-57 A2-50 A3
~~i__
Particle charge neg. neg. neg. neg. neg. neg.
Residue on t10 ~m BS sieve (% (rnlrn),
nxaximum} ~ U,1 a,05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Kesïdue on 150 ~m BS sieve
(g per 100 mL, maximum) 1J .2 ~ 0.15 0.15 U.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Stability to mi.xïng wïth coarse aggxegrxte 20 to 20 to 20 to
(°lo coagulation.} FJ,1 80 80 80 < ~o < ~o
Stability to mixing with cement
(°lo coagulation} E,2 >2 >2 <~

Binder content (% {rrt 1rn), minimum} 58 53 38 55 48 55 56

Vïscosïty (degrees Engler (°E} at 20 °~}~ CG.1 6to9 5to$ 4 max. 8 max. 5 max. 9 ma 8 max.
Goagulation of emulsion at low H nil nil nil nil. nil nil nil
temperature
Storage stabilityy (short period test)
(inversions to clear sediment, maxïniurn} J.1 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Storage stabilïty (long period test}
(°% water content difference, maximum} J.2 2 2 2 2 2 2
N(3'f1~' In special circumstances, class A1-60 emulsion with. a higher viscosity can. be used for hand applïcation provided that the
emulsïon conxplies with all the atherregxïirements cifth s standard.
a The visca ities given in the table are suitable far use in hulk spreaders complying with BS 1707 or BS 3136 ar for use in hand
operated sprayers complyïng with . BS 3136 . As a general guide, a maximum ~~iscosity of 9°E at the temperature of the spraying is
coxxsidered to be suitable .
~ These viscosity values are intended to serve as a 1y and other values xnay be agreed between the purchaser and the
supplier.

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BS 434-1 :1984

Table 2 - Properties of cationic road exxxtxfsions

Property

Residue on
(% Onho, maximum)
Residue on 150 p,m
(g per 100 mL, maxinr. s ., o
Binder content W On 57"Id-immum)
Viscosity (degrees U , 7 ('11) at 20')
Viscosity Redwood N'

Coagulation of emulsion at " temperature

Storage stability (short pf.-!riod test)
(inversions to clear sediment, maxitnum)
Storage stability Clang y- ~~~~)d test)
maximum)
(9/6 water content diffe ;-,
NOTE lnspecial eireum-,aro zclass K I-60 emulsion with a higher vista
emulsion complies with all ' ira + , Iier rcquirements of this standard .
a The viscosity range in the intended to serve as a guide only. Bitumen emulsions can change in viscosity during storage
and transit and viscosatzer this range may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier provided that
the transverse distribution ownr,.-, of BS 1707 are met when the emulsions art, ;prayed in hot hinder distributors
complying wîth BS 171ï7.

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Appendix A Sampling
A.1 General. Draw samples of emulsion as soon as
possible after delivery, preferably within 24 h, and
test within 7 days from the date of drawing. Do not
expose the samples to temperatures below 0 OC .
A.2 Deliveries in drums. Select and sample at
least three drums.
NOTE This standard does not specify the exact number of
drunis to be sampled and this should be agreed between the
manufacturerand the purchaser.
Thoroughly mix the contents of each drum to be
sampled by rolling the container to and fro for a
period of 2 min to 3 min successively in opposite
directions, making at least five revolutions in each
direction and then up-ending each drum through
two revolutions, first in one direction and then in
the opposite direction. Then pour the whole contents
into a clean drum of just sufficient capacity,
normally 200 L, stir and immediately take a
specimen of at least 4 L. If residual matter is
present in the original container, submit a report
with the specimen .
Use one of the three, or more, specimens for carrying
out the tests given in appendices C to J inclusive
and keep the other specimens in reserve.
Seal each drum so that it is airtight and label with
the following information:
a) the manufacturer's name and description of
the emulsion;
b) the class of emulsion ;
c) the date of delivery ;
d) the date of sampling,
e) the water content of the 4 L specimen,
determined in accordance with appendix F.
Use one of the drums and its contents for carrying
out the test given in J .2 .
A.3 Deliveries in bulk. Either sample by means of
a sampling container over the whole depth of the
emulsion, or take a sample at the level of half the
depth of the emulsion, using a weighted container as
shown in Figures 1 and 2 of BS 3195-1 :1978.
Take three samples of at least 4 L each . Use one of
the samples to prepare specimens for carrying out
the tests described in appendices C to J inclusive
and keep the other two samples in reserve.
NOTE Reference should also be made to Part 2 of this standard .
(0 BSJ 12-1998
BS 434-1:1984
AA Test requirements . The test result from one of
the 4 L samples tested shall be compared with the
appropriate limit(s) given in Table 1 or Table 2. If
the test results do not comply with the limit(s) given
in Table 1 or Table 2 two further reserved samples
shall be tested and the
, test results of two out of any
of the three samples tested shall comply with the
limit(s) given in Table 1 or Table 2.
Appendix B Preparation of specimens
NOTE1 Not applicable to class KI-70 emulsion .
Prepare the 4 L specimen by passing it through
a 710 gm sieve as described in D.1, and use this
emulsion, after gentle stirring immediately before
use, for all tests.
NOTE2 The residue on the 710 gm sieve maybe used to decide
if the specimen complies with limit(s) given in Table I
and Table 2.
Appendix C Method for determination
of particle charge
NOTE This method is technically equivalent to IP 292/73.
C. I General. This method identifies the type of
bitumen emulsion. A direct current is passed
through a bitumen emulsion between two parallel
plate electrodes . Deposition of the bitumen on one of
the two electrodes indicates whether the emulsion is
of the anionic or cationic type . Positively charged
rticles indicate that the emulsion is cationic,
negatively charged particles that it is anionic.
C.2 .1 Current source, direct current,
approximately 12 V to 15 V.
C.2 .3 Variable resistor
C.2 .4 Electrode leads
C.2 .5 Electrodes, consisting of two stainless steel
plates approximately 75 mm long and
approximately 25 mm wide with an immersion
mark at 25 ± 2 mm . An insulating device is used to
hold the plates parallel 25 ± 2 mm apart in the
emulsion sample during the test.
C.2 .6 Beaker, of 150 mL capacity .
C.2 .7 Timing device, stop-watch or other suitable
device .
5
Only orintérnâÎ~use!
BS 434-1 :1984
C.3 Procedure. Suspend the electrode assembly in
the beaker .
Pour the specimen of tl
until the electrodes o
of 25 mm.
Connect the leads froi n,
source through the in
resistor .
Adjust the current to
device .
When the current rea i ;a , dropped to 2 mA or at
the end of30 min, whip' ;
the current source an i-
running water.
Observe the electrodes i
CA Reporting of resu~>
cationic ifthe deposit v ,
anionic if the deposit -1
NOTE Thecathode isthen ek . ~We connected to the negative
pole of the d.c .s.ource and the ~modp is the electrode connected to
the positive pole .
Appendix D Me
determination of
NOTE This method
Al Residue on 710 pm
ALI Apparatus
D.I.I.1 Sieve, of
proximately 100 m n5 in 14
and complying withF
ALL2 Sniall. inetal v,
approximately 110 mm
glass) .
ALL3 Well ventilatod
controlled to 105 5 ",
AL
ALIA Balance, of'-',"~
accurate to 0.01 v.
ALL5 Balance, of ~-pwity, readable and
accurate to I g.
U) ALL6 Container . 4 acity, clean, weighed and
dry.
C0
7U2 AL2 Materials
'Co
a AL2.1 Sohitions
C
Cz A1.2.1.1Foranionic--
U) solution of potassium 4 , ,
ccz A1.2.1 .2 For cationic
solution of cetrimide
(1)
= alkyltrimethylammoniu ; iroinides)i.n0.lN
< hydrochloric acid .
a)
0
C
a)
.2 6
-.J
AL2.2 Solvents
.1 'Kylene, complying w th any grade
D
.
.1
.2,2
on into the beaker specified in BS 458.
ie r,;ed to a depth AL2.2.2 Acetone, complying with ßS 509.
AU Procedure, Wash the sieve with xylene and
rodes to the current then with acetone. Place the sieve in the dish, dry it
'r and the variable in the oven at 105 ± 5 OC for I h, cool and weigh the
sieve, together wit dish, to
;nd. start the timing nearest A
Remove the sieve from dish moisten with
4 the appropriate soluti
r occurs first, disconnect Render uniform the 4 L specimen by gentle
electrodes in agitation and strain immediately through the sieve
into the clean, dry, weighed container (VV2).
deposit. all
When of the emulsion has passed through the
port the emulsion as sieve, remove the sieve and weigh the container
n the cathode and as containing the emulsion to the nearest I g (14-7,3 ) .
.2s on the anode.
Wash the sieve repeatedly with the appropriate
solution until. the washings are no longer
discoloured and then wash with distilled water until
free from the solution . Discard the washings . Place
for the sieve in the small dish to dry for 2 h in the oven
idue on sieving at 105±5) 'C . Cool and reweigh the sieve and dish
.
H'131176 together to the nearest 0.01. g (IVI).
AL4 Calculation. Calculate the percentage
retained, which is given by the expression :
ox,
aperture,
and 40 min deep
N 3;.
X
X 1W
where
(lish, TV, is the o "the sieve and dish (in g) ;
er (e.g. a clock W2 is, tht - , ~i :i of 16he container (in g);
IV3 is thr, i~ t- of the container and emulsion
mostatically (ln g);
is the mass of the sieve, dish and residue
readable and
(i g).
AL5 Reportittg of results. Report the percentage
retained or, !he 710 [tni sieve to the nearest 0.01 .
A2 Residue on 150 urn sieve
A2.1 Apliaratus
A2.1.1 Sieve, of 150 um nominal aperture,
min deep
approximately 100 mm diameter and 40
it: a 2 % (m/rn) and complying with BS 410.
T oleate in water. A2.1.2 Sinall inetal or glass dish,
)u: a I % (in/rn) approximately 110 mm in diameter (e .g. a clock
ire of glass) .
D.2.1 .31[(,,, : r ; ,3ge~vliitder,oflOOmLcapa6ty .
A2.1 .4 250 g capacity, readable and
accurate tc, C, ' I
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D.2 .1 .5 Well ventilated oven, thermostatically
controlled to 105 ± 5 *C .
D.2 .2 Materials
D.2 .2 .1. Solution s
D.2 .2 .1 .1 For anionic emulsion : a 2 % (in1m)
solution of potassium or sodium oleate in water.
D.2 .2 .1 .2 For cationic emulsion : a 1 % (m/m)
solution of cetrimide (a mixture of
alkyltrimethylammonium bromides) in 0. 1 N
hydrochloric acid.
D.2 .2 .2 Solvents
D.2 .2 .2 .1 Kylene, complying with any grade
specified in BS 458.
D.2 .2 .2 .2 Acetone, complying with BS 509.
D.2 .3 Procedure. Wash the sieve with xylene and
then with acetone. Place the sieve in the dish, dry it
in the oven at 105± 5 `C for 1 h, cool and weigh the
sieve, together with the dish, to the
nearest 0.01 g (TV,).
Measure 100 mL of the specimen into the cylinder
previously moistened with the appropriate solution .
Pour the specimen rapidly on to the sieve,
previously moistened with the appropriate solution,
maintain a layer of emulsion constantly upon
the sieve. Gently tap the side of the sieve, if
necessary, to ensure easy passage of the emulsion .
When all of the specimen has passed through the
sieve, wash the sieve repeatedly with the
appropriate solution until the washings are no
longer discoloured and then wash with distilled
water until free from the solution . Place the sieve in
the dish .
Dry the sieve in the dish for 2 h in the oven, cool and
reweigh together to the nearest 0.01 g (TV2 ).
D.2 .4 Calculation.Calculate the residue, which is
given by the expression:
14,`,~, - W,
where
, is the mass of the sieve, dish and residue
g) ;
-aE. W, is the mass of the sieve and dish (in g) .
D.2 .5 Reporting of results. Report the residue on
C sieving as "less than 0.1 g7' if this is the case, or, if
iz not, as the mass of residue per 100 mL of emulsion
CD to the nearest 0.01 g.
(D
12-1998
BS 434-1 :1984
Appendix E Methods for
determination of stability to mixing
NOTE Forthe purposes of this British Standard emulsions are
classified in relation to the aggregate specified in E.1 .3 and in
relation to the Portland cement specified in E.2 .2 .
E.1 Stability to mixing with coarse aggregate
E.1 .1 General. Although this method may be used to
study coagulation of any emulsion on. contact with
stone, as a means of classification it is only
applicable to anionic emulsions, classes Al, A2
and A3, and can be applied accurately only when
related to the actual aggregate to be used and to all
factors likely to modify the performance of the
emulsion at the time of application.
Hence, although the limits shown in Table 1 provide
a general guide to the suitability of an emulsion for
the purpose for which it is employed, compliance
with these values does not necessarily ensure
satisfactory performance on application.
E.1 .2 Apparatus
E.1 .2 .1 Clear glass storage bottle,
approximately 180 mm high and 90 min in diameter
(e .g . a 1 kg fruit preserving jar) with a wide mouth
and rubber sealing ring.
E.1 .2 .2 Machine, for rotating the bottle end over end
at the rate of 60 r/min to 70 r/min.
E.1 .2 .3 Two flat-bottomed nickel dishes, weighed
and approximately 90 mm diameter and 15 mm
deep .
E.1 .2 .4 Balance, of 250 g capacity, readable and
accurate to 0. 1 g.
E.1 .2 .5 Balance, of 250 g capacity, readable and
accurate to 0.001 g.
E.1 .2 .6 Sieve, of 710 gm nominal aperture, as
described in D.1 .1 .1 .
E.1 .2 .7 Sieve, of 3.35 mm nominal
aperture, 200 min in diameter and complying
with BS 410.
O-nTyT6
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BS 434-1 :1984

E.1.3 Materials Allow the bottle to stand for 30 min to permit

E.1.3.1 Aggregate, con,~ f criggion c hipp mgs l) dispersed water and any aggregate dust to settle .
passing a 10 min now, i ~~perture sieve and R.emove two 25 ml, aliquots ofthe xylene solution by
retained on a 6.3 min rlf : inal aperture sieve (both pipette and evaporate in the two weighed nickel
;

dishes by placing them for 1.5 h on the metal surface

sieves complying with R.~. ~ !0). Place about I kg in
the 3.35 mm sieve (101-17, and agitate thoroughly of a boiling water bath in a fume cupboard. Cool in
-Ie,
in tap water about 100 r-~ , , ep in a sink . Repeat
a desiccator . Determine accurately the masses of
this procedure four ti Mi fresh water each bitumen residue in the dishes and if they differ by
. Drain the aggre nd transfer it to a glass more than 0.002 g repeat the procedure.
tirne 6

beaker and. wash tbr - ~, using 500 mL E.1.5 Use the mean b ofthe two masses
distilled water each ti--~ hile the aggregate is to calculate I amount of binder coagulated as a.
stirred with a glass ro ' r dry the washed
x -,
percentage of the total binder originally present.
aggregate to constant The coagulation vahin expressed as a percentage, is
P~
given by the expressi
K 111 klene, comply > ~ z with BS 45, with an
evaporation. residue n v A~edingOQQT. bx8xIOO

E.1.3.3 Soap solution, ~-

O(

potassium or sodium ~~ '~ awater . where

Clean
111.4 Nocedure. K, iJass bottle with xylene, b is the of the binder in 25 mL of xylene
dry it, wash with the swu- .Rolution and then with so! ~i n g)~-
distilled water, and fi,na, liv d ry with a soft cloth or
~ 7.t ; i ,

jap paper. W is the nmer content of the original emulsion

(percentage by mass) estimated in
Bring tile bottle and all t erials to a accordance with appendix F.
temperature between and. 25 OC before the
start of the test and mr i ~ ii within this E. 1.6 Reporting of results. Report coagulation value
temperature rang(.~ t +out the test. as a percentage to the nearest whole number.
Weigh 200 ± I g of Oik, -~~-,,,~-ogate into the bottle,
followed by 20 ± 0.2 gjl -nulsion which hass, been E.2 Stability to mixing with cement (classes A2
passed through the 7 1 0 ,,j Tir-deve (E .1.2.6). Screw on and A3 only)
the lid immediately, invert the bottle and sharply E.2.1 Apparatus
tap on the base with the 1 ad so that the aggregate E.2.L1 &eve, of 1 .4 min minal apeAure, weighed
and emulsion fall freplv and approximately 100 mill in diameter and 40 min
Place the bottle in the '~,i,~ngnlachineinthe deep and coinplying with BS 410.
inverted position and rW ~ ~ ~ end over end 140 times, E.2 .1 .2,Sieue, of 180 gin nominal aperture,
(i.e. 140 complete 36U' r- ~Iutions). Allow a period approxii-nateiy 200 mm in diameter and complying
of not more than't mi between. adding the with BS 4 10.
emulsion to the aggre,~,,;:A. starting the rotating
machine . E.2.1.3 Roatid-bottomed On dAk or similar metal
utensil of approximately 500 nil, e
Remove the bottle from rotating, machine,
±
add 200 1 mL of fre-Ii i v boiled, distilled water E.2.1.4 Steel rod with rounded ends,
at 20 'C to 25 'C, rept-o.- -, I-,elid and rotate in the approximately 13 mra in diameter.
machine 60 to 70 tim-- . '-ten pass the wash water E.2.1.5 Baloare, of 250 g capacity, readable and
U) and residual. emulsion Cs the 710 pm sieve accurate to 0 1 g.
C
(E.1.2.6) and repeat 11 , ,
~,%,~- untilthewashings E.2 .1 .6 Gradutited cylinder, of 100 mL capacity.
U)
-a remain clear.
L- E.2.1.7 Shallotopau, weighedand of
C13 After draining away possibleOf thc~ approximately 50 nil, capacity and
approximately 110 min in diameter .
_0
C water, place the sievf L,~r . Ponr 100 mL of
CEI
xylene into the beaket he bitumen on
E.2.1 .8 11"ell oentilated oven, thermostatically
U)
the sieve and then pour sol ~ ition into the bottle. controlled at 105 ± 5 OC .
i ,,'Ii a further 100 mL of
C
Wash the sieve and b,
xylene and add this aNo to the bottle . Then K2.2 Material
close the bottle, repla, aebine and rotate E.111 Ordbtary lortland ceinent, complying with
<
it for a period of I -olve the coagulated BS 12, kept i a sealed containers and not exposed to
CL bitumen, the atmcaspb~'t- before use .
0
0
3 OWNS& Mm Am y ! M"~ 160-162 Abbey Fore gate . Sbrvw~A~tirv.SY2 ( ;AV~
a)
(D
V, BSI 12-1998
Only for internal use!
E.2 .3 Procedure. If the water content of the
emulsion, determined in accordance with
ippendix F, is below 50 %, dilute the emulsion with
sbly boiled distilled water at 20 *C to 25 'C, to a
water content of 50 %.
Sift a portion of the cement through the 180 pin
sieve (E .2 .1 .2) and weigh 50 g of the sifted cement
into the iron dish .
Weigh the 1.4 mm sieve (E .2 .1 .1) and the shallow
pan to the nearest 0. 1 g (TV,).
Add 1.00 mL of the 50 % emulsion to the cement in
the dish and stir the mixture at once with the steel
rod with a circular motion, making 60 complete
revolutions during 1 min. immediately at the end of
the 1 min mixing period, or after a longer period if
necessary to obtain a homogenous mixture,
add 150 mL of freshly boiled distilled water at 20 "C
to 25 'C and continue stirring for 3 min. Maintain
the ingredients and apparatus at a temperature
of 20 OC to 25 'C during the mixing period .
Pourthe mixture through the 1.4 mm sieve (E .2 .1 .1)
rinse with distilled water poured from a
receptacle held at a height of
approximately 150 mm . Place the sieve in the pan,
heat them both in the oven at 105 ± 5 'C until dry
and weigh them together to the nearest 0. 1 g (W2) .
E.2 .4 Calculation. Calculate the coagulation value,
as a percentage, which is given by the expression :
W2 __ IV, 100
X Assemble the apparatus. Insert a loose plug of
T3
where
W, the mass of the weighed sieve and pan
(in g) ;
W2 is the mass of the sieve and pan, and the
material retained in and on them (in g) ;
is the mass of the binder in 100 mL of the
diluted emulsion (in g) determined by the
procedure in appendix F.
E.2 .5 Reporting of results. Report the coagulation
value as a percentage to the nearest whole number.
'aM Appendix F Method for determination
of water and binder content
'M
r_
cz
Nui,i~,' rhis method is based on IP 291/73 .
(n F.1 General. The water content as determined by
this method is used to calculate the binder content
of an emulsion bv deducting the result from 100
(see 2.5)
F.2 Aipparatus
CL NOTE The apparatus is illustrated inFigure 1.
0
(Q BSI 12-1998
BS 434-1 :1984
F.2 .1 Glass still, of 500 mL capacity, comprising a
round-bottom short-necked flask with a ground
socket for either a 24/29 or 34/35 joint, complying
with BS 572, at the neck .
F.2 .2 Condenser, consisting of a water-cooled reflux
glass tube type having a jacket not less
than 300 mm. in length, with an inner tube
of 15 ± 3 mm external diameter . The lower end of
the inner tube shall be ground to an angle of
approximately 60' to the axis . The drainage tip shall
finish in a 19/26 cone .
F.2 .3 Receiver, of annealed glass complying with the
dimensions given in Figure 1.
F.2 .4 Heater, such as an electric heater.
F.3 Materials
F.3 .1 Carrier liquid, petroleum or coal-tar spirit,
free from water and yielding not more
than 5 % (V/V) of distillate at 125 *C and not less
than 20 % (VIV) at 160 "C when tested as described
in BS 2000-123 .
NOTE A suitable, carrier liquid is grade 3' or 5' xylene
complyingwith BS 458.
FA Specimen. Ensure that the specimen is
thoroughly representative of the material to be
ted .
F.5 Procedure. Weigh 30 g to 50 g of the emulsion
to the nearest 0. 1 g into the distillation still.
Add 100 mL of the carrier liquid and one or two
glass beads.
cotton wool in the top of the condenser tube to
revent the condensation of atmospheric moisture
e condenser tube .
Heat cautiously and regulate so that the condensate
falls from the end of the condenser at a rate of two
drops to five drops per second . Continue until the
volume of water in the receiver is constant.
Discontinue heating and cool to room temperature.
If any droplets of water are adhering to the sides of
the receiver or condenser, dislodge them with a fine
wire spiral . Measure the volume of water.
F.6 Calculation and report. Calculate the water
content, expressed as a percentage by mass, which
is given by the expression:
A X 100
B
where
* is the volume of water in the trap (in mQ ;
* is the mass of emulsion sample taken (in g) ;
Report the result to the nearest 0. 1 % (in /tit).
F.7 Precision. Results of duplicate tests shall not
differ by more than the following amounts:
a) repeatability: 1 .0 % (m/in);
b) reproducibility: 2.0 % (in/m).
 BS 434- 1 :1984

All dimensions are in i

1:15 NOTE 1 . Graduations to 0.2 ml- are required on the receiver, though for clarity they are omitted from this drawing
.

Cn NOTE 2. If apparatus with 1 glass bulb is used, then a dimension 30 mm to 60 mm may be used in place of 47 t ".), mm, and 170 mm to
210 mm in place of IM - ¬ ~~, mm, provided the graduations in the upper tube allow for the piouision tolerances in F 7 to be achieved .
C:
.5
re I - Assembled apparatus for water content test

(n
C
a) Y; BY 101998
.2 10
-.1
Only for internal use!
BS 434-1 :1984

Starring devoe

. Measuring and ieveiting projections

`2+_o Sl

1
TrTcd and adjustnq screws
00, i

Cz

with
W Ali dimensions are in millimetres and are requirements of the &on viscometer with the exception of those marked an asterisk,
tApproximate distance between thermometer and bottom of cup.

Figure 2 - Erigier viscometer

>1
0-
0
0

(D
Li iG 13SI 12-1998 11
-J
OnFy 6f internal use!

BS 434-1 :1984

Appendix G Methods for
determination of viscosity
G.1 Engler viscositv
NUTE This method A h ,--
M1 .1 GeneraL This wv
for the determination c.-
road emulsions in arbii
Engler viscometer .
NOTE I The flow of bitui
non-Newtonian in that t
G. 1.4 Calibnation. Wash the c-ap and jet with
petroleum spirit, then several times with alcohol
and finally with distilled water.
Level the viscomi-ter approximately and insert a
stopper whi&1 1) ~ ; - : been used only for the water test
of the apparat~.; , , ~md has never been in contact with
ribes a procedure
oil or emulsion . Fill the receiving flask nearly to the
)sity of bitumen
brim with diisti tied water at 20 'C and pour it into
20 'C using the
the viscometer cup, allowing the flask. to drain in an
inverted posi , thus filling the cup to a
road emulsions is little above the ointers. Place the lid and the
'~i ip between shearing stress

and rate of shear is not dor the conditions of the thermometers i osition and maintain the
test, the divergence from aviour does not normally temperature of the water in and the water
lead to any difficulty in ob~~i! i; producible results. bath A 20 ± AUG - stopper a few
Nevertheless, if measu r~ in ipted at low times, fill the jet completely rater and wet the
temperature, or if the emo 91mormally high viscosity,
exceedin g 25 A(degrt, xample, such difficulties surface of the oudet end so &at Ge drop completely
may arise. covering thesurface remains pendant Set the water
NOTE 2 The viscosity of "7 v may be changed surface exactly at the pointers by sucking out excess
permanently by violcnt ;~ ~;i! :, T)v heaiing or chilling, or by
water with a pipette or, if necessary, by adding a
]ong storage at ambient to! -U~
small quantit.~ of water at 20 "C . When the water is
QL2 MaMus completely atlest, place the drained receiving flask
G.1 .2 .1 Viscometer, 0 ,it ndard Engler underneath the orifice.
viscometer as shown. in . This consists Lift the stopper right out vertically so that the
essentially of a cup w A jet in the centre of surface of the water suffers the minimum
the base which may b~ , d by means of a tapered disturbance and at the same time start the timer.
hard wood stopper. Tb is!~urrounded by a Note the time taken for the receixing flask to fill to
water bath fitted witl ,- a ing device . the 200 inL niark .
Thermometers (10 'C 1 , ; are carried in both
Repeat the determination until three consecutive
the cup and the "te,-
results have been obtained differing by not more
G.1 .2 .2 Two thern~oir and
than 0.5 s showing no progressive decrease .
BS 2000-0 : Addendui~ . Clean the appavaus and make another series of
G.1 .2 .3 Receivingf1ae;', is a standard determinations in the same way. If agreement is
Kohlrausch flask of 201' pacity at 20 obtained with the results of the first series, no
complying with class 615. further tests need be made ; if not, carry out further
G.1 .2.4 Tinting deuice, can be read to 0.2 s or series of determinations until constant times of
less and it is accurate, to so . I t/o over a period of not efflux are found. The mean of the six values of the
two
less than 15 min. A stop-atch of the jewelled lever last series shall be taken is the time of efflux of
type, complying with the~, requirements when fully water anti sbal I lie between the limits of 47 s
but not tightly wound ~ - - ~, ~-,. Ale; when in use it and 53 s.
shall be held in the saim li~ ~sjtion as when tested . G.1 .5 Jon par of specimen, Stir the emulsion
G.1 .2.5 Sieve, of 710 gni nominal aperture and gently and itstemperatuisto20±15'Cina
complying with BS 41 water bath,' note 2 to G. 1.1) .

G.1kdjust
.2.6 Sieve, of 250 p noirrinal aperture and G.1 .6 Proced!i,, the temperature of the
C:
of water in th~., the visconieter to 20 ± 0 .5 "C
C/) complying with BS ,
and insert H-~~ uper in the elea tied cup.
G.1 .3 Alaterials
Pour the spsiown o emulaion Arough
-0 G.1 .3 .1 Petroleum, spiril . .15) into the cup until the
C the 710 pm si
.5 BS 2000-0 : Addendurn
level makes co vith one or more of the pointers .
C/)
J G.1 .3 .2 Xylene, compt, If necessary, the levelling screws and add
C:
~Cz G.1 .3 .3 Ethanol, coniv moreemul,sionun Ace ofthe emulsionjust
touches all three pointers simu ousl--. Remove
any excess eniulsion with a pipette; do not draw any
<
off by raising the stopper because coagulation of
CL
bitumen may oeotr in theJet when tbestopper is
0 re-inserted.

(D
U)
C
(D 151998
.2 12
-J
Only for internal use!
BS 434-1 :1984

When the temperature of the jacket and of the G.2 .2 .3 Receimr, that is a Kohlrausch type flask,
specimen is steady at 20 ± 0.5 *C, measure the time of 5010.5 mL capacity at 20 'C or a 100 mL
of outflow of 200 mL of the emulsion into the cylinder with graduations at 25 mL and 75 mL.
receiving flask, allowing the emulsion to flow down G.2 .2 .4 Timing device, that can read to 0.2 s or less
the side of the flask to avoid frothing. and is accurate to 0. 1 % over a period of not less
the measurement at a sufficiently short than 15 min.
,, al after introducing the emulsion into the
viscometer so as to minimize sedimentation or
creaming and maintain the specimen at 20-+ 0.5 'C
during the test . Carry out three determinations on
three separate portions of the sample and take the
mean value. If the three values differ by more
than 5 % of the mean value, carry out three further
determinations .
After each determination wash out the cup with
distilled water and remove superfluous water with
filter
papen Bean the jet thoroughly by means of a
spill of soft Mter paper moistened. with xylene and
dry the bottom of the instrument round the jet with
filter paper. If bitumen has been deposited in the
viscometer, clean by the procedure given in G.1 .4 .
NOTE When gas heating is used, moisture is liable to be
deposited and if the bottom of the jet is damp, irregular readings
may result .
In cases where difficulty is encountered through
blockage of the jet of the viscometer, strain the
emuhsion first through the 710 gm sieve (G.1 .2 .5)
All dimensions are in millimetres,
and then through the 250 gin shve (G.1 .2 .6).
G.1.7 Calculation. Calculate the viscosity, in Engler Figure 3 - Redwood No. 11 viscometer:
degrees ('E), which is glen by the expression : section of cup
G.2 .3 Preparation of sample . Place
T%V approximately 200 mL of the specimen in a suitable
where clean, loosely stoppered container and bring to a
temperature a little over the test
T1, is the mean ie of offlux of 200 mL of temperature (85 'C) by immersing in a hot water or
emulsion; oil bath; do not heat the specimen over a flame or by
Tw is the mean time of efflux of 200 mL of water. the immersion of hot bodbs in it.
G.1 .8 Reporting of results. Report the viscosity to G.2 .4 Procedure. Clean the oil cup with suitable
the nearest 0. 1 'E . solvents and dry thoroughly with soft tissue paper
~ other material which will not leave fluff.
G.2 Redwood No . Il viscosity Set up
fillthe viscometer, level by using a spirit level
G.2 .1 Introduction. This method describes the and the bath with water or oil to not less
ocedure for the determination of the viscosity in than 10 mm below the rim of the oil cup at test
the temperature.
seemids at test temperature (85 "C) using the
Redwood No . 11 viscometer. Heat the viscometer bath to a few degrees above the
G.2 .2 Apparatus test temperature. Homogenize the specimen by
stirring and pour the prepared specimen into the oil
G.2 .2 .1 Standard Redwood ]Vo. 11 viscoineter, of the cup-Adjust the temperature of the bath until the
dimensions given in Figure 3, complete with specimen in the cup is maintained at the test
ball-valve, oil cup cover, thermometer clip, stand temperature of 85 'C, stirring the contents of the
and screen . bath and cup during the process. Stir the specimen
G.2 .2 .2 Thermometers, for oil cup and beating bath with the thermometer during the preliminary.
complying with BS 20040: Addendum 1. period . Do not stir the specimen during the actual
CL
0 NOTE Alternatively, thermometers complying with determination.
U B1 1 00100, series B, ofBS 593 maybe used,

BS 1 12 -1998
CFn fy
-f6--Chitbir iiif'use!

BS 434-1 :1984

hen the tomperatun, en has become M2 Materia I

quite steady at the te: ;Wre, adjust the H.2 .1 Soh-e6?F2-
liquid level, if necessp ~ ,moving any excess
H-2-1-1Z ; a --wulsions:a 2 ~Io (in /tit) solution
until the surhice of Cu men touches the filling
point. This should be ithin 15 On of of potass in n lj:-~ -n,,,)Ieate in water.
in g the specim( , ~ cup in order to H.2 .1 .2 F,, ; , i~'oaic entulsions : -, I % (mInt)
minimize loss solution , . (- ~ ~ i i ~ e (a m ixture of
Slightly warm the oil, place it in alkyltrim
position on the oil cu oil cup hydrochl(
thermometer tow& ., A of the curved H.2 .2 Sof-ev
slot in the cover. dry specified
Mill ~,
standard 50 mL flask it, cylinder
in BS 45,w'~
containing 25 mL of ~ -.- e~ , ~w the jet with the
neck a few millimet,,,z ; bottom of the jet. Do H.2 .2.2,,i, tmvlvintz with FIS 509.

not insulate the flask H.3 Proced 4 : 1 e . Wash the 7 10 ~i in sieve

UR the ball-valve an( ously start the successr .oly - ~th Y~ylene, acetone and distilled
time recorder . Susper , ~ clip water.N[(~l ~I th~.,~ clean sieve with the appropriate
supporting the oil cu. ~ter by means of the solution .
hook in the wire steiia, iming recorder at Pass som,: ~ 1: em uIsion thro ugh the moistened
the instant the speciir, 50 mL sieve and ir a- An 20 nil, of' !einulsion into
graduation mark on Ch niL the boilin2
graduation on the cy! final Heat ME ~ ;ecirnen of emulsion by plunging the tube
reading of the oil cup into the -,, ~ at 30 'C and stii~ gently with the
Reject any determin--, ; perature of the thermor, i i ~ ir ~ , ntil the temperature of the emulsion
specimen in the oil cu ; g the run by is consta r i . When stirring, take care riot to allow the
inore than 0.3 'C . emulsion tube above the reading level.
viscosity
G.2 .5 Reporting ol'r , the Remove the Q:? 1" ~w the warnra water and plunge it.
in
Redwood No . 11 secow st M5 s . into a 600 nih, ~ ,~ ~, :~, r containing ice water, at the
a inassof finely crushed ice
Appendix H Meth~ r determination bottomofw!~~
retained by a_~ : T wire gauze fitLed into the
of coagulation of u1sion at lo beaker. Stir ~ ~ ~ ring the. coofing process. As
temperature soon as ~c ~irr , of the emulsion no longer
&11% aV Oi v wer untH the temperature
MI Apparatus of the freezi n i e reaches --- I 'C to - 1 .5 'C so
H. 1. 1 Glass boilb ~-a long and 26 mm in that the tein ~ i of the ein ulsion, which should
-o~
internal diameter . vided with, a cork, still be slox+ - - is redut,,,-d I-r, 0 'C~
with a central hole I meter through When the emu! i, roacbrs 0' , ' -h-continue the
which a thermometk ly . The stirring, t rar c, 2, ube to i , id 600 mL
thermometer is EWA 13 mm in beaker cX ~ ~ ~ 7~ rn~ ,,~ture at, ~nperature
diameterVand
which is cor pushed down the of- 3 OC U) - allow U ~.~niuhsion to remain
stem into the r when required quiescent 5KA) nkin, White Mi - r;~ rt of the test is
in order to hold the ~gidly in the being carried out, hold the th, rigidly- i
U)
C centre of the tube . the CentrO of tho tube by sli& smaller cork
(1) H.1 .2 Three thertnow- ated at lemt down to fit firmly within ti ~, r' ~-, , rcork.
-2 from - 5 "C to + 35 c'C als of 0.2 *C . One Removethe% .! rwin the frc~ mixture without
CtJ ermometer is for 11-r 1.1 and has a disturbar ,~ ; - 1 1-w the t-~!,-~j~t~k-ture of the
"D tb
minimum distance hi , T n of Me bulb to contents-) ail ineousl, ,, n i room temperature,
Me - 5 'C mark of 10 rmometer i.e . a tt :r-~ not less than 15~5 0C .
U)
C: complying with BS 2", ddendum I is suitable . Wash tb( sieve successively with xylene,
cu H.1 .3 Sieve, of 710 p erture, complying acetone I water. ~ to' the clean sieve
wAh BS 410~ with the -,olution, ~.e emulsion
through thE~ -o .- i4thetybOvubvinemuldon
< H .1 .4 Two, beakers, `Apflcity.
andotheri-Knt oa A the appim&ah- solutionand
CL
>, H.1 .5 Water bath, tr~ of beating water
pass tbk, -ough i,,n7.~
0 to 30 W. the
C) coagula
sieve .

BSI 12-1998
.2 14
-.1
Only for internal use!
H.4 Reporting of results. Report if any coagulated
bitumen is retained on the sieve.
Appendix J Methods for
deternunation of storage stability
Al Storage stability (short period test)
NOTE The temperature of the laboratory during this test
should be between 15 .5 'C and 25 'C .
J.1 .1 Apparatus
J. 1 . 1. 1 Glass cylinder, as specified in BS 2000-15,
with an internal diameter between 30 mm
and 33 min and graduation mark at 75 mL .
J .1 .1 .2 Balance, of 250 g capacity, readable and
accurate to 0. 1 g.
J.1 .1 .3 Sieve, of 710 gin nominal aperture,
complying with BS 410.
J.1 .1 .4 Centrifuge, with swing-out head capable of
accepting J.1 .1 .1, the speed of which can be
controlled to give a relative centrifugal acceleration
measured at the outer tips of the rotating tubes of
between 500 and 600 times gravitational
accelembon, The gravitational acceleration is
2
expressed in, m/s .
NO'I'El The correctspeed (in r/min) maybe calculated from the
formula:
speed = 133
where
the relative centrifugal acceleration ;
d is the tip to tip diameter of the rotating tubes
(in mm).
NOTE2 In measuring d it should be remembered that this
refers to the tubes and not to the buckets containing nor the
cushions supporting them .
When d equals 380 mm, the speed shall be
between I 530r/min and 1675 r/min and when d
uals 430 mm, the speed shall be
between 1435 r/min and. 1573 r/min,
JJ.1 .5 Inverting inachine, capable of rotation
through 3600. (A suitable apparatus is shown
in Figure 4.)
C not required to meet this test.
V) J.1.2 Materials
J.1 .2 .1 Solittions
'aC
J.1 .2 .1 .1 F'or anionic emulsions: a 2 % (in/in)
solution of potassium or sodium oleate in water.
cn
C J.1 .2 .1 .2 For cationic emulsions: a 1 %
solution of cetrimide (a mixture of
Co alkyltrimethylammonium bromides) in 0. 1
hvdrochloric acid .
a
0
C:
(D
32 BKI 12-1998
-J
BS 434-1:1984
.1 .2 .2 Solvents
J.1 .2 .2 .1 .Y~lene, complyingwith any grade specified
in BS 458.
J.1 .2 .2.2 .Acetone, complying with BS 509.
J.1 .3 Procedure. Pass some of the specimen of
emulsion through the sieve previously cleaned as
described in H.3, and moistened with the
appropriate solution . Weigh 1.0 g, to the
nearest 0. 1 g, into the glass cylinder which has been
cleaned with xylene and. acetone, dried, rinsed with
the solution and again dried with a clean soft cloth
or with absorbent paper. Place the cylinder in the
centrifuge and rotate for 5 min. Timing begins when
the operating speed appropriate to the machine has
been reached.
Add the
30 mL of appropriate solution and close the
cylinder by pushing a bung down to the 75 mL
graduation mark on the tube . Place the cylinder in
the inverting apparatus and from the upright
position rotate steadily through 360' five times
at I r/s. Turn the cylinder through 150' and leave in
this inclined position for 10 s to allow the washings
to drain. Observe the presence or absence of
sediment . From this position rotate for a further five
revolutions, allow to drain and observe sediment as
before .
Repeat this procedure until the sediment has been
completely removed from the base of the cylinder .
)TE In some cases a few isolated specks of about I mm
ameter remain at the bottom of the tube after the sediment has
been otherwise completely removed. These specks may be
disregarded .
J.1 .4 Reporting of results. Report the number of
complete inversions required to effect complete
removal of the sediment.
J.2 Storage stability (long period test)
NOTE By reason of their low binder content and low viscosity,
classes Al.-40 and Kl-40 emulsions are more pront to
sedimentation than the others. The sedimentation resultingfrom
a few weeks storage should easily be dispersed by agitation but a
longer period of undisturbed storage makes redispersal difficult
and, in extreme cases, impossible . These emuh;ions, therefore,
should not be kept in stock for long periods and are consequently
J.2 .1 Procedure. Obtain 200 1, of emulsion as
described in A.2 and stand the 200 L drum on end
for 3 months, ensuring that it is not at any time
subjected to frost or extremes of temperature.
At the end of this period, take a 4 L specimen of the
drum's contents after rehomogenizing the contents
as described in A.2 . Strain this sample through
a 710 pm sieve as described in appendix D and
determine the water content in accordance with
appendix F.
15
Only for internal use!

BS 434-1 :1984

J.2.2 RWortbW Q. v ~ - Ppnrt the percentage

difference between t-K a A initial water
centents to the ne:

Sponge rubber
blacks attached
to top
5C, ,
W"5ûr-.w -

m-

AH mmempu we'rd

r e t - Suitable apparatus for sedimentation test

Co
r-
cz

"i BY l?-19J13
Only for internal use!

Publications referred to
BS 12, Specification for ordinary and rapid-hardening Portland cement.
BS 13k 45, 805, Specifications for benzene, xylenes and toluenes .
BS 410, Specification for test sieves
BS 434, Bitumen road emulsions (anionic and cationic).
BS 4,34-2, Code ofpractice for use of bitumen road emulsions.
BS 507, Ethanol.
BS 509, Acetone.
BS 572, Interchangeable conical ground glassjoints.
BS 593, Laboratory thermometers .
BS 615, Kohlrausch flasks.
BS 1707, Hot binder distributors for road surface dressing .
BS 2000, Methods of test forpetroleum and its products .
BS 2000-0, Addendum 1 Standard reagents and thermotneters.
BS 2000-123, Distillation ofpetroleum products .
BS 3136, Cold emulsion spraying machines for roads.
BS 31 .36-2, Metric units.
BS 3195, Methods for samplingpetroleum products .
BS 3195-1, Liquid 1*,drocarbons: manual sampling.
BS 3690, Bitumens for building and civil engineering.
91/76, Bitumen emulsion residue on sieving 4) .
IP 212/75, Viscosity -- bitumen road emulsion 4)
IP 291173, Water content of bitumen emulsions4)*
IP 292/73, Particle charge of bitumen emulsions 4)

Co

en
C
M

)ublished by the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish Street,London WIM 8AR,

li-, IM 12-1998
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