20 Drainage

CAUTION: Based upon the publication date, this document may not contain the latest
guidance. The user is strongly advised to contact the Technology Manual Sponsor to
determine the appropriate subject matter expert for consultation on applicability to the
user’s specific case.
500 Drainage
Abstract
This section contains information on drainage for typical Company facilities. It
includes:
• Specific suggestions for facility layout
• A material selection spreadsheet
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Calculation methods and design examples for hydraulic analysis
• General guidelines for strength analysis
• A discussion of septic system layout and design
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• Identification of model specification for construction
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This section, however, does not cover drainage on offshore structures and is not
intended to be a comprehensive text on drainage, hydraulics, or waste treatment.
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Contents Page
510 Introduction 500-3
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511 Important Drainage Concepts

512 Surface and Underground Drainage
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513 Regulations and Guidelines

514 Sources of Liquids
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520 Surface Drainage 500-5

521 General Design Considerations
522 Tankfield Drainage
523 Process Area Drainage
524 Drainage of Other Areas
525 Ditches and Culverts
530 Underground Drainage 500-12
531 Layout and Design Considerations
532 Segregated Drainage Systems
533 Soil and Component Support Issues
April 2004  1997–2004 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved. 500-1
500 Drainage Civil and Structural Manual
534 Hydraulic Analysis and Design

535 Drainage System Design Examples
536 Strength Analysis and Design
537 Component Design Considerations
538 Septic Tanks and Leach Fields
539 Material Considerations
540 Drain System Repair and Retrofit 500-49
541 Inspection/Detection for Existing Drains
542 Joint/Localized Area Repairs
543 Internal Sealing Systems
544 External Repairs
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545 Complete Internal Relining
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546 Complete Replacement
550 Containment and Leak Detection 500-62
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551 Introduction/Summary
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552 Double Pipe Systems

553 Trough Containment
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554 Leakage Detection Systems

555 Enhanced Detection Only
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560 Evaluation of Drainage Systems 500-75

561 General Evaluation
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562 Recommended Procedure for New Drain Selection

570 Miscellaneous Data 500-77
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571 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

572 Rainfall Data
573 Model Specification
574 Standard Drawings and Engineering Forms
575 Standards and Codes
576 Sources of Information
577 Vendors and Contractors
578 Flat Slab Protection Recommendations
580 Library References 500-99
500-2  1997–2004 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved. April 2004
Civil and Structural Manual 500 Drainage
510 Introduction
While drainage is an important factor in most civil design work, it takes on added
importance for many Company projects. Safety and environmental issues involved
in the handling, processing and storing of hydrocarbons and other chemicals require
well-thought-out drainage systems.
This section of the manual discusses basic drainage concepts, offers recommenda-
tions for different applications, and serves as a useful reference tool in organizing
drainage design tasks.
For design considerations for drainage systems related to fire protection, see the
Fire Protection Manual, Section 1400.
Please note that this section references a variety of documents which may not be
locally available. If you need assistance in obtaining any of these references, contact
the corporate library at CTN 242-4755.
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511 Important Drainage Concepts
Drainage is an important part of both fire and environmental protection. Keep these
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concepts in mind during the layout and design phase of a project.
A good drainage design will:
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• Route flammable fluids away from ignition sources and into enclosed drains. It
also isolates flammable vapors in drainage piping from ignition sources.
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• Route burning liquids away from equipment that might rupture and add fuel to
the flames. It also minimizes exposure of adjacent property.
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• Get rid of rain water quickly and prevent flooding from outside sources.
• Reduce air emissions from evaporation of volatile fluids by capturing them in
enclosed drains.
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• Keep wastes out of soil, groundwater, and surface water.

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• Segregate clean and contaminated water to minimize the amount of water that
must be treated.
• Need little maintenance.
In today’s regulatory and economic climate, leak-free drainage systems are almost
always essential. An investment in a leak-free drainage system today minimizes
cleanup costs tomorrow.
512 Surface and Underground Drainage

Surface drainage should route contaminated water and wastes into an underground
drainage system. The underground system will take those liquids to a treatment
facility (if necessary). Where there is no potential for contamination, liquids can
drain into open basins or sumps for later release or treatment.
In areas where large spills of hazardous material are possible, use surface drainage
to route spills and firewater to open basins.
513 Regulations and Guidelines

You must follow all applicable government regulations including environmental
regulations concerning drainage. One of your early priorities is to identify appli-
cable regulations, required permits, and government agencies with jurisdiction over
your work. Most facilities have a person who handles permitting. Depending on
your location and scope of work, getting permits might be quite easy or very labo-
rious.
The extent of environmental protection required is closely tied to existing and antic-
ipated government regulations, degree of environmental risk, and potential future
liability. Where no regulations, Chevron guidelines, or industry guidelines exist, a
risk analysis should be used to determine the proper level of protection. For septic
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systems, we recommend the standards established in the Uniform Plumbing Code
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(UPC), Reference [29].
514 Sources of Liquids

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Some of the liquids your drainage system might collect are sanitary sewage, storm
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runoff, firewater, and process liquids.

Sanitary Sewage is always handled in a segregated system.
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Storm Runoff often makes up a very high percentage of the flow rate a system
must be designed for. It can be clean or oily depending on the area to be drained.
Section 534 gives information on calculation of runoff flow rates.
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Firewater is a significant drainage design consideration for facilities that process or

store highly flammable materials since firewater flow rates are quite large.
Section 534 gives some rules-of-thumb for firewater flow rates.
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Process liquids are by-products of processing, transporting or storing hydrocarbons

or other chemicals. They enter the drainage system as drips from pumps, drips
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washed off terminal aprons, pig launcher drainage, tank water draws, valve leaks,
ship ballast, equipment wash water, distillation column water draws, cooling tower
and boiler blowdown, and liquid from a host of other sources. Confirm with the
process designers that they have minimized the volume of these liquids. Source
control, minimizing flow rates, and recycling techniques help cut treatment,
disposal, and drainage system costs. These liquids are:
• Acids
• Caustics
• “Foul” water containing malodorous or toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia, mercaptans
• Hydrocarbons
• Water containing dissolved or suspended solids
• Water contaminated with hydrocarbon liquid or gas
520 Surface Drainage

This section reviews general drainage philosophy and provides specific recommen-
dations for layout and design of surface drainage for a variety of facilities.
521 General Design Considerations

Lay Out Your Facilities With Drainage Concepts In Mind. The Important
Drainage Concepts given in Section 511 must be considered by the people who lay
out the facility.
Take Advantage of Local Topography. Your drainage system should take advan-
tage of the local topography to keep site preparation and excavation costs down. In
undeveloped areas, get local topographic maps from the USGS or hire a contractor
to do some surveying for you. In developed areas, check with public works agen-
cies or local Company engineers.
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Use Recommended Slopes in Walking or Working Areas.
• Paved areas should have slopes that range from 3/16 to 1/4 inch/foot (1.5-2%)
• Unpaved areas should slope about 1/8 inch/foot (1%)
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• Absolute minimum and maximum slopes are 1/8 and 1/2 inch/foot (1-4%)
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If the slope is less than 1%, deviations during construction or settlement will cause
ponding. Steeply sloped, unpaved surfaces may erode quickly. Large differences in
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slope—and slopes more than 4%—throughout an area make walking or rolling

equipment difficult, so you should maintain uniformity throughout high traffic
areas.
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522 Tankfield Drainage

Surface drainage of tankfields must get surface fluids away from tanks, equipment,
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and pipes; and then contain the fluids. This section focuses on drainage of tank-
fields at the ends of pipelines, at bulk loading and unloading facilities, etc. Some of
the concepts also apply to drainage around vessels or tanks in process areas.
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See also References [1], [6], [8], and [9]. References [6] and [9] are especially
important.
Drainage Near Tanks

Use Recommended Slope. Keep surface fluids away from tanks, control houses,
pipeways, etc. by using a slope of not less than 1% for at least 50 feet away from
the facilities. This is usually a legal requirement for slopes around tanks (see
Reference [6].)
Contain Normal Drips. Normal drips from mixers and valves create a slipping
hazard and potential soil, groundwater, or surface water contamination. These drips
should be contained near the tanks, but once contained, they present a fire hazard.
Use low curbs (about 2 inches high) to contain the drips; the curbed areas must be
cleaned frequently or drained to an underground system.
Locate Large Containment Areas Properly. Do not locate tank water draw basins
or other large-capacity containment areas under mixers, valves, or manways. Refer-
ences [1], [6], and [9] give basin size and minimum spacing requirements. Refer-
ences [1] and [8] give special considerations for LPG tankage areas.
Guide Potential Spills. Consider using slopes, berms, or low walls between tanks
to help guide spills directly to drainage channels and prevent the spill from covering
a larger area (see Reference [6].) You might need ramps or stairs for pedestrian
access.
Locate Your Primary Drainage Path Logically. The path should begin on the
opposite side of the tank from where pipelines enter it.
Size Your Drainage Channels. Size them in tank-field areas to handle the largest
of these flows:
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• Stormwater (See Section 534.)
• Firewater (See Reference [1].)
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• The largest stream of liquid that could be discharged from one tank through a
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broken pipe under maximum normal pump pressure or gravity.
Drainage to Handle Large Spills

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Drain any spills to a remote basin that can contain the contents of the largest tank in
the field. If topography or other considerations make that unfeasible, you should
provide (in order of decreasing preference):
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1. A remote basin to contain as much of a spill as possible, and dikes or walls to

contain the remainder in the tankfield, or
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2. Dikes or walls around the tankfield.

See Figure 500-1 for an example of tankfield drainage.
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Special Precautions for Fixed Roof Crude Oil Storage Tanks

In case of fire, fixed roof crude oil storage tanks will boil over after burning for a
while; the flow rate and volume of expelled oil and froth will probably exceed your
drainage system’s capacity. Boilovers are very rare, but if one might cause signifi-
cant damage or loss of life you should carefully consider adding protection or addi-
tional drainage capacity.
Fig. 500-1 Example of Tankfield Drainage
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Drainage to Remote Impounding Basins

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Guide the Drainage. Use surface drainage or drain pipes to guide accidental spills,
runoff, and firewater to remote impounding basins. Paved or unlined ditches can
carry most surface fluids to impound areas or sumps. Guide oil to keep it out of
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unlined ditches. Use shallow ditches and relatively flat slopes for economy, ease of
access and maintenance, and erosion control. Route drainage away from pipeways
or manifolds.
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Where drainage channels go through pipes or culverts, make provisions to re-direct

overflow in case the pipe gets plugged. You can do this by providing a low section
in an encircling roadway or diversion dike. If the low section is directly over the
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culvert, make sure that there is enough cover to protect the culvert from wheel loads
on the road. See Section 360 for more information on wheel loads.
Minimize the Surface Area of Draining Liquids. The amount of evaporation and
flame area is proportional to surface area. You can reduce the surface area of small
spills by putting weirs along the drainage path.
Provide a Way to Drain Impounding Basins. Provide a manually operated gate
valve (normally closed) operable from outside the impoundment area and acces-
sible during a fire. When the valve is open it should never be left unattended; a sign
to that effect should be near the valve handle. At the very least, you should provide
a single low point within the basin to allow easier removal of accumulated liquid.
Drainage in Diked Areas

If remote impounding cannot be used, use dikes to prevent liquid from spreading.
Dikes might be required by code in some areas.
If possible, lay out diked areas so that spills will flow to a low point within the
dikes, yet remote from tankage. This will protect the tanks and allow easier
removal. Route drainage out from under lines and manifolds.
References [6] and [9] give information about dike capacity, surface drainage, and
subdivision requirements. Walls made from cast-in-place concrete or masonry are
alternatives to earthen dikes.
523 Process Area Drainage

Surface drainage in process areas must route surface liquids away from equipment
and into underground drainage systems.
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Here are some suggestions that will help you implement the Important Drainage
Concepts of Section 511 in process areas.
• Federal regulations (Reference [9]) require that spills be contained on the
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owner’s property. Eliminate the chance of liquid spreading to the property
of others, even if the underground system is overloaded or partially
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plugged with debris. This is especially important if the facility handles or

stores hazardous or toxic chemicals, or if the facility is near a river, lake,
etc.
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• Where practical, divide the area to be drained into approximately 50 foot to

75 foot square areas to prevent the spread of spilled flammable liquid.
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• Locate catch basins or drains for each area as far as possible from equipment
and overhead pipeways. A minimum distance of 10 feet is desirable. Provide a
short drainage path by locating the basins and drains near the center of the
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drainage areas.
• Around pumps and other areas where leaks are anticipated, use at least
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1/4 inch/foot (2%) slope.

• Place a high point ridge between a very important pump and its spare to mini-
mize the chance of a fire at one spreading to the other. Separate the pumps so
that there is enough room for the high point.
• Provide a high point ridge between pumps handling flammable liquids and
adjacent equipment so that a spill from the pumps will not flow toward the
equipment.
• When practical, route high points through buildings, large equipment, and
along centerlines of roads and pipeways.
• Under manifolds, use an impermeable surface treatment such as gunite or
concrete (see Section 700) to eliminate soil and groundwater contamination.
• Containment is normally accomplished by setting the grade of a road, access
way, or berm around a facility above the high point of grade within the facility.
New Installations
For open surface drainage areas, concrete slabs are normally used to receive and
contain drain liquids for routing into underground drainage systems. These slabs
will absorb moisture and may be subject to attack by corrosive chemicals in the
drainage liquids. Concrete slabs that are likely to be exposed to such chemicals must
be surface-coated for protection. For effective protection:
• The concrete must be properly specified and constructed to receive the coating
system.
• The coating must be properly selected for the intended usage.
At present, Materials and Equipment Engineering recommends fiberglass-rein-
forced epoxies for most usages. For detailed recommendations, contact ETC’s
Materials and Equipment Engineering.
Expansion joints, control joints (a saw cut or scribed line intentionally placed in the
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concrete), or other working (moving) or potentially movable joints in a concrete
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slab must receive special treatment before and during application of any surface
coating system. The methods presently recommended by Materials and Equipment
Engineering are described in Section 578.
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Diversion of the drainage liquid flow into the underground drain system requires
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catch basins, drain funnels, etc. These appurtenances are usually made of the same
material as the underground drain (for example, HDPE). If they are made of
concrete like the slab, they should be surface-protected as noted above.
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The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) has studied the subject of
coatings for concrete surfaces and is preparing recommended practices for this
purpose. A draft of Paper No. T-6H-39, “Proposed NACE Standard Recommended
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Practice Coatings for Concrete Surfaces in Non-Immersion and Atmospheric

Services” is available from:
NACE Publications Order Department
at
P.O. Box 218340

Houston, TX 77208
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Telephone: (713) 492-0535
Repair of Existing Slabs

Existing concrete slabs may be exposed to corrosive drainage liquids. To prevent or
halt surface deterioration (including cracks), it may be desirable to protect the
surface by application of coatings as described in New Installations above and in
Section 578.
• Foreign material on the surface (chemicals, oils, etc.) must be properly
removed before application.
• Any cracks must be suitably sealed as indicated in Section 578.
524 Drainage of Other Areas

Truck Loading Terminals
Use the guidelines below for planning a drainage system for loading terminals
where flammable liquids are transferred.
• Assure that there will be no pits, depressions, catch basins, or drains below the
trucks.
• Slope the loading area away from the rack.
• Design any gutter that will parallel a loading rack to be on the far side of the
truck away from the rack.
• Place gutters midway between multiple racks.
• If there are important structures nearby, slope the area around the terminal or
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have barriers that will prevent a spill from causing damage.
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Buildings
Use the guidelines below for planning a drainage system around buildings that are
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in or near facilities that handle flammable or toxic materials.
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• Consider eliminating floor drains in buildings if they are connected to a process

drainage system and if the floor drain will be infrequently used. The seals in
these drains might go dry and permit the entry of flammable or toxic vapors
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into an area of ignition or restricted ventilation.

• Uncontaminated surface drainage should enter storm sewers rather than process
sewers.
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• Use slopes that route spills away from buildings. This also reduces problems
for buildings with basements.
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• Roads to buildings should be higher than surrounding ground so that a spill

does not block access.
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• Process or oily water drains should not be located near living quarters. The
intent is to prevent the escape of process vapors to unclassified areas and to
reduce overloading of oily water sumps and treatment facilities.
525 Ditches and Culverts

As areas are developed and roads constructed, there is generally a requirement to
design and install ditches and culverts. For stormwater runoff calculations, refer to
Section 534.
Hydraulic calculations for ditches can be made using a variation of the Manning’s
equation given in Section 534.
0.666 0.5
1.49 S
Q = ---------- AR
n
(Eq. 500-1)
where:
Q = flow rate (cfs)
A = cross sectional area of flow (ft2)
area of flow  ft 2 
R = hydraulic radius (ft) = -------------------------------------------------
wetted perimeter  ft 
(Eq. 500-2)
S = channel slope (ft/ft)
n = roughness coefficient (dimensionless)
For the purpose of Equation 500-1, use the following roughness coefficients:
Concrete-lined channels
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Canals and ditches:
Earth, straight and uniform 0.020
Earth with some vegetation 0.030
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For design of shallow drainage ditches, the following guidelines provide informa-
tion on grades:
Absolute minimum grade 0.25%
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Minimum grade for good drainage 0.50%

Preferred grade 1%
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Maximum slope for silty soils to  

prevent erosion 1%
Maximum slope for most other  
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soils to prevent erosion 2%
Culvert Design
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The hydraulic design of culverts is somewhat more complicated than normal

drainage lines because entrance and exit conditions can have a significant effect on
the flow capacity. There are many references on this subject and most civil engi-
neering handbooks have good explanations and easy-to-follow design examples.
The materials generally used for culverts are galvanized or aluminized corrugated
steel pipe or arches, reinforced concrete pipe, or reinforced concrete rigid frame
boxes. Manufacturer’s catalogs usually provide useful information on cover require-
ments for culvert pipe. For corrugated steel pipe, a minimum of 12 inches of cover
is sufficient for a HS-20 truck loading.
For culverts with a free discharge outlet (not flooded), the following culvert slopes
will provide a flow velocity of approximately 4 fps. This velocity is considered
sufficient to carry sediment with the culvert flow. Slopes are based on corrugated
steel pipe with a Manning value for n = 0.021.
Culvert Size Slope (Ft/Foot)

14" 0.015
18" 0.009
24" 0.007
530 Underground Drainage

The underground drainage section describes components of underground drainage
systems and gives some guidelines and suggestions for planning, layout, and design.
This section also covers a few aspects of hydraulics and strength of materials. Since
many textbooks and handbooks cover these subjects extensively, it gives only
concise information that should help you get started. Unless you have a background
in civil and hydraulic engineering, you might need help from a civil engineer to
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complete a specification or a strength or hydraulic problem.
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See also References [2], [3], [4], [5], [7], and [10]. Reference [5] is particularly
useful.
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531 Layout and Design Considerations
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Guidelines for Any Underground Drainage System

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Here are some suggestions, reminders, and alternatives that will help you design a
drainage system. They are based on Company experience.
• Check and recheck for interferences. If there are non-civil underground items
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(underground conduit banks, for example) near your system, you must make
sure there is interdisciplinary communication and checking. Interferences can
include existing objects and items being designed or constructed at the same
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time as your drainage system.

• Avoid locating lines in areas that will make access for repair or maintenance
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difficult (such as in areas with heavy traffic, under concrete slabs, or under
conduit banks).
• Avoid locating lines under or adjacent to foundations, since a break in the line
might wash out the foundation.
• When selecting components, it is usually better to “oversize” than “undersize,”
since changes tend to increase rather than decrease requirements.
• Consider providing pipe stubs in manholes or branches in pipe if expansion is
anticipated.
• Minimize changes in direction and length of tie-ins to drain hubs and catch
basins.
• Consider grouping parallel lines close enough so only one trench needs to be
excavated.
• Keep excavation and backfill costs down by using shallow slopes for all lines
and making up differences in elevation between connecting lines with manholes
(“drop manholes”) or fittings.
• Compare the cost of field cutting RCP pipe “to length” vs. the fabrication costs
and design manhours for nonstandard lengths.
• Avoid mitered field cuts in RCP pipe: they can be very expensive.
• Remember that nominal RCP pipe sizes are internal diameters.
• Check that your system always flows down-slope and that there are no pockets
or low points.
• Minimize the number of oily water drains by using them only for sources that
flow during regular operations. Don’t install drains just for shutdown mainte-
nance work unless alternatives are impractical.
•
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Provide oily water drains in front of each process pump (except those handling
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very heavy oils) and at all other locations where equipment or piping normally
are drained. In a segregated system, these drains are raised above the paving
level or finished grade to insure that surface liquids such as storm runoff and
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firewater don’t enter the system.
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• Make sure that the fittings you specify exist.

• Use scale drawings and actual dimensions of equipment and fittings in
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congested areas.
• To help maintenance crews:
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– In congested areas, consider using an identification scheme for drainage

components.
– In uncongested areas, consider using surface markers for underground lines
to prevent accidental damage from excavation.
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• Provide cleanouts for maintenance at the beginnings of long, straight runs.

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• Precast concrete boxes for use in sewer systems should be fabricated with pipe
connections installed or with openings that have exposed rebar in areas where
field installed pipe connections are to be grouted in.
Guidelines for Sealed Systems

The following guidelines assume you will need sealed components throughout your
system. You might not need them if the liquid in the system is not volatile or flam-
mable at atmospheric pressure and temperature, and if gas-releasing reactions will
not occur in the system. (Be sure to consider future uses of the system.) See Refer-
ence [21] for Federal regulations on this topic.
• All oily water drains and area catch basins should be individually sealed.
• Manholes should be vented to prevent accumulation of explosive vapors. For
important information on manhole vents, see Section 537.
• In oily water systems, branches and laterals should enter main lines and be
sealed in manholes.
• In clean water or storm water systems, branches and laterals:
– May intersect without seals unless drain hubs are used in lieu of sealed
catch basins (such as in areas where catch basins are susceptible to frost
damage.)
– May enter main lines without gas seals if sealed catch basins are used.
• If sealed catch basins or manholes are used at upstream junctions, main lines
may intersect without seals.
• Main lines leaving a facility or operating unit should be sealed at the first
connection with another line or manhole.
• Catch basin seals dry out (lose their seals) easily if liquid is not added regularly
through storms or maintenance. Manhole seals dry out less easily. In arid areas
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or where catch basin seals are infrequently maintained, consider using
manholes to seal all branch, lateral, and main line intersections with other main
lines.
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• Main lines entering and exiting separators should be liquid sealed.
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532 Segregated Drainage Systems

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A segregated drainage system keeps certain wastes and reactive chemicals separate
from others. Waste compatibility depends on the effect the combination might have
on health, safety, treatment, drainage materials, and expected maintenance.
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Since it is usually impractical to provide a separate drainage system for every type
of waste, your designs should combine compatible waste streams whenever
possible. Work with the process designers, operating representatives, and environ-
mental division to set the segregation philosophy.
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Examples of Segregated Systems

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• A clean storm system for areas away from tanks and process facilities and not
subject to hydrocarbon or other chemical spills.
• A contaminated storm system to carry rain water, firewater, and washdown
water. The water might contain other liquids from drips or spills.
• An oily water system to carry hydrocarbons (or water that will frequently
contain hydrocarbons) from sources such as process drains, laboratory sinks,
tank water draws, pump base drains, and manifolds.
• A blowdown system for disposal of boiler or cooling water blowdown.
• A sanitary sewage system for disposal of sanitary wastes.
• Chemical systems to carry all chemical drips and drains plus washdown water,
process water, and storm water collected in curbed chemical areas.
General Notes on Segregated Systems

High Rainfall Areas. Segregated systems can reduce the load on treatment systems.
For example, process waste treatment facilities operate more efficiently if large,
relatively uncontaminated storm water flows are not combined with the process
liquids.
For underground drainage removal of surface runoff:
• If annual rainfall and intensity are high, use segregated storm drainage systems.
• If annual rainfall and intensity are low, consider combining storm runoff with
other waste liquids.
• If rainfall is infrequent but intense, combine storm and other waste liquids. A
surge pond or other storage may be required to even out flows to treatment
facilities.
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Raw Sewage. Segregate raw sewage from all wastes except clean runoff due to its
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potential health hazard and its adverse effect on oil separation. Even septic tank
effluent contains suspended solids capable of forming emulsions that reduce oil
separating efficiency.
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Boiler Blowdown and Caustics. Segregate them from wastes containing carbon-
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ates, such as cooling tower blowdown, to prevent plugging the lines with precipi-
tate.
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Spent Caustics and Acid Wastes. Since they might release hydrogen sulfide,
segregate them from other wastes. Neutralized and degassed products from these
wastes can be added to the oily water system.
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Chemical Liquids. Use curbs, high points in area paving, or troughs to keep chem-
ical liquids (such as acids or caustics) separate from process liquids. Some facilities
prefer to drain these areas to the stormwater drainage system through a valve
(normally closed) to allow easy disposal of uncontaminated water. Portable pumps
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can be used to remove chemical spills in these areas.

Chemical wastes are typically collected in covered and purged sumps. The waste is
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periodically pumped to chemical tankage or disposal facilities. Drawing GF-S99943

shows example details for acid service. Consult materials engineers for advice on
material selection for chemical drainage systems.
533 Soil and Component Support Issues

This section describes the geotechnical information you and the installation
contractor need to know to design and install a drainage system. It also discusses the
component support issues that reflect soil conditions. If results of past investiga-
tions are not available or if you are in an undeveloped area, you will need to hire a
soils consultant to get this information.
Section 200 of this manual tells how to prepare a request for geotechnical work and
tells what specific properties you should request. Include a copy of the geotechnical
report in the installation contract bid package.
Soil Type, Composition, Strength, Weight. These soil properties affect the design
of your buried pipe and the amount of load transmitted from the surface to buried
pipe. Information on soil properties will help you determine whether:
• The pipe can lie directly on the native soil at the trench bottom
• The trench “spoils” are suitable for backfill
• “Conditioned” (dried or mixed with other soil) trench spoils will be suitable for
backfill.
The installation contractor will also need information on soil properties to choose
trenching equipment, design bracing for trench walls, etc.
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Location of Rock Outcrops. Avoid routing lines through rock. Trenching in rock is
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expensive; if blasting is prohibited, it can be extremely expensive.
Water Table Location and Seasonal and Other Variations. Since moisture accel-
erates electrochemical corrosion, you should pay special attention to the corrosion
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protection of metallic underground lines in or near the water table.
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If the water table is close to or above the bottom of the underground lines, water
will enter the installation trenches. Since the trench cannot be prepared properly
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when the bottom is covered with water, the water must be removed. The installation
contractors will have to plan for the removal and you will have to plan for the
disposal of the water.
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Types and Extent of Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater. The installation

contractor needs this information so he can protect his workers. It is needed to plan
for disposal of water and soil from trenches. Check this especially at existing facili-
ties.
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Allowable Slope for Excavation/Shoring Requirements. You and the installation

contractor need this information since it affects the methods used for trenching. For
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example, if a shallow slope is required due to unstable soil conditions, the contractor
might want to use sheet piles to brace the trench walls instead of excavating a large
volume of soil. See Reference [24] for Company excavation shoring and bracing
requirements.
Anticipated Overall and Differential Settlement. In areas where there might be
significant settlement due to fill, structures, or drawdown of the water table (from
groundwater cleanup wells, for example) you should anticipate changes in surface
drainage patterns and flow in non-pile-supported piping.
Pile Capacity. This information will help you select the proper pile size and length
for your pile-supported components.
Frost Line. In cold climates, bury lines and components that will contain standing
liquid at or below the frost line to prevent damage.
Component Support
Pile Support. How you support your drainage system will depend mostly on the
soil conditions in your area. Generally, if the structures and surfaces you are
draining are piled, and large area soil settlement is expected, then your system
should also probably be pile-supported or supported by connections to pile-
supported structures (see Detail 20 on CIV-EF-611).
You can connect soil-supported pipe to drains in pile-supported concrete foundation
or slabs with slip joints, but soil settlement may radically change the slopes of your
pipes, break components, or cause leaks. If liquid rises higher than the slip joint, the
joint will probably leak. Details 17 and 18 on CIV-EF-611 show an example of a
slip joint.
Bedded Support. If the soil is relatively stable and well consolidated, you will
probably use some sort of bedded support, laying the pieces of your system in
trenches on top of compacted backfill or on the “native” soil. See Reference [5] for
information on bedding design.
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Flexible Connection. If differential settlement between drainage components is
predicted, you will need to design a compatible support system or flexible connec-
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tion so that:
• The components and pipe do not break or leak.
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• Adequate slopes and flow are maintained.

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Careful selection of joint materials or joint locations help to reduce settlement

stresses. Exaggerated slopes may be necessary to prevent future slope reversal.
Intermittently Supported Pipe

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Pipe supported intermittently (such as from hangers beneath pile-supported slabs or

on piles) must support its own weight and the weight of its contents as well as the
other loads described in Section 536.
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If significant soil settlement is predicted and your underground system is pile-

supported, your system must resist the stresses induced by the settling soil (down-
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drag).
Calculate bending and shear stresses in the pipe from standard equations for beams
(see Reference [7] or other civil engineering handbooks).
Check circumferential stresses at the pipe supports since the supports will tend to
crush the pipe into an oval shape. You can get approximate results by using the
formulas for circular rings in Reference [19] and by assuming some length of pipe
(about one diameter plus the support length) is effective in resisting the loads.
See Reference [10] for additional information about pile-supported and suspended
pipe.
534 Hydraulic Analysis and Design

This section covers some of the basics of hydraulic design:
• Recommended maximum and minimum velocities
• Flow rate selection
• Nomographs and charts for flow calculations
See References [2], [3], [4], [5], [7], and [25] for more information. References [5]
and [7] might be particularly helpful.
For complex drainage systems, hire a consultant to do hydraulic analysis and
design.
General Hydraulic Design Considerations

When selecting components, it is usually better to “oversize” than “undersize,”
since future changes tend to increase requirements.
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When determining design flow rates, combine flow from different sources only if
there is a reasonable chance that they will occur at the same time. For example, in a
storm water system, design for the larger of rainfall and firewater. In an oily water
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system, design for the largest of the following:
• Normal oily water flow plus storm (if combined system)
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• Vessel wash plus flow from not-shut-down processes

• Normal oily water flow plus tank draw
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Choosing Depth of Flow. Choose the pipe size so the pipe flows full at 100 to
200% of the design flow rate:
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• If you are confident that the design flow rate is accurate and that it will not
increase in the future, tend toward 100%.
• To allow for future flow rate increases, use a number closer to 200%.
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Sanitary sewers should flow one-half full to three-quarters full to allow for ventila-
tion and to avoid sulfide generation. See Reference [5] for more guidance on depth
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of flow selection.
Recommended Minimum Line Size. Small lines will get plugged easily and might
be hard to clean. We recommend these minimum sizes:
• Branch and main lines: 6 inches
• Laterals: 4 inches
Recommended Velocities
Minimum Velocity. Select pipe diameters and slopes to achieve no less than
minimum fluid velocities. This will keep suspended solids from dropping out and
clogging your system. Try to reach these minimum velocities at average (not
maximum) flow rates.
• Little or no suspended solids expected: 1.0 fps.
• General case (except sanitary sewers): 2.0 fps.
• Sanitary sewers (need to also check local codes): 2.5 fps.
• Moderate amounts of sand or other particles of high
specific gravity carried (e.g., run-off from unpaved
areas): 3.0 fps.
• If heavy loads of sediment or “sticky” particles will 
be carried (e.g., blowdown from a clarifier): 4 to 5 fps.
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Maximum Velocity. To avoid scouring pipes, we recommend a maximum velocity
of 8 to 10 fps.
Velocity for Cement Sanitary Sewers. Slime on sewer walls produces sulfuric acid
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which causes spalling of cement products. If the sewage velocity is high enough, the
slime will be swept away and the problem will be eliminated. Sulfate-resistant
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cements are available. For more information on this topic, see Reference [5].
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Choosing Your Flow Rate

Process Liquid. Work with the process or operations engineers to develop process
flow rates.
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Firewater. You should work with your local safety or fire protection engineer to
develop the details, but in general:
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• Laterals and branches should be designed to carry 0.2 gpm per ft2 of contrib-
uting surface area. This is the firewater flow rate required to absorb the heat of
combustion of a hydrocarbon spill fire.
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• Mains should be designed to carry 3000 to 5000 gpm of firewater. This flow
rate depends on the size of your facility, its layout, the materials handled, the
extent of possible fires, the capacity of the water supply, and the number of
people available to fight a fire.
• For facilities with fixed high capacity monitors or fixed water spray systems,
design flow rates will be higher.
Storm Water Runoff. The Rational Formula is a commonly used method for esti-
mating stormwater runoff. It gives an estimate of maximum flow rates throughout
your drainage system based on certain characteristics of the system and expected
rainfall. It’s most accurate for paved and other impervious areas less than 200 to
300 acres. The Rational Formula is based on the idea that runoff from rain that is
uniform over time and area will peak at the instant when all parts of the area
contribute to the flow at the design point. The peak runoff rate is assumed to occur
when the rain duration equals or exceeds the time of concentration.
If your drainage area is large or pervious or if temporary flooding might cause
significant damage, get help from an experienced hydrologist.
Rational Formula
The Rational Formula estimates peak runoff flow rate at any location in the system:
Q = CIA
(Eq. 500-3)
where:
Q = peak runoff flow rate at some point within your system (cfs)
C = runoff coefficient (dimensionless)
I = average rainfall intensity (inch/hour) lasting for time “t” (time of
concentration)
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A = tributary drainage area (acres)
The units on the left side of the equation (cfs) are not the same as the units on the
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right side (acre inch/hour) but no correction is needed since one cfs equals one acre
inch/hour within 1 percent. (1 acre = 43,560 square feet)
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Runoff Coefficient (C). Select the runoff coefficient based on the types of usage or
surfaces in the drainage area (see Figure 500-2). If the surfaces within the drainage
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area aren’t similar, use an area-weighted coefficient.

Time of Concentration (t). To find the stormwater flow rate at a specific point in
your system, you must calculate the “time of concentration” at that point. The time
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of concentration is the longest time required for runoff to reach that point from
anywhere in the drainage area. It is the largest sum of overland flow time and
conduit flow time.
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Fig. 500-2 Runoff Coefficients (1 of 2)

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By Usage By Surface Type

Industrial Streets
Light 0.50-0.80 Asphaltic 0.70-0.95
Heavy 0.60-0.90 Concrete 0.80-0.95
Railroad yards 0.20-0.35 Brick 0.70-0.85
Roofs 0.75-0.95
Business Lawns (sandy soil)

Downtown 0.70-0.95 Flat(<2%) 0.05-0.10
Neighborhood 0.50-0.70 Average (2-7%) 0.10-0.15
Steep (>7%) 0.15-0.20
Residential Lawns (heavy soil)

Single-family 0.30-0.50 Flat (<2%) 0.13-0.17
Fig. 500-2 Runoff Coefficients (2 of 2)

By Usage By Surface Type
Multi-unit, detached 0.40-0.60 Average (2-7%) 0.18-0.22
Multi-unit, attached 0.60-0.75 Steep (>7%) 0.25-0.35
Suburban 0.25-0.40
Apartment 0.50-0.70
Calculating Conduit Flow Time. Find conduit flow time by using velocities from
Figure 500-3 which is a nomograph for fluid flow calculations. The nomograph is
based on Manning’s equation for water flow in pipes and the equation Q = V  A
where:
Q = flow rate (cfs)
V = velocity (fps)
A = pipe flow area = (/4)  (D/12)2 (ft.2)
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If your situation is off the end of the nomograph scale, use these equations directly.
Manning’s equation:
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V = (1.49/n) * (D/48)0.666 * S0.5

(Eq. 500-4)
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where:
V = velocity (fps)
n = roughness coefficient (dimensionless)
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D = inside diameter (in.)

S = pipe slope (ft./ft.)
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Manning’s equation is applicable only if the pipe slope is less than 0.10 and is rela-
tively constant throughout the pipe length. In addition, the water surface must be at
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atmospheric pressure; that is, no “head” or pressure is allowed (in practice, a few
feet of head won’t matter.) See References [2], [5], a general civil engineering hand-
book, or texts on fluid mechanics for information on more complex situations.
Calculating Overland Flow Time. Overland flow time varies with surface slope,
type of surface material, length of flow, and rainfall intensity. The two empirical
formulas below give overland flow time for impervious areas with undefined chan-
nels. Use one formula or the other, according to the length of your overland flow.
Reference [20] gives additional formulas for a number of slope and gutter configu-
rations.
If your drainage or rainfall characteristics are outside the range of applicability
calculated for each formula, consult a hydrologist.
Overland Flow Time Formula #1 (Izzard’s formula). (For length of overland

flow less than 100 feet.)
to = [41 * ((0.0007*I)+k) * (L/S)1/3] /(C I)2/3

(Eq. 500-5)
where:
to = overland flow time (minutes)
I = average rainfall intensity (in/hr)
k = surface coefficient (given in Figure 500-4)
L = length of overland flow (ft)
S = slope of surface (ft/ft)
C = runoff coefficient (given in Figure 500-2)
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Range of applicability: I*L < 500 and S < 0.04.
Since the formula gives the overland flow time as a function of intensity, you must
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iteratively find the combination of intensity and time of concentration that satisfies
this formula and the intensity/duration/ frequency relationship. Iteration to 2 signifi-
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cant digits is sufficient. (From References [2] and [3].)
Fig. 500-3 Nomograph for Pipe, Slope, and Flow Calculation

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Fig. 500-4 Surface Coefficients

Surface Surface Coefficient “k”
Smooth asphalt 0.007
Concrete pavement 0.012
Tar and gravel pavement 0.017
Grass 0.060
Overland Flow Time Formula #2 (For length of overland flow greater than
100 feet.) The terms used in the formula are defined above.
to = [1.8*(1.1-C)*L1/2] / (S*100)1/3
(Eq. 500-6)
Range of applicability: L > 100' and S < 0.025.
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See References [16] and [25] for additional explanation.
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Average Rainfall Intensity (I). Select average rainfall intensities from a graph or
table of intensity/duration/frequency for your geographical region. The tables
described in Section 572 (Figure 500-32) cover some Company operating areas. The
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U.S. Weather Bureau or local Department of Public Works should have information
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for other areas.

Company practice is to design for 10-year rainfall frequency (the greatest rainfall
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expected to occur, on the average, once in 10 years). Only use a 25-year return
period for very sensitive areas or if required by an outside agency. A selection of a
higher return period should only be done in conjunction with a study that looks at
the total annual cost.
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Find average rainfall intensities by using durations equal to calculated times of

concentration. But only use the single longest time of concentration for several areas
that may be combined when selecting I. If a calculated time of concentration is less
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than the smallest duration given, use the intensity corresponding to the smallest
duration.
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Notes on the Rational Formula

The paragraphs below point out some problems with the Rational Formula. Refer-
ence [4] gives a thorough examination of these problems and others. The Rational
Formula is used regardless of these problems because it is relatively simple to use
and it usually gives satisfactory results.
• The peak runoff rate actually depends on whether there has been a storm
recently, the uniformity of rainfall over time and area, storage in the system,
and a host of other factors that cannot be accounted for except by arbitrary vari-
ation of the coefficient “C”.
• The selection of overland flow time for pervious surfaces is quite arbitrary.
• The implicit assumption that frequency of rainfall equals frequency of runoff is
probably only valid for small, completely impervious areas.
Roughness Coefficients
Use the roughness coefficients in Figure 500-5 with the nomograph in Figure 500-3.
Fig. 500-5 Roughness Coefficients
Material Roughness Coefficient
Asbestos-cement 0.013
Cast iron
New 0.014
Tuberculated 0.025
Cement-lined 0.013
Concrete 0.013
Plastics 0.012
Steel 0.013
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Vitrified Clay
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0.013
If your material isn’t listed here, check with the supplier or manufacturer; they
usually publish roughness coefficients. The roughness coefficient increases with
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time; be sure to get their estimate of the coefficient for “used” pipe.
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Partial-depth Flow Table for Pipe Selection

Use Figure 500-6 to find the depth of flow, velocity, flow rate or flow area in a
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partly full pipe. Enter with any of these ratios—y/D, Q/Qf, V/Vf, or A/Af—to find
the other ratios.
This table is especially useful for finding the velocity in a pipe flowing at less than
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the flow-full flow rate and for designing a pipe to flow at a certain depth.
y = Depth of fluid in partially full pipe
D = Inside diameter of pipe
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A = Area of fluid (partly full pipe)

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Af = Area of fluid (completely full pipe)

Q = Flow rate (partly...)
Qf = Flow rate (completely...)
V = Velocity (partly...)
Vf = Velocity (completely...)
Fig. 500-6 Partial-depth Flow for Pipe Selection

y/D A/Af Q/Qf V/Vf
0 0 0 0
0.05 0.019 0.005 0.25
0.10 0.052 0.021 0.40
0.15 0.094 0.049 0.52
0.20 0.143 0.088 0.62
0.25 0.196 0.137 0.70
0.30 0.252 0.195 0.77
0.35 0.312 0.262 0.84
0.40 0.374 0.336 0.92
0.45 0.437 0.416 0.95
0.50 0.500 0.500 1.00
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0.60 0.627
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0.671 1.07
0.70 0.748 0.837 1.12
0.80 0.858 0.977 1.14
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0.90 0.950 1.062 1.12
0.95 0.982 1.073 1.09
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1.00 1.000 1.000 1.00

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535 Drainage System Design Examples

The following examples demonstrate the use of the figures and equations of this
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section. See Reference [5] for a more complete example of drainage system design.
Example 1 is based entirely on storm water runoff. As discussed in Section 534, fire
water runoff controls the design in many cases and should always be considered.
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Example 1
Problem Statement: (See Figures 500-7, 500-8, and 500-9): Area 1, the manhole,
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and Pipes 1 and 2 already exist. Area 2 and Pipe 3 are to be added. The location is
Orange, Texas. The rainfall return period is 10 years. What diameter should Pipe 3
be? Is Pipe 2 large enough?
Fig. 500-7 Drainage System Design
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Data: See Figures 500-8 and 500-9 for data on surface areas and drainpipes.
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Fig. 500-8 Properties of Areas 1 and 2

Average Length
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Area No. Area (acre) Slope (ft/ft) (ft) Surface Coeff.

1 1 0.01 120 C=0.2
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2 0.5 0.01 90 k=0.009

C=0.8
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Location: Orange, Texas

Rainfall Return Period: 10 yrs.
Fig. 500-9 Properties of the Pipes

Roughness
Pipe No. Inside Diam. (in.) Slope (ft/ft) Coeff. Length (ft.)
1 12 0.005 0.013 200
2 12 0.005 0.013 400
3 ? 0.010 0.012 60
Peak Flow at Upstream End of Pipe 1:

to = [1.8*(1.1 – C)*L1/2] / (S*100)1/3
(Eq. 500-6)
= [1.8(1.1 – 0.2)(120)1/2] / (0.01 100)1/3
= 18 min.
Interpolating the rainfall chart for Orange, Texas,
I = 5.65 + (6.29 – 5.65)(2/5) = 5.9 in./hr
Q = CIA = 0.2(5.9)(1) = 1.2 cfs
Using Figure 500-3, check size of Pipe 1 for 12 inch ID, 0.005 slope, and 0.013
roughness:
Qf = 2.6 cfs Therefore, Pipe 1 size is OK.
Q/Qf = 0.46
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From Fig. 500-6, depth of flow/diameter = 0.48

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to = [41((0.0007I)+k)(L/S)1/3] /(C I)2/3

(Eq. 500-5)
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Assume a time of concentration = 5 min

From rainfall chart, I = 8.4 in./hr
to = 41((0.00078.4)+0.009)(90/0.01)1/3]/(0.8  8.4)2/3
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= 3.6 min Assuming 5 min is OK

Q = CIA = 0.8(8.4)(0.5) = 3.4 cfs
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Sizing Pipe:
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Try 8 inch ID, from Fig. 500-3, Qf = 1.3 (No Good)

Try 12 inch ID, from Fig. 500-3, Qf = 3.9 (OK)
Q/Qf = 0.87
From Fig. 500-6, depth of flow/diameter = 0.73

Use maximum time of concentration. In this case, it would be the to of Area 1 plus
the to of Pipe 1.
to (Pipe 1) = length/velocity
From Figure 500-3, Vf = 3.2 fps
From Figure 500-6, V/Vf = 0.97, V = 3.1 fps
to = 200/3.1 = 64.5 sec, say 1 min

to Total = 18 + 1 = 19 min
From rainfall chart (see end of section),
I = 5.8 in./hr
Q = CIA
= 5.8(0.2  1 + 0.8  0.5) = 3.5 cfs
From Figure 500-3, Qf = 2.6 cfs (No Good)
Summary
Pipe 3 should have a 12 inch ID. Pipe 2 does not have sufficient capacity to handle
the entire flow.
Example 2
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Problem statement: For a flow rate of 4.0 cfs, find combinations of pipe diameter
and slope that give a depth of flow equal to three quarters of the diameter. Find the
fluid velocity for each combination. Pipe material is asbestos-cement. Results are
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given in Figure 500-10.
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Fig. 500-10 Fluid Velocity vs. Pipe Diameter, Slope

Inside Velocity
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Diameter Slope Full Vf Velocity V (y/D=0.75)

D (in.) (ft/ft) (fps) (fps)
12 0.015 5.6 6.3
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14 0.0067 4.1 4.6

16 0.0033 3.2 3.6
18 0.0018 2.5 2.8
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Solution: From Figure 500-5, the roughness coefficient for asbestos-cement pipe is
D
0.013.
From Figure 500-6, if y/D = 0.75, then Q/Qf = 0.91 and V/Vc = 1.13.
So, to use the nomograph (Figure 500-3) for pipes flowing full, we need 
Qf = Q/0.91 = 4.0/0.91 = 4.4 cfs.
V = 1.13 Vf using Vf from Fig. 500-3.
Enter the nomograph with flow rate = 4.4 cfs and roughness coefficient = 0.013.
One result (D = 18 inches and Slope =0.0018) is plotted on the nomograph.
536 Strength Analysis and Design

This section reviews possible loads on pipe and the strength and cover a pipe needs
to bear those loads.
See Section 580 for a few of the textbooks and handbooks that discuss these topics.
See References [2], [5], [7], [10], [13], [14], and [17]. Reference [5] is particularly
useful. Pipe manufacturers usually publish charts or graphs that allow easy selec-
tion of their products given soil and truck loads.
Loads
Drainage pipes might have to support any combination of these loads:
• Soil loads
• Superimposed loads
• Thrust due to water dynamics
• Temperature changes
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• Internal pressure
Additional considerations for design of intermittently supported pipe, such as pile-
supported pipe, are described in Section 533.
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Soil Loads. Buried pipe must support the weight of the soil above it. The weight
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increases with the depth of burial and depends on backfill properties, trench or
tunnel characteristics, pipe flexibility, etc. Reference [5] will help you calculate this
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load.
If geotechnical engineers predict significant differential settlement in your area,
your system must also resist the forced deformation without leaking or breaking.
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Short pipe sections with flexible joints can accommodate differential settlement
without breaking, but leaking or ponding might be a problem.
Superimposed Loads. Trucks, cranes, and trains are common superimposed loads
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on drainage pipes.
Only part of a load applied to the ground over a buried pipe is transferred to the
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pipe; the amount transferred decreases as the depth of burial increases. Paving also
reduces the loads considerably. Ways to calculate loads on buried pipe from surface
loads are covered in References [2], [5], [7], [13], and [17].
Section 300 gives wheel loads for trucks and cranes.
Trucks are usually specified according to AASHTO designations; for example, “HS-
20” for a tractor truck with a semi-trailer. For design, the weight is increased by an
“impact” factor, since moving vehicles cause higher loads on pipe than stationary
ones.
Train loads are usually specified according to AREA designations: a typical rail
designation is “Cooper E-80.” Train loads and impact factors are described in Refer-
ences [7] and [14].
The design loadings will depend on the traffic anticipated at the site. Talk with the
facility operators or engineers to see what loads are normally used. Local regula-
tions may dictate design loads.
Thrust Due to Water Dynamics. Fluids produce radial forces on pipe bends. The
change in fluid velocity at size changes (reducers, for example) produces an axial
force on the pipe. Supports (commonly called “thrust blocks”) help the pipe resist
these forces and keep joints from separating. References [2], [7], and many civil
engineering handbooks describe how to calculate the forces.
Temperature Changes. A large difference between installation and operating
temperatures can cause movement in an unrestrained line or high stresses in a
restrained line.
See Reference [18] for help on calculating stresses in and movement of unburied
pipe due to temperature differences. Computer programs are available to do these
calculations.
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The effect of temperature differences on buried pipe is more difficult to analyze
since the restraint provided by the soil must be considered. If you use crude models
of the soil restraint, you can use the computer program described in Reference [18];
some geotechnical and structural consultants have programs with sophisticated,
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easy-to-use soil models.
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Internal Pressure. Most drainage lines are driven by gravity, not pumps, and have
little or no internal pressure. Internal pressure causes circumferential stress in pipe.
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Depending on the degree of longitudinal restraint, internal pressure can also cause
tensile longitudinal stresses from 0 to 50% of the circumferential stress. If your lines
are pressurized, you should check the circumferential and longitudinal stress. You
may need supports (“thrust blocks”) to keep joints from separating.
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Required Cover or Strength of Pipe

Selecting a pipe or estimating how strong it needs to be is complicated. The stress in
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the pipe depends on installation workmanship and other factors that are difficult to
determine or describe precisely: soil conditions, bedding and trench characteristics,
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pipe flexibility, paving flexibility, etc.

Fortunately, drainage pipe manufacturers usually publish charts or graphs that show
what strength is needed to support certain loads for various depths of cover, soils,
trench designs, etc. Soil and AASHTO wheel loads are the most common loads
included in these references.
Concrete pipe manufacturers have computer programs and charts that select rein-
forcing details, concrete strength, and wall thickness. If you are purchasing or
installing a line, call some vendors and find out exactly what they need to know to
design your pipe.
See also References [2], [5], [10], [13], and [17].
537 Component Design Considerations

This section describes some drainage components and tells how they are commonly
used. The standard drawings and forms are located in the Standard Drawings and
Forms section at the end of this manual.
Engineering Form 611

Engineering Form 611 (CIV-EF-611) shows how you can put the components
together to make some standard drainage system building blocks. It is intended to
give you some good starting arrangements; feel free to make changes or develop
other details to suit your needs.
CIV-EF-611 shows bell-and-spigot or plain end-and-hub connections, but similar
details can be easily envisioned for materials that require butt or other types of
joints. Check the actual dimensions of the fittings to be sure the pieces will fit in the
space available and will have adequate cover.
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Note that the dimensions of cast iron bell-and-spigot fittings are different from the
dimensions of cast iron butt fittings.
Catch Basins and Drains

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Catch basins and drains both serve the same purpose: to let liquid wastes enter the
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underground drainage system quickly and safely.

Catch basins (Figure 500-11) contain a chamber where liquid is briefly retained to
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aid in settling solids. The chamber is easily accessible for removing the accumu-
lated material. Catch basins are normally built with the inlet opening flush with or
slightly below grade.
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Fig. 500-11 Typical Catch Basin

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Runoff from unpaved areas will contain suspended sediment that can clog small
catch basins, so be sure to use adequately sized basins. Experience is the best guide
for size selection.
A drain or drain “hub” is a simple inlet that has no retention capacity. If it protrudes
above grade, it is called a “raised” drain hub. If it is below grade, it is called a
“recessed” drain hub. Raised hubs can receive waste from vessels or pumps while
preventing surface fluids from entering. Details 3 and 4 on CIV-EF-611 show
recessed and raised drain hubs.
Sealed Drain Hubs and Catch Basins

Catch basins and drains can also provide a seal, (sometimes called a “gas seal” or
“liquid seal”) that prevents flammable or toxic gases in the downstream piping from
escaping to the atmosphere. Seals also keep heavier-than-air flammable or toxic
vapors from flowing into the system, and they prevent fire from traversing the
drainage system.
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Since sealed drains will accumulate solids and are not easy to clean, do not use them
if the liquid will contain solids that might settle out. Instead, use sealed catch basins
with sufficient clearance between the bottom of seal and the bottom of basin.
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Detail 8 on CIV-EF-611 shows a sealed drain. Drawing GD-S-99992 shows a fabri-
cated steel, sealed catch basin. Adapters are available to connect the steel catch
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basin to non-steel drain lines. Cast iron, sealed catch basins were commercially
available in the past, but are not now.
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Manholes
Manholes provide access for inspection and cleaning (hydroblast or “roto-rooter”)
of drain lines, and they act as junction boxes for drains where fittings are not avail-
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able or are more expensive. Manholes are also a good place to tie in future drain
lines.
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If the standing water in sealed manholes is a groundwater pollution concern, then a

double wall manhole with leak monitoring between the walls might be required.
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If the water table is high, ensure that the manhole weight exceeds the buoyant force
or anchor the manhole by extending its base beyond its walls.
If your manholes are in traffic areas, design them for wheel loads.
See CIV-EF-411 for typical manhole details.
Manhole Covers
Manholes in systems carrying volatile flammable or toxic liquid should have vapor-
tight covers to prevent the release of gases near ignition sources and people. See
Reference [21] for federal regulations governing emissions from manhole covers.
If samples will be taken from manholes frequently, consider using covers with
sample windows. The sample window shown in Figure 500-12 is not vapor tight.
Fig. 500-12 Manhole Cover Sample Window
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Manhole Vents
You should provide vents to relieve pressure and prevent oxygen depletion in
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manholes with vapor-tight covers.
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• Vents should end a safe distance (usually a minimum of 25 feet horizontally

and downwind if possible) from furnaces or permanent sources of ignition.
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• Vents should not terminate near walkways, platforms, or air intakes.

• Vents within a 10-foot radius of walkways and equipment should end 18 inches
above the highest pipe or piece of equipment and 12 feet or more above walk-
ed
ways.
• Vents in VOC or benzene service must be at least 3 feet in length and less than
4 inches in diameter. In addition, vents in benzene service must be controlled.
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See Reference [21] for federal regulations on this topic.
Ways to Change Direction, Slope, and Size

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At direction, slope, and size changes, you can use either manholes or fittings.
Manholes can be cheaper than large diameter fittings. Find out if local cleaning
contractors’ equipment can negotiate fittings.
If the pipe joint system is flexible enough to allow misalignment without leaking,
you can make small changes in slope and direction (a few degrees) by using
purposely misaligned joints. Joint manufacturers usually publish limits of flexi-
bility. In areas where groundwater protection is very important, you probably should
not use this technique except as required for small field adjustments.
Access for Cleaning, Inspection, and Repair

Manholes provide better access than cleanouts for inspection and repair, but clea-
nouts are just as good for cleaning. Cleanouts are usually cheaper than manholes
unless the cleanouts are built from large diameter fittings. Talk with local cleaning
contractors and Company maintenance and operations people to learn their prefer-
ences and to get advice on cleanout locations and manhole spacing.
Cleanouts in process sewers that carry waxy fluids, asphalts, or other heavy stock
should be spaced closer than cleanouts in lines with light stock or water service. A
constant trickle of hot water through lines carrying heavy stock can prevent plug-
ging.
See Detail 2 on CIV-EF-611 for typical cleanout.
Main, Branch, and Lateral Lines

Laterals collect fluids from catch basins and drains. Branch lines gather liquids from
laterals and transfer the fluids to the main lines (or headers). In a small system,
laterals might connect directly to the main line.
538 Septic Tanks and Leach Fields
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Septic tanks with leach fields are used for disposal of waste water in locations not
served by municipal sewer systems. Septic tanks allow the solid waste to settle out
of the effluent for later removal by vacuum truck. Leach fields dispose of the liquid
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waste by allowing it to percolate into soil. See Figure 500-13.
This section is based on Reference [29].
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Regulations
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Local governments usually regulate the design and layout of septic systems. For
example, the location of their components relative to water wells, streams, trees,
buildings, etc. is usually regulated since the tank discharge is odorous and contains
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pathogens.
Agencies also commonly regulate the volume and number of compartments of
septic tanks, as well as tank and leach field materials and construction.
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Be sure to find out which codes apply to your area.
Septic Tanks
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A two-compartment, cast-in-place septic tank is shown in Figure 500-14. The walls,

roof, and floor must be designed to resist soil loads. Prefabricated septic tanks are
available and are more economical to use. Total liquid capacity should be at least
750 gallons. Use Figure 500-15 to find the total fixture units served and the required
minimum septic tank capacity.
Leach Fields
Leach fields must provide sufficient soil area for the waste liquid to percolate into
the ground. The area needed is strongly dependent on the permeability of the soil. If
percolation test data are not available, use Figure 500-16 (from Reference [29]). The
soil area is the trench bottom area plus excess sidewall area (see Figure 500-17).
Design the system so that additional area—at least equivalent to the original area—
can be added if the original area can’t absorb all the wastewater.
Fig. 500-13 Typical Septic System
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Fig. 500-14 Typical Septic Tank

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Fig. 500-15 Minimum Septic Tank Capacity

Fixture Units
Fixture Fixture Units
Drinking fountain 1
Single stall shower 2
Single lavatory sink 1
Urinal 2
Toilet 6
Continuous flow of 1 gpm 2
Minimum Septic Tank Capacity
Total Fixture Units Served Minimum Required Total Capacity (gal)
15 750
20 1000
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25 1200
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33 1500
45 2000
55 2250
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60 2500
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Fig. 500-16 Soil Area Needed for Leach Fields

Leach Field Soil Area
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Required Area Per 100 gal.

Type of Soil of Tank Capacity (ft2)
Coarse sand or gravel 20
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Fine sand 25
Sandy loam or sandy clay 40
Clay with considerable sand or gravel 90
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Clay with small amount of sand or gravel 120
539 Material Considerations

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When selecting materials for your drainage system, see Figure 500-20 and consider:
• Material composition and characteristics:
– Resistance to corrosion (internal and external)
– Reaction to temperature extremes (hot or cold fluids)
– Strength
– Durability
– Weight
– Hydraulic properties
• Availability of material
• Availability of labor with the necessary installation skills
• Leakage from joints
• Installed cost
• Local code requirements (especially for sanitary sewers)
Fig. 500-17 Excess Sidewall Area
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Types of Drainage Materials

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Catch basin materials include cast iron, steel, and concrete. Manholes can be made
from cast-in-place or pre-cast concrete or “Spirolite.” Pipe materials include:
• Acrylonitrite-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
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• Asbestos-cement (AC) (seeing decreasing use due to asbestos content)

• Carbon or stainless steel (CS or SS)
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• Cast iron/ductile iron (CI)

• Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
• Concrete cylinder pipe (CCP)
• Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP)
• High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
• Polybutylene (PB)
• Polypropylene (PP)
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)
• “Spirolite” (a Chevron HDPE product)
• Vitrified clay (VC) (Not Recommended: it is very fragile and the joints leak)
For information on non-metallic piping and cement-lined steel pipe, see References
[5] and [11]. For information on metallic piping, see References [5] and [12].
Most of the materials listed above are discussed in detail in the following para-
graphs. Their relative leakage potentials are tabulated in Figures 500-18 and 500-19.
Also refer to Figure 500-20 “Materials for Sewer and Drain Systems”.
Fig. 500-18 Relative Leakage Potential of Drain Pipe Materials
Relative Leakage Potential
Drain Pipe Material 1 to 5(1)
Asbestos Cement 5
Carbon Steel (interior bare) 1(2)
Carbon Steel (interior coated)(3) 12
Cast Iron 2
Ductile Iron 2
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) 2
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High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 1
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HDPE Spirolite (a Chevron product) 1
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 2
Reinforced Concrete 2
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Vitrified Clay Not recommended
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(1) Lowest (1) to Highest (5)

(2) This evaluation assumes an exterior coating on the steel. The use of steel pipe without an
exterior coating is not recommended under any circumstances because of corrosion caused by
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earth contact.
(3) Proper selection and application of an interior coating may prevent corrosion from drain
contents. Field welding of joints destroys interior coatings. For effective corrosion resistance,
some type of mechanical joints should be used for pipe with an interior coating.
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Fig. 500-19 Relative Leakage Potential of Drain Pipe Joints (1 of 2)

Relative Leakage
Potential
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Drain Pipe Joints 1 to 5(1)

Asbestos Cement
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Bell and Spigot 3

Threaded 5
Carbon Steel
Flanged 3
Other Mechanical Joints 4
Welded 1
Cast Iron, Ductile Iron
Flanged 2
Other Mechanical Joints 2
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Bell Socket and Adhesive 2
Mechanical (various types) 3
Threaded 5
Fig. 500-19 Relative Leakage Potential of Drain Pipe Joints (2 of 2)

Relative Leakage
Potential
Drain Pipe Joints 1 to 5(1)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Bell and Spigot w/rubber gasket 3-4
Heat Fusion Welding 1
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Flange and Gasket 3
Solvent Welds 2
Reinforced Concrete
Bell and Spigot w/welded steel seal 1
Spirolite (a Chevron product)
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Bell and Spigot w/rubber gasket 2
Bell and Spigot w/welding 1
Vitrified Clay Not recommended
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Note Evaluations on this page are independent of Material Evaluations. They are intended only to indicate the security of
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various joining materials or methods relative to each other for each pipe material.

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Asbestos-Cement
Commonly known as “Transite”, asbestos-cement pipe is produced primarily by
Johns Manville. In years past, it was considered to be a reasonable alternative to
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cast iron or ductile iron for water mains. Recently, it has lost market share to newer
developments such as HDPE and fiberglass. Although somewhat out of favor now
because recent restrictions on the use of asbestos, this component does not affect its
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use for drain lines. It is readily available and cheap.

Sections are joined by belled couplings with rubber ring gaskets. All types of
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fittings are precast, some of cast iron. If the pipe is used for pressure applications,
end restraint must be provided. It can be cut easily by a number of methods
including the use of a hammer and chisel, but power-driven abrasive discs should
not be used because such cutters produce airborne asbestos dust. Because of allow-
able deflection at the joints (up to 13.6 inches in a 13 ft length), the line can be laid
in what amounts to a curve.
Transite’s one major disadvantage is that it is quite brittle; great care must be used
in handling and installing it. Trench bottom preparation and proper backfill are
extremely important.
Vendor: Johns Manville
Fig. 500-20 Materials for Sewer and Drain Systems (Low Pressure) (1 of 4)
500-40
500 Drainage
Physical/ Typical Relative
Chemical/Temp. Mechanical Strength Installation Potential Relative Cost Codes/
Material(1) Availability Resistance(2) Properties (psi x 103) Considerations Leakage(3) (Installed) Specifications
Carbon Steel/Cast CS: All sizes. May Poor against salty Density 7.8 25-35 Buried CS usually CS: 1 CI about the same CS: ANSI/ASME
Iron/Ductile Iron be welded water, acids, soil g/cm3. Lin. Expn.  coated; CI (much CI & DI: 2 cost as plastic B31.3 and B31.8,
(including ERW) or corrosion. (Coat- 6.5-6.0 x 10-6 in./in. thicker) not coated. pipe. Consider Co. EG-2505. CI:
seamless. ings often F. High strength. CS weld joints reli- external corrosion ASA-A40.1, ASTM
CI: Typically 2-15 required.) “No” CS resists mechan- able; CI hub and when determining A74 (2–15”) 
in. diameter, 5-ft & temperature limit ical damage; CI spigot joints design life. Chevron Standard
10-ft lengths. for CS, CI limited more brittle but usually reliable (if Drawing EF-611.
Ductile iron: 4-54 by joints (150F for resists mechanical no soil movement). DI: ANSI/AWWA
 1997–2004 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved.
in. diameter, 18-ft “oakum”; higher for damage well. C-151/A21.51.
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lengths. push-on gaskets). Ductile iron is
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almost as resistant
as CS, resists
thermal shock
er
better than CI.
Thermoplastics:  1-1/4 in. - 12-in. Excellent for dilute Density 1.05 7-8 Joints solvent 2 Sizes less than 6 ASTM D2661
ABS, PVC, CPVC readily available. acids, caustics, g/cm3 (ABS), 1.35 cemented in., plastic pipe is (ABS drain, waste,
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Typical joint lengths water. Limited g/cm3 (PVC), 1.5 (preferred) or use the most economic vent pipe, and
of 20 ft. resistance to g/cm3 (CPVC). Lin. elastomeric alternative. For fittings). ASTM
concentrated acids, Expn. gaskets, can be a sizes 6-12 in., D2680 (ABS sewer
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acid gases, chlo- 30-60 x 10-6 in./in. leak source. plastic, CI, HDPE, pipe). ASTMS
rine gases, some F. Good resis- Consider thrust FRP, and VC are D2665 (PVC Drain
hydrocarbons tance to mechan- blocks at changes roughly the same. Waste Vent pipe &
(aromatics). ical damage but in direction. fittings). ASTM
Temperature limit 
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more rigid, brittle Review UV resis- D3034 (PVC
140F (PVC) to than HDPE after tance for above- Sewer pipe &
180F (ABS) to UV exposure. ground installa- fittings). ASTM
210F (CPVC), tions. D2846 (CPVC hot
higher for short water distribution
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excursions. systems) For
buried piping, see
Civil and Structural Manual

ASTM D2321 or
D D2774 guidelines.
April 2004
April 2004

HDPE Readily available: See thermoplas- Density  0.95 3 Joined by heat 1 About the same as See manufac-
(High Density  Continuous coiled tics. Temperature g/cm3. Lin. Expn.  fusion of butt ends. Plastics. Above 18 turer's literature.
Polyethylene– lengths 1/2-2 in. limit  180F 1.2 10-4 in./in. F. With UV screen in., more expen- Also, PPI and
Smooth) Straight lengths (20 possibly higher for Not as strong as (carbon black), sive than Spirolite. Chevron Piping
and 40 ft.) 2-16 in. short excursions. thermoplastics but good resistance for Manuals. ASTM
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Available through very tough and above-ground D2104; D2239;
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48 in. on special resists mechanical applications. See D2447; D2683;
order. Some trade damage. thermoplastics for D3035; F714. API
names: PLEXCO – other comments. 15LE.
er
a Chevron product,
Phillips Driscopipe,
DuPont Canada
Sclairpipe, Poly
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Pipe Industries
“Poly Pipe”.
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“Spirolite” 18 in. - 120 in. See Plastics. See above. Thin — Joined by proprie- 2 Usually the most See manufac-
(Rib-Reinforced readily available. wall, reinforced tary gasket (1 if welded) economic system turer's literature,
HDPE, smooth Standard length is design produces a system. Can be above 18 in. Ease ASTM F894.
wall on inside) 20 ft.  light weight fusion welded for of handling and
Chevron product. product. axial restraint. installation lowers
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installed cost. Thin
wall and great flex-
ibility requires
more care in
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trench preparation
than concrete pipe
(the system relies
on transferring
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stresses to soil).
500 Drainage
500-41
500-42
500 Drainage
Fiberglass Pipe 1 in. - 16 in. readily Resistance varies Density  1.6 - 2.0 20-50 Variety of joining 2 About the same as API spec 5LR,
available. Larger with resin selec- g/cm3. Lin. Expn. methods; adhe- thermoplastics in ANSI/ASME B31.3
sizes available. tion; best with vinyl 10-18 x 10-6 in./in. sive bonding of sizes to about 12 ASTM D3262,
Typical joint length ester resins. Excel- FStronger than bell and spigot the in. In larger sizes, D3517, D3754,
20 ft. lent resistance to plastic pipe but most common. FRP is generally AWWA C950.
moderate acids, more susceptible to Requires some more expensive
caustics, waters, mechanical training and care than HDPE and
and hydrocarbons. damage. to make reliable Spirolite.
Limited resistance joints. Careful
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to concentrated trench preparation
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acids. Temperature and handling
limit  220F; required. See ther-
higher for short moplastics above
er
excursions. for additional
comments.
RCP (Reinforced 24-108 in. readily Excellent water and Density 2.3-2.5 — Usually bell joints 2 Low material cost ASTM C14, C76,
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Concrete Pipe) and available. Joint hydrocarbon resis- g/cm3  with rubber (1 if CCP is but can have high C361; AWWA
CCP (Concrete lengths typically tance. Not resis- Lin. Expn. 0.5 gaskets. Heavy welded) installation costs. C301, C302.
Cylinder Pipe) short (3-16 ft.), but tant to acids, 10-5 in./in.F. equipment needed RCP is not Trench prep less
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can be custom- caustics, or H2S. Brittle material. for handling. completely imper- critical than with
ordered to 20 ft. Susceptible to Consider thrust vious, and very FRP or Spirolite,
thermal shock. blocks at changes small cracks but beware of soil
ANSI B31.3 recom- of direction, caused by loads settlement.
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mends 200F limit. protective casing may increase
under roadways. leakage. Use lined
Restrained joints RCP or CCP for
are available. lower risk of
leakage.
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April 2004
April 2004

VC (Vitrified Clay) 4-24 in. readily Excellent water, Very brittle mate- — Usually bell and Sizes to about 15 5 See Clay Pipe 
Note: No longer available. Avail- hydro-carbon, and rial; “extra strength” spigot joints in., about the same Engineering
recommended for able to 42 in. Joint acid resistance. is  finished with cost as thermo- Manual, National
any service due to lengths 3-1/3 - 5 ft. Limited caustic available. mortar. Synthetic plastic pipe. Large Clay Pipe Institute.
high risk of resistance. Temper- gaskets are avail- sizes more expen-
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leakage. ature limit 150F able. Adaptors are sive than HDPE or
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(with “oakum” available to RCP.
joints; higher with connect VC to
synthetic gaskets). other materials.
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Susceptible to Even more brittle
thermal shock. and susceptible to
handling damage
than RCP (see
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RCP above for
precautions).
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(1) Other possible materials:
- Asbestos-cement (more expensive than RCP, increasingly difficult to obtain).
- Teflon and other plastic-lined pipe (can have excellent chemical resistance and mechanical properties but at high cost).
- Polypropylene and polybutylene plastic pipe (similar to thermoplastic pipes in table, not as common).
(2) Chemical resistance varies among plastics. If more than trace amounts of acids, caustics, or hydrocarbons are expected, consult Materials Division.
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(3) Almost all leakage problems occur at joints, so this is really a measure of relative joint integrity. Vitrified clay pipe is so brittle that it can have problems anywhere. 1 is
lowest potential leakage; 5 is highest.
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500 Drainage
500-43
Carbon Steel
If absolute assurance against leakage is needed, carbon steel pipe with welded joints
is probably the safest product to use. However, it is subject to corrosion problems
under certain conditions:
• If the pipe is in contact with most soils, the exterior surfaces must be coated
and cathodic protection must be used.
• If the pipe is to handle corrosive fluids, the interior may also require coating.
These factors tend to make carbon steel pipe less desirable for drains than some
other materials unless the pressure-retaining or temperature properties of steel are
needed.
Under certain conditions, it may be preferable to join the pipe sections with
mechanical connectors (such as flanges or Victaulic or Dresser couplings). Mechan-
ical connectors should be used if:
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•
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The interior is coated (welding will usually destroy any such coating).
• Frequent inspection of the interior surfaces is required.
• Replacement without welding will be necessary.
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Vendors:
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Carbon steel pipe is so commonly available that a listing will not be given here.
Cast Iron/Ductile Iron

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These two materials are very similar. Historically, they have been more widely used
for pressure water applications than for drains. Their costs are approximately equal.
For drains, ductile iron’s greater strength and ductility results in:
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• Less fragility (easier to handle during installation).

• Greater resistance to thermal or mechanical shock while in use.
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For both materials, joints are usually bell and spigot type with a packing material or
gasket. The type of packing material or gasket must be carefully selected for the
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application. These joints lack end restraint but this is not usually a problem for
gravity drains which are buried and stabilized with thrust blocks. If end restraint is
necessary, flanged or other special mechanical joints can be used on ductile iron
pipe.
Fittings such as ells, tees, wyes, etc., are precast. Most bell and spigot joints allow
some joint deflection which enables the line to be laid in a slight curve. Depending
on the joint type and sealing material, typical deflections might be 3 to 4 degrees
(approximately 12 to 20 inches deflection) for a 20 ft length.
If rubber gaskets are used, deflections can be larger.
Advantages of iron pipe include:
• Extensive experience from a long history of use.
• Greater strength than some of the newer thin-wall materials.
Disadvantages of iron pipe include:

• Purchase cost can be more than some newer materials.
• Heavy weight can make shipment and installation costly.
Vendors:
American Ductile Iron Pipe Company
U. S. Pipe Company
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP)

This material, also known simply as “fiberglass pipe” is nearly on par with HDPE as
a preferred material for drain systems. It is made with thermosetting composite
materials or epoxy resins which contain fiberglass for reinforcing. A number of
different resin/ reinforcement combinations can be formulated to provide the corro-
sion resistance and strength required. The finished pipe has a relatively high
strength/weight ratio, similar to or possibly higher than HDPE. This pipe can be
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used for direct burial or for slip lining or jacking into a drain to be repaired. In
Europe, FRP has been used for more than 30 years.
FRP is produced by centrifugal casting or by filament winding. Either method can
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produce various wall thicknesses to satisfy the strength requirement. Filament
winding:
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• Is more commonly used for the larger diameters.

• Can produce an externally-ribbed wall for greater structural strength.
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FRP can be fabricated of composite materials for special temperature or corrosion

resistance needs. The interior of the finished pipe is very smooth with good flow
characteristics.
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The most common method of joining pipe ends is by bell and spigot with a special
adhesive. Joint fit is very important and must be done properly to get a good
connection. Joints can also be made with several mechanical joint types such as
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flanged, threaded, bell and spigot with O-rings, grooved joint couplings, etc. Some
joining methods (such as the bell and spigot) require end restraint. FRP can be cut
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readily in the field and the ends joined with a sleeve-type coupling.
FRP fittings of all types can be fabricated. These can be made to match ductile iron
OD dimensions for use with ductile iron pipe.
Fiberglass pipe can be supplied in pressure ratings up to 300 psi and for use in
temperatures up to 225F. As with HDPE pipe, the coefficient of thermal expansion
is greater than for steel so this must be considered in the design.
Vendors:
Fibercast Company, Hobas USA Inc.
Smith Fiberglass (A. O. Smith Co.)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

High density polyethylene has become the material of choice for almost all drain
applications. It has been used in sanitary sewers for 25 years. Characteristics of
HDPE include:
• Cost competitive.
• Easy to handle and install. HDPE’s specific gravity is less than 1.0; it will float
even if filled with water. Trenches must be drained before placing the pipe.
• Generally good corrosion resistance (see paragraph below).
• High thermal coefficient of expansion (roughly twice that of steel).
• The smaller sizes can be bent to shape somewhat to conform to unusual ditch
grades or alignments.
• The larger sizes lack structural strength unless special forms or shapes are used
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(refer to Spirolite data).
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• Can be used to fabricate fittings such as manholes or catch basins to produce a
material-integrated system.
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• Can be used as a corrosion protection barrier for the external surfaces of steel
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pipe and for some internal linings.

HDPE is generally thought to be resistant to virtually any substance in a drain.
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However, high concentrations of some hydrocarbons (especially at high tempera-

tures) can cause problems. The hydrocarbon is absorbed into the HDPE which
swells, softens, and becomes weaker. This change is not permanent; when the
hydrocarbon is removed, the strength returns (refer to vendor data; e.g., ADS).
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Certain acids, chlorine gas, and other chemicals can cause permanent damage. If a
drain is likely to contain these substances, consult technical data from the vendors
or Materials and Equipment Engineering before using HDPE.
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Maximum allowable operating pressures range from 225 psi in the smaller sizes to
50 psi in the larger. The usual allowable temperature ranges are:
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• Pressure applications: - 50°F to + 140°F.

• Non-pressure applications: - 50°F to + 180°F.
HDPE’s temperature range is better than PVC which has less impact resistance at
low temperature. Water can freeze in the HDPE pipe without causing permanent
damage. High temperature reduces the strength and stiffness and improves ductility;
low temperature has the opposite effects.
Joining lengths of HDPE pipe and installation of fittings in the smaller, solid wall
pipe sizes is usually done by heat fusion welding. End thrust restraint is not needed
in this case. In the larger sizes with special configurations (refer to Spirolite data),
bell and spigot-type joints with special rubber gaskets are used.
HDPE pipe is produced by many companies in many sizes.

Spirolite is a unique configuration of thin wall polyethylene pipe with special
hollow reinforcing rings around the circumference. This design allows large diame-
ters to be fabricated with improved mechanical strength/weight ratio. Characteris-
tics include:
• Light weight. For 36-inch pipe:
– Spirolite weighs 30 lb/ft.
– Ductile iron weighs 170 lb/ft.
– Reinforced concrete weighs 565 lb/ft.
Trench dewatering is necessary and backfilling must be done before water is
allowed back into the trench.
• The smooth interior gives good flow characteristics. It is also available with a
smooth exterior (retaining the hollow rings for added strength); this design is
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preferred if the pipe sections are to be jacked or pulled into an existing drain as
a renovation liner.
• Its flexibility requires care in installation and assembly.
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• Manholes, sumps and other fittings such as ells, wyes, tees, etc., can be fabri-
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cated from Spirolite.

Normally, connections are made with a special rubber gasket in a press-in
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male/female joint. This joint is claimed to be resistant to both exfiltration and infil-
tration leaks. After assembly, joints can be made extra secure by applying a thermal
weld bead on the inside or outside or both. For a cross section view of Spirolite,
refer to Figure 500-21.
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Fig. 500-21 Cross Section View of Spirolite Joint

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ADS (Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc.)

This company also produces a special polyethylene drain pipe that is corrugated for
strength. In many respects it is similar to Spirolite, but to date the manufacturer
cannot guarantee watertight joints so it cannot be recommended. However, one
interesting drain fitting could be useful in special situations. This is a panel-shaped
section of perforated polyethylene that is used for interceptor drains where only a
narrow trench is allowed for installation. Sections 4 inches wide and 12 or 18 inches
high are available.
Vendors of HDPE:
Solid wall: Dow Chemical, PLEXCO
Special Shapes: Spirolite, ADS Inc.
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP)

Reinforced concrete pipe has been the traditional material used for drain lines, espe-
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cially in the larger sizes. It has a good history of usage over many years with exten-
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sive contractor installation experience. The fabrication technology is mature and
well standardized. It is strong, has good vacuum collapse resistance, and is corro-
sion resistant in most systems. Although not as smooth internally as HDPE or fiber-
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glass pipe, it still can be supplied smooth enough to give a H & W factor of C = 140
in the new condition. At least one vendor can supply concrete pipe with an internal
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plastic lining for special corrosion resistance.

Large diameter sections must be relatively short to reduce the weight for handling.
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One vendor offers diameters of 12 to 96 inches in 8-foot lengths.

Joints between sections are mechanical, usually a bell and spigot configuration with
a rubber or composition sealing ring compressed between the concrete faces or
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sometimes between steel joint rings cast into the concrete. The annular space inside
and outside of the seal ring is then filled with grout. These joints are not normally
end thrust restrained but in some cases steel joint rings can be seal welded.
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Disadvantages:
• Its weight requires use of heavy construction equipment.
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• Trench bottom bedding must be precisely placed.

• Backfilling requires special care.
• All tees, wyes, ells, etc. as well as even minor changes in direction require
precast fittings.
Vendor: Ameron
Thermoplastics (ABS, CPVC, PVC)

Thermoplastics (herein abbreviated for convenience as PVC) have a reasonably
good history of usage, although they are now being overtaken somewhat by polyeth-
ylene (standard or special configurations) and by fiberglass.
Characteristics of PVC include:

• Easy to cut and fit.
• Good resistance to some substances.
• More rigid and brittle than polyethylene (PE).
• If stored or installed above ground, ultraviolet light from the sun will reduce its
impact strength.
• Low temperature reduces its flexibility and impact resistance.
• Its high coefficient of expansion requires provision for flexibility.
Joints can be made using solvent welds, flanges with gaskets, or bell and spigot. For
the latter type joint, end restraints or thrust blocks must be provided. Precast fittings
of all types are available. To some extent, the pipe can be bent to fit trench curvture.
Vendors:
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Johns Manville
Ryan Herco
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Vitrified Clay
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Vitrified clay pipe has been used for centuries but it is no longer recommended. It is
very fragile and the joints tend to leak. Its major advantage is its resistance to acids
and most other corrosive substances.
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540 Drain System Repair and Retrofit

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This section deals with testing, inspection, repair, and retrofit of existing drains that
are leaking or are suspected to be leaking. Many contractors and vendors offer more
than one of the services listed. For example, it is common for a company that
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specializes in drain repair, relining, sealing of joints, etc., to also offer televised
internal inspection service. This is natural because inspection is necessary to deter-
mine the need for repair, selection of the repair method, and monitoring the repair
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procedure.
The subsequent sections include recommendations for repair of existing drains by
internal lining, sealing of joint leaks, or complete replacement. “Retrofit” refers to
the process by which additions are made to an existing drain to upgrade it to a
condition similar or almost equal to a newly-installed drain. In this document,
“retrofit” primarily means the installation of leak detection devices in an attempt to
achieve a reasonable degree of security against leaks. However, it is virtually impos-
sible to upgrade an existing underground system to rival a new drain installation
because of the difficulty of placing the cables or detector probes where they need to
be to do their job.
In addition to the information presented in Section 540, refer to the Sewer Repair
Consumer Guide Prepared for PERF 94-12, attached to this manual as Appendix G.
It contains a catalog of recommended sewer repair methods, vendor contacts, and a
sewer repair decision tree.
541 Inspection/Detection for Existing Drains

The integrity of an existing drain line can be checked by one or more of several
methods. Generally, these can be categorized as:
• Pressure testing
• Visual inspection
• Leakage detectors
Pressure Testing
Pressure testing of a drain line can give some indication of its condition. This test
can be done by blocking off a section between manholes, filling the manholes and
drain with water, and observing the water level for changes:
• If the water level drops, water is leaking out (if the ground water level is lower
than the test water level).
•
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If the water level rises, water is leaking in (if the ground water level is higher
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than the test water level).
A change in the water level indicates leakage, but it could be difficult to determine
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the location(s), type(s), and best way(s) to stop it.
Testing with air pressure is also an option, but this method has the same limitations
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as the water test described above.

If a pressure test indicates leakage, the leak location(s) must be found by one of the
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following methods:
• Visual inspection by worker entry or television camera.
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• Use of a tracer gas (refer to Leakage Detectors paragraphs below).
Visual Inspection
Visual inspection can be done in several ways. Initially, some indication of drain
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condition can be obtained by visual examination of the manhole(s) and the adjacent
portions of the drain lines. If a drain line is large enough and can be taken out of
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service, a worker can enter the drain and observe the interior surfaces and joints of
the drain. Deterioration effects could include the following:
• Older drains (especially of concrete or vitrified clay) collapsing in places due to
lack of support or changes in exterior loads.
• Separations at joints.
• Corrosion.
If the adjacent ground water table is high, infiltration might be observed through
cracks, broken sections, or bad joints.
Inspection by Television Camera

Smaller drains not accessible for worker entry (up to 20 inches) can be inspected
visually by a remote-controlled closed-circuit TV camera. Television inspection is
not as reliable as direct visual but can be helpful. Some of the deterioration effects
listed above can be observed. Comprehensive inspection by television usually
requires cleaning the drain first.
Several companies offer television inspection of drain lines. The cameras are
remotely controlled from outside the drain and above ground (from a console
mounted on a truck or trailer). The camera either has self-contained mobility or is
pulled through the drain by means of a tow line. Some systems are capable of rota-
tion of the viewing head so that viewing at an angle to or even perpendicular to the
drain axis is possible. This capability can give a more detailed view of the drain
wall or laterals entering the drain.
Almost all systems available are offered in conjunction with a leak repair system of
some sort. This allows the repair to be made on the spot, using the camera for posi-
tioning control and for visual inspection after repair.
Use of a television camera has major advantages in that the inspection(s) can be
preserved on video tape:
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• For detailed examination before a repair decision.
• As a historical record of conditions before and after repair.
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Although vendor literature contains striking photos of major infiltration leaks, some
leaks may not be obvious under all conditions:
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• If the adjacent ground water level is below the drain elevation, an infiltration
leak will not be visible.
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• The only visual indication of a potential exfiltration or infiltration leak may be

cracks in the drain wall, parted joints, roots or other blockage, etc.
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Contractors offering TV inspection services include:

Cherne Industries, Inc.
Cues, Incorporated
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Heath Consultants
Brand Precision
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Olympus (video image by fiber optics)

PLS International
Rodding-Cleaning Services, Inc.
Subtronic Corporation
West Coast Locators
Leakage Detectors
Descriptions of leak detection systems for new drain installations are covered at
length in Section 554. Many of the systems listed there can be used to check an
existing drain for leaks by drilling holes in the ground near the drain for placement
of probe detectors.
Several companies offer methods which claim to detect and locate leak points in
existing underground tanks or piping including drain lines. The equipment or chem-
icals used may be proprietary.
• Some methods depend on detection of materials normally in the drain (such as
hydrocarbons).
• Other methods inject a specific substance or chemical into the drain for detec-
tion when it leaks.
The detection methods used may include some combination of:
• Flame ionization
• Gas chromatography
• Ground penetrating radar
• Photoionization detectors
• Soil vapor sampling systems
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• Tracer gas injection and detection
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Vendors and contractors for leak detection systems and their general method of
operation are listed below (also see Section 554):
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• Environmental Instruments Co. uses gas chromatography and flame ionization
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for detection.
• Geophysical Survey Systems Inc. uses subsurface interface radar for gas leak
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detection.
• Heath Consultants Incorporated uses:
– Hydrogen flame ionization to test for trace leaks of methane and ethane.
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– Helium as a tracer gas (drain must be taken out of service for test).
Detection is by gas chromatography or gas/air differential density.
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• Tracer Research Corporation uses proprietary tracer gas injection for leak
detection.
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• West Coast Locators, Inc. uses helium as a tracer gas and hydrocarbon gas
detectors.
542 Joint/Localized Area Repairs

Visual inspection of an existing drain (by television or by personnel entering the
line) may indicate that the drain is basically in good condition but that many joints
or other isolated points are leaking. In this case, you should consider several
methods available for sealing or repairing only the joints or localized areas. The
various methods are summarized below.
All of the repair systems can be classified in several ways:
• By whether the repair is applied to the external or internal surfaces of the drain
line joint or local area.
• If the repair is internal, whether it is applied by workers actually entering the

drain (20 inches or larger) or by devices remotely controlled from the manholes
or from above ground.
• By the method of joint repair or sealing:
– Mechanical
– Foam grout or equivalent
For remotely controlled internal repairs, the operating system usually includes:
• Confirming and locating the leak.
• Cleaning of the affected surfaces.
• The actual sealing mechanism or procedure.
• Testing of the joint by pressure or vacuum before and after the joint repair.
If the line is large enough for worker entry, all of the above functions can be
performed manually.
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543 Internal Sealing Systems
If the drain line is buried, repair of drain line joints by internal access is preferable
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to external access. Access to the outside of the joint requires some excavation and
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disruption of ground level traffic.

• If the drain line has conveniently located manholes, these can be used as the
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primary access points.

• If the system does not have manholes, special access points must be excavated.
At the end of the work, these access points can be converted into system
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manholes or the drain line can be reconnected across the excavation.

Vendor claims vary for the lengths of drain line that can be worked on between
access openings. For remote controlled systems, this distance is limited by:
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• The available lengths of equipment control lines, cables, etc.

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• Certain features of the drain line such as direction changes, diameter changes,
etc.
For worker-accessible drain lines, the limitations are primarily safety (the maximum
distance from an access opening that it is safe for a person to work). Generally,
smaller diameter drains should have more closely spaced access points. Drains up to
approximately 30 inches in diameter:
• Require the worker to travel in the line on a dolly or carriage.
• Hinder assistance and rescue.
• Limit the flow of fresh air.
The location of leaking joints must be ascertained by some means.
• If ground water is leaking into the drain, the leak can probably be easily located
by worker entry or TV camera.
• If the drain is leaking into the ground, the leak may be difficult to locate by an
internal inspection. If the leakage is severe, complete sealing of all joints or of
every joint within a specified section should be considered.
Sealing systems offered by various vendors (listed alphabetically by trade name) are
discussed below.
AMEX-10
Vendor or Contractor Offering: Miller Pipeline Corp.
Method of Inspection: Visual
Method of Testing: Not indicated
Method of Repair: Mechanical
Accessibility: Worker entry
Size of Drain Limitations: Not indicated(1)
Claimed Distance Between Openings: Not indicated1
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(1) Presumed to be the same as Weko-Seal.
This sealing system is very similar to Weko-Seal with somewhat more sealing
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surfaces.
Seals are available in three widths of 10.2 inches, 14.4, and 25.6 inches. Seal mate-
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rial for:
• Gas and sewage is nitride-butadiene-rubber.
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• Potable water is EDPM-rubber.

Figure 500-22 shows a cross-section of an AMEX-10 seal.
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Fig. 500-22 Cross Section of an AMEX-10 Seal

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The manufacturer claims that these seals have been used to repair many types of
lines including ductile iron, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, PVC and other
synthetics, and concrete-lined steel.
Cues Reveal and Seal
Vendor or Contractor Offering: Cues, Inc.
Method of Inspection: Television camera
Method of Testing: Air or water pressure
Method of Repair: Grout
Accessibility: None (remote control only)
Size of Drain Limitations: Not indicated
Claimed Distance Between Openings: Not indicated
This system for non-accessible drain repair is completely controlled from the
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outside. The manufacturer claims it to be an integrated system for:
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• Inspection (by TV camera) for location of leaks.
• Placement of the special sealing packer (located by TV).
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• Pressure testing of the joint (by air or water).
• Injecting the chemical grout using the same hoses as for testing.
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• Testing again after the grouting.

• Inspection again by TV after the packer is removed.
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The manufacturer claims that bad joints in laterals coming into the drain can also be
sealed.
Details about how the system works are sketchy but apparently it is similar to the
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Cherne Industries system described below.

In-Weg
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Vendor or Contractor Offering: PLCS, Inc. (for installation)

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Method of Testing: Air/Water pressure

Size of Drain Limitations: 18" to 72" (or larger)
Claimed Distance Between Openings: Not stated (see below)
This seal is essentially identical to the Weko-Seal (see above). The In-Weg Seal was
developed in Europe and first used in 1964. PLCS, Inc. obtained a license to
distribute it in the USA.
For distance between openings, no claim is made but it would be comparable to the
Weko-Seal. The access distances depend more on the safety of workers than on the
design of the sealing system. On one job in Britain (a 24 inch drain line 6.2 km
long), sections of line 400 to 1500 meters long were repaired.
Weko-Seal
Vendor or Contractor Offering: Miller Pipeline Corporation
Method of Testing: Air pressure
Method of Repair: Mechanical
Size of Drain Limitations: 14"(?) to 144" and larger
Claimed Distance Between Openings: 5000 ft (this may be extreme)
This system uses a specially designed synthetic rubber (E.P.D.M.) seal with stain-
less steel retaining bands. Good surface cleaning and preparation of the internal pipe
surfaces is necessary to get a well-sealed joint. After this is done, the seal is manu-
ally placed in position across the joint to be sealed. Then stainless steel retaining
bands are fitted into place and expanded outward against the rubber seal. The
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completed seal can be air tested. The finished joint repair has a very low profile
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which optimizes flow characteristics.
Apparently, actual or potential leaks other than joints could also be sealed (e.g., a
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localized corroded area, deep pits, etc.) but the vendor’s literature does not address
this capability.
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• The standard Weko Seal can span gaps of up to 4½ inches

• An available extra wide seal can span 9 inches.
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• For wider gaps, special sleeves can be used.

• Weko seals have been installed on steel, cast iron, ductile iron, and reinforced
concrete pipe (lined and unlined).
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This seal was originally developed in Germany and was first used in Frankfurt in
1964. (See In-Weg Seal description above).
(Trade Name Not Given)
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Vendor or Contractor Offering: Cherne Industries Incorporated

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Method of Testing: Air/water pressure (see below)

Size of Drain limitations: 30" to 120" standard 
(custom sizes are available)
Claimed Distance Between Openings: None stated
This system uses a special testing/sealing ring placed manually across the joint. Two
“balloon” elements on either side of the joint opening are expanded by air pressure
against the inner surfaces of the pipe to form a seal on both sides. Then water is
pumped into the cavity:
• If the pressure rises and holds, the joint is considered good.
• If the pressure drops, it can be assumed that the water is leaking through the
joint and into the ground outside the joint.
If the joint needs sealing, grout is pumped into the same space to displace the water
and seal the joint. After the grout hardens, the joint can again be tested as before.
The type of grout used is not stated.
Grout can also be used to seal leaking joints in manholes by injection with a probe
to the back side of the manhole rings.
This system appears to be of Swiss origin.
Vendor or Contractor Offering: Cherne Industries, Inc.
Method of Inspection: TV camera
Method of Testing: Not indicated
Method of Repair: Grout (see below)
Accessibility: None (remote control only)
Size of Drain Limitations: Not indicated (would be for small lines)
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Claimed Distance Between Openings:
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This system is similar to Cues Reveal and Seal but more details are given. It uses a
remotely controlled TV camera to inspect and control the cleaning and repair work.
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Two seal mediums are used:
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• Urethane
• Vari Seal (various grouts)
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A special packer allows the joint to be tested before any work is done. The system
was developed in Switzerland.
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Vendor or Contractor Offering: Rodding/Cleaning Services Inc. (Agent
for Carylon Company)
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Method of Inspection: Internal TV camera

Method of Testing: Not specified
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Accessibility: Worker entry or remote TV
Size of Drain Limitations: Not specified; one case history was for
sizes up to 42"
Claimed Distance Between Openings: Not specified
This general services contractor does maintenance work on existing sewer and drain
lines. They offer:
• A remote-controlled TV inspection service.
• Cleaning of the drains by various means.
• Repair of leaks by several grouting methods.
The equipment used is not clearly specified and probably includes devices reviewed
elsewhere in this document.
544 External Repairs

As previously noted, external repair of a joint in a buried drain line requires that the
joint be excavated. Determination of which joints are leaking may be difficult.
• If ground water is infiltrating the drain, the locations of the leaks may not be
obvious.
• If the drain is leaking from the inside to the surrounding ground, there may be
some obvious indication such as drainage liquids coming to the surface.
For a line that gives some indication of 50% or more of joints leaking, standard
practice has been to excavate and seal all joints. Once the joint is uncovered
(depending on the type of joint), sealing will usually consist of:
• Some type of repair or replacement of the original seal, or
• Complete encapsulation of the joint.
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The drain line may be leaking somewhere other than the joints (for example, at a
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corroded/pitted area or the pipe section may be cracked). For these cases, uncov-
ering of the joints only will not suffice and the only alternative may be to uncover
the entire line. Such a procedure could approach or surpass the cost of complete line
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replacement.
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One advantage of external repair of joints (compared to internal methods) is that

usually the drain can remain in service during the repair.
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Materials and Methods Available

Miller Pipeline Corporation offers two joint sealing methods for use on bell and
spigot joints, on flanged or other mechanical-type joints, or on compression
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couplings:
• Encapseal uses a flexible, disposable fabric mold which encircles the leaking
joint. A two-part polyurethane mixture sealing medium is injected into the
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mold. For operating pressures up to 60 psi, various materials can be used for
the mold.
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• Millerseal is primarily intended for sealing leaking bell joints on cast iron
mains. It uses a polymeric sealing material with heat sensitive properties that is
mechanically squeezed into the leaking joint.
Either seal system can be used with the “slot” and vacuum excavation technique
which minimizes digging.
545 Complete Internal Relining

Several systems on the market install a new internal lining in a drain that is leaking
or is suspected to be leaking. Vendors or contractors involved in this work offer
various combinations of materials, equipment and services. These include:
• Testing or inspection devices or services to confirm and locate leaks in drains.
• Measuring the volume or rate of the leaks.
• Cleaning the drain (if necessary).
• Installing the lining and stopping the leaks.

• Testing and inspection to ascertain that the job is done well.
Most inspections use a closed circuit television camera. If the line to be inspected is
steel, magnetic flux current devices can be used to measure wall thickness, detect
corrosion pits, etc.
Cleaning is done by the use of scraping pigs pulled by a cable or pushed by
compressed air through the line.
Subsequent paragraphs describe various internal relining methods and identify
vendors/contractors offering these services.
Sliplining/Swagelining
Sliplining is a somewhat generic term for the process by which an internal liner
(usually of HDPE) is pulled or pushed into an existing installed drain.
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The inserted liner is slightly smaller in diameter than the existing drain, the OD/ID
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differences being sufficient to minimize installation friction between the two. In
most cases, the improved flow characteristics of the HDPE compared to the deterio-
rated original drain usually compensates for the reduced cross section.
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Insertec is a sliplining process offered by Miller Pipeline Corp. for “live” insertion
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(without taking the line out of service). It is intended primarily for relining gas
mains and appears to be of little use for drains. The slip-liner is pushed into the
main through a special fitting which holds pressure on the main. The information
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available is limited.
Phillips Driscopipe 9100 (offered by Miller Pipeline Corp) has been used for
relining of steel pipes from 2 to 30 inches in diameter. On one job, the pull lengths
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ranged from 100 ft to 3700 ft. Production averaged 1800 ft/day with a crew of 12.
The HDPE pipe sections are delivered to the site and fusion-butt welded together on
the job to form a continuous string for pulling into the drain to be relined. After
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insertion, the liner is pressurized and expanded against the inner wall of the steel
pipe. The liner is held in this position until it viscoelastically stress relieves itself
and accepts the expanded diameter as its permanent diameter. In some cases, hot
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water or steam can be used to assist this process.

Swagelining (offered by Dowell Schlumberger for drains of 3 to 24 inches in diam-
eter) is very similar to Driscopipe. The HDPE is heated and pulled through a
swaging die to reduce its diameter as it enters the steel pipe. As the in-place HDPE
liner cools, it expands to its original diameter to fit tightly against the steel. Service
laterals would have been located earlier by TV camera. After the Swagelining
process, openings at the laterals are cut out by a remote-controlled high pressure
water jet cutter.
Vendors/Contractors:
Dowell Schlumberger (Trade name: Swagelining)
Miller Pipeline Corp. (Trade names: Driscopipe 9100 and Insertec)
Plexco, Inc. (for sliplining material)
Rodding-Cleaning Services, Inc. (division of Carylon Corp.)
Insituform
This is a rather unique process for lining the inside of a deteriorated drain line. The
lining material is a polyester fiber felt tube impregnated with a thermosetting resin.
The liner is installed in the drain section by inverting (turning it inside out) with
hydrostatic water pressure. This pressure also forces the tube outward to mold itself
to the interior surfaces of the drain line. The resin is then cured by circulating and
heating the water. The resulting lining:
• Is molded tightly against the inner wall of the drain.
• Has a smooth interior surface with virtually no reduction in drain line ID but
improved flow characteristics.
The lining is installed manhole-to-manhole so access to the drain through perma-
nent or temporary manholes is necessary.
This system has been used on lines from 4 to 96 inches in diameter and in sections
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up to 2000 ft long. Even non-circular conduits (e.g., egg-shaped) can be lined in this
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way. The tube can negotiate direction changes in the drain up to 90 degrees. To
some extent, the lining will correct minor irregularities in the interior wall of the
existing drain because the hydrostatic pressure tends to force it outward slightly.
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The manufacturer also claims that the lining will strengthen the drain.
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After the lining is cured, lateral outlets are cut either manually (if the drain is large
enough to be accessible) or with special remote controlled cutting equipment.
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The system was developed in the United Kingdom in 1971 and brought to the USA
in 1977. More than 8 million feet of pipe have been relined in this way.
Figure 500-23 shows how the Insituform internal lining is installed.
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This semi-rigid form of HDPE can be used to reline bad drains by jacking it into the
old drain horizontally, section by section. The procedure requires an open pit long
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enough for the sections and the jacking equipment. Gaskets are used between the
sections. After each drain run between manholes is jacked into place, the annular
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space between the two pipes can be grouted.

The vendor claims that either Core Wall (smooth inside and outside) or Profile Wall
(smooth inside and corrugations outside) can be used. However, Core Wall would
apparently be easier to install and grout. A clearance of 5% of the Spirolite OD is
necessary for grouting.
Spirolite can also be used for relining circular section manholes.
XPANDIT
This is a method specifically designed to replace vitrified clay pipes (up to 20 inch
diameter) that are badly broken but not completely collapsed. Although intended for
clay drains, it presumably could also be used for plain concrete pipe (not rein-
forced), and probably even asbestos-cement (Transite) pipe.
Fig. 500-23 How Insituform Internal Lining is Installed
STAGE 1 STAGE 2
The resin saturated material is installed in the existing pipe Water from nearby hydrants, or other convenient source, is used
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through a manhole or other access point via an inversion stand- to fill the inversion standpipe. The force of the column of water
pipe and inversion elbow. The Insitutube is cuffed back and
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turns the wet-out Insitutube inside-out and into the pipe being
banded to the inversion elbow, creating a a closed system that reconstructed. As the Insitutube travels through the pipe, water
allows the water inversion process to take place. is continually added to maintain a constant pressure. The water
pressure keeps the Insitutube pressed tightly against the walls of
the old pipe.
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STAGE 3 STAGE 4
After the Insitutube reaches the termination point, the water in Once the Insitupipe has hardened and cooled, the water pres-
the line is circulated through a heat exchanger where it is heated sure is released and the ends are trimmed. Service connections
and returned to the Insitutube. The hot water cures the thermo- are reinstated internally with a remote control cutting device or
setting resin, causing it to harden into a structurally sound, joint- by man-entry techniques. The Insituform operation is then
less “pipe-within-a-pipe” an Insitupipe. completed, and the newly installed pipe is ready for immediate
use. All this is accomplished without excavation.
A specially designed head walks its way into the conduit of the existing clay pipe.
As the head advances:
• It expands to break the clay pipe and forces it out into the surrounding soil.
• It pulls the special design HDPE replacement pipe into place.
The replacement pipe can be the same size as the original clay line or even the next
larger size.
Vendor/Contractor: Miller Pipeline Corp.

Figure 500-24 shows the XPANDIT head in operation.
Fig. 500-24 The XPANDIT Head in Operation
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546 Complete Replacement
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One option for correcting a bad drain line is complete replacement. Generally, this
would be done only:
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• In the event of a major collapse or failure of the drain.

• If substantially greater flow capacity is also necessary.
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The required excavation, disruption of surface traffic, etc. are major disadvantages.
Replacement is effectively a new installation; relevant information is given else-
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where in this manual (for Material Considerations, refer to Section 539).
550 Containment and Leak Detection

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551 Introduction/Summary
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Some new drain installations require enhanced or absolute containment and/or

detection of leakage. Present state-of-the-art techniques include three broad and
general approaches:
• Double pipe systems. This concept uses concentric (pipe-within-a-pipe) designs
so that:
– The inner pipe is the actual liquid drain.
– The outer pipe will contain any leakage from the inner pipe.
• Troughs or trenches. This containment system consists of some type of trough
so that any leakage from the drain will be contained.
• Enhanced detection. If less than absolute containment is allowable, a high level
of detection capability can be used.
Appendix F (Secondary Containment for New Construction and Existing Facilities)

reviews the regulations, requirements, and recommendations for secondary contain-
ment in both new and existing facilities. It provides guidance on secondary contain-
ment for equipment that processes, conveys, and stores solids and liquids. The
general principles relating to secondary containment are reviewed, followed by
guidelines for specific cases. References are provided to direct the reader to the
appropriate environmental regulations. This appendix also provides example
designs typically used for both new construction and existing facilities. The reader
should review the Introduction, Legal Requirements, and Environmental Factors
sections of this appendix before proceeding to a specific section. Each of the
sections contain information on applicable regulations, recommendations for
secondary containment in absence of regulations, and a discussion on designs for
both new and existing facilities.
552 Double Pipe Systems
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Double wall pipe systems use the inner pipe as the actual drain (carrier) and the
outer pipe as the containment. Construction can be of almost any of the listed pipe
materials. Different materials usually have different thermal coefficients of expan-
sion. Therefore, it is more common to use the same material for both pipes. For two-
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material systems, the most common combination is steel for the carrier and fiber-
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glass for the containment.

Expansion can be handled by flexibility or by restraint. For carrier/containment
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pipes differing by only one standard pipe size, it is difficult to adjust lengths for a
proper fit and still allow for the required expansion. The annular space between the
two pipes will need supports and guides. A different approach (especially in the
proprietary systems) is to restrain the movement, creating tension or compression in
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the components. This is acceptable if the stress levels are within allowable limits.
Hydrostatic testing of the inner/outer pipes can be complicated. The better systems
allow for complete assembly and testing of the inner pipe before the outer pipe is
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installed over it.

These double pipe system designs assume provision for leakage detection (from the
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inner drain pipe to the outer containment pipe) either continuously or intermittently
(refer to Section 554).
For comprehensive containment protection, double walls would also be required at
manholes, catch basins, etc.
Carbon Steel Double Pipes

Carbon steel double containment drain systems are in use. The design is similar to
that used for jacketed lines carrying liquid sulphur which contain steam in the
annular space. Fabrication and assembly is very difficult and costly. Carbon steel
would be preferable to some of the other materials only if its higher temperature
characteristics or pressure-retaining capabilities are necessary.
Proprietary Systems
Several partially pre-assembled double pipe systems are on the market as proprie-
tary designs. Most of these systems use fiberglass pipe. Available technology seems
to be limited to a maximum size of about 12 inches/16 inches (inner/outer) pipe.
Since each of the proprietary systems available are somewhat different in design,
they will be reviewed here by name.
Ameron—Fiberglass Pipe Division

This vendor offers something very similar to the Fibercast system, also in fiberglass
but in sizes only up to 4 inches/6 inches. Its target market appears to be fuel systems
of small terminals and service stations rather than drain systems. The sealing system
of the outer pipe seems to be simpler and easier to install than Fibercast but it may
not be as secure in containment.
Containment Technologies Corporation
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This company offers secondary containment piping fittings referred to as a “clam-
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shell”, snap-on design. The tees, ells, etc., are formed in two halves which are
hinged and wrapped around the carrier pipe fitting to be enclosed and then secured
mechanically by connector rods and band clamps. Sealing of the two halves of the
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clamshells and to the straight sections of containment pipe is by gaskets imbedded
in the two halves. The clamshells are HDPE. For the straight runs of containment
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pipe, regular plastic pipe is used. Figure 500-25 shows several fittings.
The largest size of containment fittings available is 6 inches for enclosing 4 inch
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carrier pipe. As with Ameron, it is geared more to containment of fuel piping

systems.
Although the containment system is tested to 5 psi after installation, the vendor does
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not claim it to be a pressure-containing system. It is expected that any leaks from

the carrier pipe into the containment system would flow by gravity and at atmo-
spheric pressure to a low point for detection.
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The carrier pipe can be any material (steel, fiberglass, etc.). It is installed in the
usual way and can be pressure tested before the containment system is closed up
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around it.
This system appears to be easier and quicker to install than some of the others but it
may be less secure. The manufacturer claims that it is reusable (if changes or repairs
are needed on the carrier pipe system, the fittings can be disassembled and reassem-
bled).
Note that there is no specific provision for differential expansion and contraction of
the inner and outer pipe systems; some care would be needed in assembly to give it
the required flexibility.
This vendor also offers plastic HDPE sumps for use with the containment system to
collect and detect any leakage retained in the containment piping. Detection devices
can also be used in the pipe.
Fig. 500-25 Five Containment Pipe Fittings
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Fibercast “Dualcast”
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This system is fabricated entirely of fiberglass. Various materials in the fiberglass

family can be used. All components offered for the double containment systems are
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specially fabricated for that purpose including pipe lengths, couplings, ells, tees,
wyes, and drain traps. The sizes available are:
• Carrier pipe: 1 inch to 12 inches
• Containment pipe: 3 inches to 16 inches
All connections are by close-fit sockets and joint adhesive. Fabrication and
assembly appears to be quite complicated. Some field cut and fit work may be
possible but most pieces are prefabricated (including pipes cut to length) before the
field assembly work is done. Pressure and temperature ratings normally conform to
fiberglass piping limits. The containment pipe is rated up to 150 psi.
As with all double pipe systems, careful consideration must be given to differential
thermal expansion of the carrier and containment pipe. Generally, this system
restrains such movement in the components but minor movement of the inner pipe
within the outer pipe can be allowed.
The system allows the use of leak detection devices (either cable or single point) in
the annular space between pipes but Fibercast does not provide this equipment.
Hydrostatic testing of this system is very difficult. The vendor’s procedure must be
fully understood and carefully followed. Even so, it is likely that some joints will
not be observable during testing and leaks could be missed.
The Fibercast system should be considered for:
• Installations demanding the most absolutely tight system.
• Handling of special liquids (such as laboratory drainage).
Ryan Herco Products Corporation

This vendor offers several types of double containment piping systems.
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Polyethylene double containment fittings in sizes up to 4 inches are available.
Expansion/contraction allowances are less critical with PE because it is less rigid
and will flex to some extent.
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Clear PVC is available in sizes up to 6 inches. Clear PVC allows leaks from the
inner pipe to be visible, thereby possibly eliminating the need for detection devices
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if the drain is above ground.

Split pipe and fittings allow testing of the carrier pipe before the outer pipe is
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installed. This can also be used for retrofitting existing systems. Bolt-on fittings in
sizes up to 16 inches are also available for retrofit applications.
Smith Fiberglass (Representative: Ryan Herco)

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This system also uses fiberglass. The joints can be threaded as well as bonded.
Outer containment fittings:
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• For pipe sizes 10 to 16 inches are split longitudinally. After testing of the inner
pipe, they are joined with resin and fiberglass.
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• For pipe sizes 2 to 8 inches are bolted on. These are easier to install but prob-
ably not as secure against leaks.
The manufacturer’s catalog shows a maximum size of 16 inches. It seems possible
that sizes larger than 16 inches could be used.
Total Containment, Inc.

This vendor’s system is similar to the others. A separate containment system is
installed over the carrier pipe which can be steel, fiberglass or other material.
However, the fittings (ells, tees, etc.) are one-piece units so they must be in place
before the carrier pipe is joined.
Another difference is that they provide “telescoping” (flexible corrugated polyeth-
ylene) pipe sections for the straight runs of the containment system. These must also
be in place before the inner pipe is welded. All connections of the outer pipe system
are made mechanically by stainless steel clamps and seals. After assembly, the
containment can be pressure tested using air or water.
No indication is given of sizes available but it seems to be a maximum of 3 to
4 inches.
Figure 500-26 shows the relative leakage potential of double pipe containment
systems.
Fig. 500-26 Relative Leakage Potential of Double Pipe Containment Systems
Relative Leakage
Potential
Double Pipe Containment Systems 1 to 5(1)
Ameron 2-3
Carbon Steel double pipes 1(2)
Containment Technology Corporation with “clamshell fittings” 3
Fiberglass “Dual-Cast” 1
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Ryan Herco Products Corporation
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Smith Fiberglass
– with resin bonding 2
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– Fiberglass “Dual-Cast” 3
– threaded 4
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Total Containment Incorporated 3

Note For this evaluation to be valid, double pipe systems must be properly installed in accordance with the manufac-
turer’s recommendations.
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This evaluation refers generally to the security of the outer containment pipe. For relative security of pipe materials in
general, refer to the “Drain Pipe Materials” tabulation (Figure 500-18).
(2) Assumes external coating on outer containment pipe.
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553 Trough Containment

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A trough can be installed under one or more drain lines to catch and contain any
leakage from the drains. Such a trough:
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• Will operate at atmospheric pressure.

• Will most likely have some type of cover.
• May be backfilled with some material such as sand or pea gravel to avoid
creation of a hazardous air-hydrocarbon vapor mixture.
As with double pipe systems, consistent secondary containment would require
specially equipped manholes, catch basins, etc.
After assembly, a trough can be tested by filling it with water. Present EPA regula-
tions require double pipe containment systems to be tested for leaks regularly after
usage. At present, such testing is not required for trough containment systems.
A major advantage of the use of troughs versus double pipes for secondary contain-
ment is that all lines within the trough can be completely assembled and tested
before backfilling.
Leak detection devices or test location points are installed at low points in the
trough. A leak from any of the lines in the trough will be detected. For easier loca-
tion of leaks, detection devices can be installed at many places in the system.
Generally, a trough system would cost less than a double pipe system only if two or
more drain lines can be contained in the same trough. Therefore, the relative costs
of troughs versus double containment pipes should be investigated for each installa-
tion.
Several proprietary secondary containment systems use troughs. Most of these
troughs are made of fiberglass. Such systems are being promoted for containment of
regular hydrocarbon lines (not necessarily drain lines) at service stations, bulk
plants, etc.
The fiberglass troughs have a snug-fitting cover nominally to keep out rain and
surface drainage. The interior of the trough (around the pipe or pipes contained) is
filled with a granular material such as pea gravel. Pipe expansion/contraction move-
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ments caused by temperature changes are absorbed by the gravel.
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Although fiberglass troughs are designed mainly for underground installation, they
can be used for above-ground drains (even in a pipe rack). Pipe rack installations
would probably not be backfilled with pea gravel because of the added weight.
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Another method of “trough” containment is the use of reinforced flexible synthetic
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trench liner such as a thermoplastic elastomer sheeting, polyurethane rubber, or

polyethylene. This material would line the excavated ditch and be suitably back-
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filled after the drain line is installed. The installation procedure requires special
attention:
• The bare trench must not contain sharp rocks or other material that could
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damage the liner.

• Joints between sheeting sections must be carefully sealed to prevent leaks.
Detection devices can be installed at low points as with the fiberglass troughs.
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Other materials (such as concrete) can be used for the trough. The use of a concrete
trough solely for secondary containment of one drain line may not be cost effective.
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However, an open trench storm drain system could be used as secondary contain-
ment for hydrocarbon drain pipes placed in it. The concrete trough would not have a
cover and would not be backfilled with granular material. If enhanced containment
capability of the secondary (storm drain) system is required, it can be lined with
fiberglass resin as is done on flat slabs (refer to Section 523).
Fiber-Trench Inc.
This vendor uses rectangular U-shaped modular fiberglass units which can contain
one or more pipelines. Standard sizes up to 30 inches wide are available; larger
troughs can be made on special order. Tee-shapes, ells, crosses, and other forms are
also available.
Special sections (for installation at low points in the system) have sumps for leak
detection monitors. Joints between sections are retained mechanically by aluminum
pop rivets and sealed with resin glues and fiberglass. This vendor also offers sumps
and underground tank top containment units for use with the containment troughs.
Figure 500-27 shows:
• Several typical cross sections of Fiber-Trench troughs with piping installed.
• A monitoring well for leak checking.
• A cross section of a riveted and sealed joint.
Fig. 500-27 Fiber-Trench Trough Sections
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MCP Containment Systems

This company offers flexible trench liner materials in reinforced polyurethane
rubbers, polyethylene, and other materials. Edge-to-edge joining of the material is
accomplished by a glued “zipper”-type connection.
Western Fiberglass Inc.

This vendor offers a containment system of fiberglass troughs very similar to Fiber-
Trench except that the sections are half-elliptical in shape instead of rectangular.
The manufacturer claims that this shape is better because any leakage will collect at
the bottom center of the trough for more precise detection.
The system has a water/vapor tight fiberglass lid. The largest standard size trench
cross section is 32 inches wide by 18 inches deep. Straight sections are 20' long.
Ells, tees, sumps, drip boxes, tank pits, etc. are also available.
Figure 500-28 shows Western Fiberglass trough sections including a typical leak
monitoring well.
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Figure 500-29 shows relative leakage potential of trough-type containment mate-
rials.
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Fig. 500-28 Western Fiberglass Trough Sections
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Fig. 500-29 Relative Leakage Potential of Trough-type Containment Materials

Relative Leakage
Potential
Trough-Type Containment 1 to 5(1)
Concrete Trench:
– Bare concrete 4
– Lined with fiberglass 1
Fiberglass:
– Fiber-Trench Inc. 1-2
– Western Fiberglass, Inc. 1-2
Flexible Membrane:
– MCP Containment Systems 2
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554 Leakage Detection Systems
The design of any new drain installation should consider the addition of a detection
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system.
• For a double pipe containment system, the leakage detectors would be installed
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in the annular space between the two pipes.

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• For a trough containment system, the leakage detectors would be placed at one
or more low points in the system.
For either system, the leak detectors could be continuous cables or probes. For
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enhanced detection only (no containment), refer to Section 555.

Many types of leakage detectors are on the market. Some of these devices depend
on detection of leakage of the material normally carried in the line:
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• If the drain material is volatile (such as a gas) and would normally rise to the
surface, the detector must be placed:
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– Somewhere in the ground near the drain, or

– Between the drain and the surface, or
– At the surface.
• If the drain material is a liquid, it would normally go down so the detectors
must be located somewhere below the drain.
Some systems depend on a trace gas such as helium being injected into the drain;
leaks are detected by a specific sensor.
Some vendors offer a complete double containment package with a detection
system.
Leakage detectors have various principles of operation. These include:

• Closure of electrical circuit contacts (usually by liquid in the drain material).
Such closure could occur by:
– The drain liquid short-circuiting the contacts.
– The drain liquid dissolving a material separating the spring-loaded
contacts.
– Liquid-induced swelling of some material forcing the contacts together.
• Detection of hydrocarbons (liquid or vapor) by various means.
• Detection of level of a liquid which has drained into a catchment volume.
• Sensing the presence of a foreign fluid (gas or liquid) based on changes in the
electrical characteristics of the sensor (cable or probe) from a base (no-leak)
standard.
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Each vendor’s system must be evaluated to determine its suitability for use in a
proposed new drain.
In some systems, a component degrades to cause the alarm. If this happens, replace-
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ment of some parts would be necessary for continued use of the system (See TCI
Leak Detection System). The physical installation must allow for easy replacement.
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Sonic detectors are useful for locating leaks in high pressure piping. For drain
piping, sonic detectors would probably be ineffective because of the relatively low
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exit velocity of the leaking material.
Bacharach Inc.
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This vendor offers only detectors for continuous monitoring for gas leaks.
LASP (Teledyne Control Applications)

This system uses a special sensor tubing approximately 1/2 inch in diameter. This
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tubing is installed in the trench near the line or drain to be monitored. Sensing
depends on diffusion of hydrocarbon vapors through the wall of the tubing into the
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interior.
• The “inlet” end of the tube is fitted with an air dryer unit.
• The “exhaust” end of the tube is fitted with a vacuum pump and a gas detector.
As dry air is pulled through the tube, the gas detector unit continuously compares
the passing sample to previous “base level” samples. If hydrocarbon is leaking into
the tube, the detector triggers an alarm. The sensor tube wall is impervious to water
so only hydrocarbon leaks will be detected.
The system can monitor line lengths of 5 to 10 miles. However, time-to-alarm is
dependent on travel distance in the tube so shorter lengths may be advisable.
The manufacturer offers two versions of the system:
• Continuous monitoring provides rapid leak detection and alarm.
• Intermittent monitoring can be used to pinpoint the location of a leak.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation

This vendor offers a very simple flexible dipstick for detecting presence of water in
a containment. The dipstick is coated with a water-finding paste.
Ronan Engineering Company

This vendor offers:
• A level detector (float switch) system for installation in low points of a double
pipe system or a containment trough.
• Hydrocarbon vapor detectors (solid state diffusion-type).
• Several detector systems for loss of pressure (for example, in a pressurized
annulus of a double wall pipe or tank).
TCI Leak Detection System (Total Containment, Inc.)
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This leak detection system is similar to Leak-X but is offered in conjunction with
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TCI’s double pipe secondary containment system. The manufacturer claims that the
system can detect:
• Leaks in underground monitoring wells, double wall tanks, double wall piping,
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and similar applications.
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• The presence of liquid hydrocarbons, a variety of hazardous chemicals, and

water.
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Audible and visible alarms are given.

• For detection of hydrocarbons, two electrical conductors are sheathed with
insulation jackets that will dissolve in hydrocarbons. This dissolution causes the
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conductor wires to make contact, signaling the alarms. Disadvantage of this

system: hydrocarbon dissolution permanently damages the sensor cable which
must be replaced.
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• For water detection, the sensor cable can be equipped with an optional water-
sensitive probe.
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TraceTek (Raychem Corporation)

This system is used primarily for monitoring leaks in double pipe or trench-type
double containment systems. Its use with direct-burial drains would appear to be
limited.
A detector cable is installed in the outer pipe of a double pipe system or on the
bottom of a containment trench. Depending on the type of liquid likely to leak, one
or more of three types of cables can be used for detection of:
• Water leaks
• Aqueous liquids (acids, bases, and water)
• Fuels and solvents (hydrocarbons)
Each type of cable operates on the principle of electrical circuit completion causing
an alarm. The hydrocarbon detector cable uses a swellable conductive polymer to
mechanically close the circuit. All cables contain extra wires for continuity checks
and testing.
The manufacturer claims that in addition to determining that a leak exists, the loca-
tion of such leak along the length of a cable can be determined by the instrumenta-
tion provided.
Universal Sensors and Devices

This vendor offers liquid and vapor sensing probes for underground tanks and
double containment piping. The sensors available include:
• A thermal element capable of detecting the presence of any liquid.
• A metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) that recognizes the presence of most
combustible and organic gases.
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W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc.
This vendor offers leak detection cables for installation in the drain system to be
monitored. The system can detect leaks of water-based or hydrocarbon liquids.
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Absorption of hydrocarbons by the cable insulation alters the cable’s capacitance,
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characteristic impedance, and propagation speed. The change in capacitance indi-

cates a leak.
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Figure 500-30 shows detection effectiveness of permanent leak detection systems;

Figure 500-31 shows detection effectiveness of temporary leak detection systems.
Fig. 500-30 Detection Effectiveness of Permanent (Installed) Leak Detection Systems
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Detection Effectiveness
Permanent (Installed)
Leak Detection Systems (1) 1 to 5 (2)
Bacharach Inc. For gas leaks
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only
LASP (Teledyne Control) 2-3
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Owens-Corning 5
Ronan Engineering Company 4
Total Containment, Inc. (3) 3-4
TraceTek 1-2
Universal Sensors 3-4
W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc. 3-4
(1) These systems are designed for installation in a new drain system or for retrofitting to an
existing drain system for continuous or intermittent monitoring of leaks.
(3) The Total Containment system includes insulation which degrades to indicate a leak. After a
leak indication, the degraded parts must be replaced.
Fig. 500-31 Detection Effectiveness of Temporary (Non-installed) Leak Detection Systems

Detection Effectiveness
Temporary (Non-Installed)
Leak Detection Systems (1) 1 to 5 (2)
Environmental Instruments Co. 2-3
Geophysical Survey Systems Inc. 4
Heath Consultants Inc. 2-3
Tracer Research Corp. 1
West Coast Locators, Inc. 3-4
(1) These systems are meant to detect drain leaks by methods or equipment not permanently
installed (by detection of fluids normally in the drain or by means of a tracer gas injected
specially for the purpose).
555 Enhanced Detection Only

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In some cases, it may be preferable to install a drain with enhanced detection but no
secondary containment. If leakage occurs, it is not contained but is detected at an
early stage so that corrective measures can be taken. The degree of protection
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achieved falls between drains with no leak detection and those with both detection
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and extra containment.

For enhanced detection:
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• Detectors are installed along the underside of the drain line, at manholes, etc.
Generally, continuous-cable-type detectors are more effective than spot-type
detectors.
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• With no secondary containment, leakage and ground contamination can occur

anywhere. For comprehensive coverage and prompt warning of leaks, more
detection points must be installed than for a double containment system.
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560 Evaluation of Drainage Systems

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561 General Evaluation

This section:
• Evaluates drainage and detection systems, materials, etc.
• Categorizes them to indicate several degrees of protection.
Generally:
• The most secure system will probably be the most expensive.
• The less secure systems will probably cost less.
For a new drainage system, the first design consideration must be what level of
assurance is required that the system will not leak. To facilitate this, a hierarchy
system has been established as follows:
Degree 1: (System absolutely must not leak to the environment.)

• A “bulletproof” design.
• Must be almost 100% good for all possible services (can handle virtually all
types of drainage liquids it could receive).
• Includes continuously operating leak detection devices with alarms.
• Cost of installation and maintenance is virtually no object.
Degree 3: (Integrity somewhat less than Degree 1 but has many of the same
features.)
• Detection devices installed or installable on site when needed but not neces-
sarily monitored continuously.
Degree 5: (Least expensive option.)
•
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Installation will satisfy most requirements at moderate cost.
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• If leak testing is required, it must be done by means not permanently installed.
Degrees 2 and 4 are intermediate categories which have some of the features of the
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categories on either side.
The hierarchy system described above is used to express current opinion about the
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integrity of several elements of a drain system.

Note that the evaluations herein do not compare costs of alternative materials or
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systems. A final decision on which to use must be based on a risk analysis and cost
comparison as well as the evaluations listed here.
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562 Recommended Procedure for New Drain Selection

1. Select degree of integrity required, considering:
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– Drainage material handled.

– Location of drain.
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– Environmental consequences of a leak, etc.

2. Select suitable materials:
– Eliminate non-candidates.
– Observe limiting factors (e.g., sizes available).
– Compare costs.
3. For drain material selected, select suitable joint type. Consider:
– Degree of integrity required.
– Cost.
4. If secondary containment is required, select method of containment.
5. If leak detection is required, select system.
A final selection of all components of the drain system may require more than one
iteration of the above steps.
570 Miscellaneous Data
571 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

Symbols
Acronyms of Organizations and Codes
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

API American Petroleum Institute
AREA American Railway Engineering Association
AWWA American Water Works Association
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
UBC Uniform Building Code
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UPC Uniform Plumbing Code
USGS United States Geological Survey
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572 Rainfall Data
at
This Section gives tables of rainfall intensity versus duration and frequency for the
locations listed below. The data in Figure 500-32 were derived from the informa-
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tion in References [26], [27], and [28].

California. Bakersfield/Cymric/McKittrick/Kern River/Taft, 
El Segundo, Gaviota, Richmond
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Colorado. Rangely
Hawaii. Barbers Point/Honolulu
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Louisiana. Venice/Leeville/Oak Point/Morgan City/Cameron 

(combined with Orange/Port Arthur, Texas)
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Mississippi. Pascagoula
New Jersey. Perth Amboy
Ohio. Marietta
Oregon. Willbridge
Pennsylvania. Philadelphia
Texas. Cedar Bayou/Houston/Mont Belvieu, El Paso, Orange/Port Arthur
Utah. Salt Lake City
Washington. Kennewick
Wyoming. Evanston, Rock Springs
573 Model Specification

CIV-MS-4747 Construction of Underground Drainage Systems is located in the
Specification section of this manual.
574 Standard Drawings and Engineering Forms

You can use the following standard drawings and engineering forms as part of your
bid package or just to help generate ideas. These are located in the Standard Draw-
ings and Forms section.
CIV-EF-411 Manholes For Drainage System
CIV-EF-611 Drainage Details
GD-S99992 Standard Fabricated Steel Catch Basin
GF-S99943 Design/Construction Details for Sumps, Pump Foundations and
Drainage Surfaces in Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Service
Fig. 500-32 Rainfall Tables (1 of 9)
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BAKERSFIELD/CYMRIC/MCKITTRICK/
KERN RIVER/TAFT, CALIFORNIA EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA
Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.) Rainfall Intensity (in./hr.)
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Return Period Return Period
Duration Duration
(min). 5-yr. 10-yr. 25-yr. (min.) 5-yr. 10-yr. 25-yr.
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5.0 1.06 1.29 1.56 5.0 2.37 2.92 3.57

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5.5 1.03 1.25 1.51 5.5 2.29 2.83 3.45

6.0 1.00 1.21 1.46 6.0 2.22 2.74 3.34
6.5 0.97 1.18 1.42 6.5 2.16 2.66 3.25
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7.0 0.94 1.15 1.38 7.0 2.10 2.59 3.16

7.5 0.92 1.12 1.35 7.5 2.05 2.53 3.08
8.0 0.90 1.09 1.32 8.0 2.00 2.47 3.01
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8.5 0.88 1.07 1.29 8.5 1.96 2.41 2.95

9.0 0.86 1.05 1.26 9.0 1.92 2.36 2.88
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9.5 0.84 1.02 1.24 9.5 1.88 2.31 2.82

10.0 0.83 1.00 1.21 10.0 1.84 2.27 2.77
11.0 0.80 0.97 1.17 11.0 1.77 2.19 2.67
12.0 0.77 0.93 1.13 12.0 1.71 2.11 2.57
13.0 0.74 0.90 1.09 13.0 1.66 2.04 2.49
14.0 0.72 0.87 1.06 14.0 1.60 1.98 2.41
15.0 0.70 0.85 1.02 15.0 1.56 1.92 2.34
20.0 0.61 0.74 0.89 20.0 1.35 1.67 2.04
25.0 0.54 0.65 0.79 25.0 1.20 1.48 1.81
30.0 0.48 0.59 0.71 30.0 1.08 1.33 1.62
40.0 0.40 0.49 0.59 40.0 0.90 1.10 1.35
50.0 0.35 0.42 0.51 50.0 0.77 0.95 1.16
60.0 0.31 0.37 0.45 60.0 0.68 0.84 1.03

GAVIOTA, CALIFORNIA RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA
Duration Duration
(min.) 5-yr. 10-yr. 25-yr. (min.) 5-yr. 10-yr. 25-yr.
5.0 2.91 3.49 4.16 5.0 1.94 2.30 2.70
5.5 2.81 3.37 4.02 5.5 1.88 2.22 2.61
6.0 2.72 3.27 3.89 6.0 1.82 2.15 2.53
6.5 2.65 3.17 3.78 6.5 1.77 2.09 2.46
7.0 2.58 3.09 3.68 7.0 1.72 2.04 2.39
7.5 2.51 3.01 3.59 7.5 1.68 1.99 2.33
8.0 2.45 2.94 3.51 8.0 1.64 1.94 2.28
8.5 2.40 2.88 3.43 8.5 1.61 1.90 2.23
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9.0 2.35 2.82 3.36
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9.0 1.57 1.86 2.18
9.5 2.30 2.76 3.29 9.5 1.54 1.82 2.14
10.0 2.26 2.71 3.23 10.0 1.51 1.78 2.09
e
11.0 2.17 2.61 3.11 11.0 1.45 1.72 2.02
12.0 2.10 2.52 3.00 12.0 1.40 1.66 1.95
at
13.0 2.03 2.43 2.90 13.0 1.36 1.60 1.88

14.0 1.96 2.36 2.81 14.0 1.31 1.55 1.82
M
15.0 1.90 2.29 2.72 15.0 1.27 1.51 1.77

20.0 1.66 1.99 2.37 20.0 1.11 1.31 1.54
25.0 1.47 1.76 2.10 25.0 0.98 1.16 1.36
ed
30.0 1.32 1.58 1.89 30.0 0.88 1.04 1.23

40.0 1.10 1.32 1.57 40.0 0.73 0.87 1.02
at
50.0 0.94 1.13 1.35 50.0 0.63 0.74 0.87

60.0 0.84 1.00 1.19 60.0 0.56 0.66 0.78
D

RANGELY, COLORADO BARBERS POINT, HAWAII
Duration Duration
5.0 2.40 2.74 3.10 5.0 3.49 5.65 6.97
5.5 2.32 2.64 3.00 5.5 3.37 5.46 6.75
6.0 2.25 2.56 2.91 6.0 3.28 5.31 6.56
6.5 2.19 2.49 2.82 6.5 3.20 5.18 6.39
7.0 2.13 2.42 2.75 7.0 3.12 5.06 6.25
7.5 2.08 2.36 2.68 7.5 3.06 4.95 6.11
8.0 2.03 2.31 2.62 8.0 3.00 4.85 5.99
8.5 1.98 2.26 2.56 8.5 2.94 4.76 5.88
l
9.0 1.94 2.21 2.51 9.0
ria 2.89 4.67 5.77
9.5 1.90 2.17 2.45 9.5 2.83 4.59 5.67
10.0 1.86 2.12 2.41 10.0 2.79 4.51 5.57
e
11.0 1.79 2.04 2.32 11.0 2.69 4.36 5.39
12.0 1.73 1.97 2.24 12.0 2.61 4.22 5.21
at
13.0 1.67 1.91 2.16 13.0 2.52 4.09 5.05

14.0 1.62 1.85 2.10 14.0 2.45 3.96 4.89
M
15.0 1.57 1.79 2.03 15.0 2.37 3.84 4.74

20.0 1.37 1.56 1.77 20.0 2.04 3.31 4.09
25.0 1.21 1.38 1.57 25.0 1.78 2.88 3.56
ed
30.0 1.09 1.24 1.41 30.0 1.57 2.54 3.14

40.0 0.91 1.03 1.17 40.0 1.29 2.08 2.57
at
50.0 0.78 0.89 1.01 50.0 1.14 1.85 2.28

60.0 0.69 0.79 0.89 60.0 1.10 1.78 2.20
D

PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI PERTH AMBOY, NEW JERSEY
Duration Duration
5.0 7.39 8.24 9.33 5.0 5.79 6.64 7.72
5.5 7.32 8.19 9.28 5.5 5.64 6.48 7.56
6.0 7.23 8.09 9.19 6.0 5.49 6.33 7.40
6.5 7.11 7.97 9.06 6.5 5.36 6.19 7.25
7.0 6.99 7.83 8.91 7.0 5.23 6.05 7.09
7.5 6.86 7.69 8.75 7.5 5.10 5.92 6.95
8.0 6.73 7.55 8.59 8.0 4.99 5.79 6.81
8.5 6.61 7.41 8.43 8.5 4.87 5.67 6.67
l
9.0 6.48 7.27 8.27
ria
9.0 4.77 5.55 6.54
9.5 6.36 7.14 8.12 9.5 4.67 5.44 6.42
10.0 6.25 7.01 7.97 10.0 4.57 5.33 6.30
e
11.0 6.03 6.77 7.70 11.0 4.40 5.13 6.07
12.0 5.84 6.55 7.45 12.0 4.24 4.95 5.86
at
13.0 5.66 6.35 7.23 13.0 4.09 4.79 5.67

14.0 5.50 6.17 7.03 14.0 3.95 4.63 5.49
M
15.0 5.35 6.01 6.85 15.0 3.83 4.49 5.33

20.0 4.78 5.40 6.19 20.0 3.32 3.91 4.65
25.0 4.40 5.00 5.77 25.0 2.95 3.48 4.15
ed
30.0 4.11 4.71 5.47 30.0 2.66 3.15 3.76

40.0 3.66 4.23 4.97 40.0 2.25 2.66 3.19
at
50.0 3.24 3.76 4.43 50.0 1.95 2.31 2.77

60.0 2.80 3.24 3.80 60.0 1.72 2.04 2.45
D

MARIETTA, OHIO WILLBRIDGE, OREGON
Duration Duration
5.0 5.71 6.51 7.52 5.0 1.11 1.21 1.32
5.5 5.55 6.34 7.34 5.5 1.07 1.17 1.27
6.0 5.39 6.18 7.17 6.0 1.04 1.14 1.23
6.5 5.26 6.03 7.02 6.5 1.01 1.10 1.20
7.0 5.13 5.90 6.87 7.0 0.98 1.08 1.17
7.5 5.01 5.77 6.73 7.5 0.96 1.05 1.14
8.0 4.90 5.64 6.60 8.0 0.94 1.02 1.11
8.5 4.79 5.53 6.47 8.5 0.92 1.00 1.09
l
9.0 4.69 5.42 6.34 9.0
ria 0.90 0.98 1.06
9.5 4.59 5.31 6.23 9.5 0.88 0.96 1.04
10.0 4.50 5.21 6.11 10.0 0.86 0.94 1.02
e
11.0 4.33 5.02 5.90 11.0 0.83 0.91 0.98
12.0 4.17 4.84 5.70 12.0 0.80 0.88 0.95
at
13.0 4.03 4.68 5.51 13.0 0.77 0.85 0.92

14.0 3.89 4.53 5.33 14.0 0.75 0.82 0.89
M
15.0 3.76 4.38 5.17 15.0 0.73 0.80 0.86

20.0 3.23 3.77 4.46 20.0 0.63 0.69 0.75
25.0 2.82 3.31 3.92 25.0 0.56 0.61 0.67
ed
30.0 2.51 2.94 3.49 30.0 0.50 0.55 0.60

40.0 2.05 2.41 2.88 40.0 0.42 0.46 0.50
at
50.0 1.76 2.07 2.48 50.0 0.36 0.39 0.43

60.0 1.58 1.86 2.22 60.0 0.32 0.35 0.38
D

ORANGE/PORT ARTHUR, TEXAS AND ST.
JAMES/VENICE/LEEVILLE/OAK POINT/MORGAN-
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA CITY/CAMERON, LOUISIANA
Duration Duration
5.0 5.96 6.81 7.89 5.0 7.49 8.38 9.51
5.5 5.81 6.66 7.75 5.5 7.45 8.35 9.49
6.0 5.66 6.52 7.61 6.0 7.38 8.28 9.41
6.5 5.53 6.38 7.47 6.5 7.29 8.17 9.30
7.0 5.40 6.25 7.33 7.0 7.18 8.06 9.17
7.5 5.28 6.12 7.19 7.5 7.07 7.93 9.02
l
8.0 5.17 6.00 7.06 8.0 6.96 7.80 8.87
ria
8.5 5.06 5.89 6.93 8.5 6.84 7.67 8.71
9.0 4.96 5.77 6.81 9.0 6.73 7.53 8.56
9.5 4.86 5.66 6.69 9.5 6.61 7.41 8.41
e
10.0 4.76 5.56 6.58 10.0 6.51 7.28 8.27
at
11.0 4.59 5.36 6.35 11.0 6.30 7.05 8.00

12.0 4.42 5.18 6.15 12.0 6.11 6.83 7.75
M
13.0 4.27 5.01 5.95 13.0 5.93 6.63 7.53

14.0 4.13 4.85 5.77 14.0 5.77 6.45 7.33
15.0 4.00 4.71 5.60 15.0 5.62 6.29 7.14
ed
20.0 3.46 4.09 4.89 20.0 5.02 5.65 6.46

25.0 3.06 3.62 4.34 25.0 4.60 5.22 6.01
30.0 2.74 3.26 3.91 30.0 4.28 4.90 5.69
at
40.0 2.29 2.72 3.27 40.0 3.77 4.38 5.14

50.0 1.98 2.36 2.84 50.0 3.34 3.89 4.59
D
60.0 1.76 2.10 2.53 60.0 2.90 3.36 3.94

HOUSTON/BAYTOWN/CEDAR BAYOU/MONT BELVIEU,
EL PASO, TEXAS TEXAS
Duration Duration
5.0 3.71 4.41 5.29 5.0 7.36 8.19 9.25
5.5 3.67 4.38 5.29 5.5 7.28 8.13 9.21
6.0 3.62 4.35 5.27 6.0 7.18 8.04 9.12
6.5 3.58 4.31 5.24 6.5 7.06 7.92 9.00
7.0 3.53 4.27 5.21 7.0 6.94 7.78 8.85
7.5 3.48 4.22 5.17 7.5 6.81 7.64 8.70
8.0 3.43 4.18 5.13 8.0 6.68 7.50 8.54
8.5 3.38 4.13 5.08 8.5 6.55
l 7.36 8.38
ria
9.0 3.33 4.08 5.03 9.0 6.43 7.22 8.23
9.5 3.28 4.03 4.97 9.5 6.31 7.09 8.08
e
10.0 3.23 3.98 4.92 10.0 6.20 6.96 7.93
11.0 3.14 3.87 4.81 11.0 5.98 6.72 7.66
at
12.0 3.05 3.77 4.69 12.0 5.78 6.50 7.42

13.0 2.96 3.67 4.57 13.0 5.61 6.31 7.20
M
14.0 2.87 3.57 4.45 14.0 5.44 6.13 7.00

15.0 2.79 3.47 4.33 15.0 5.30 5.97 6.82
20.0 2.44 3.03 3.78 20.0 4.73 5.37 6.17
ed
25.0 2.16 2.66 3.31 25.0 4.35 4.97 5.76

30.0 1.93 2.37 2.92 30.0 4.06 4.68 5.46
40.0 1.60 1.93 2.35 40.0 3.61 4.21 4.96
at
50.0 1.38 1.66 2.02 50.0 3.20 3.74 4.43

60.0 1.24 1.51 1.85 60.0 2.77 3.22 3.80
D

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH KENNEWICK, WASHINGTON
Duration Duration
5.0 2.22 2.63 3.09 5.0 1.36 1.72 2.15
5.5 2.15 2.54 2.99 5.5 1.31 1.66 2.08
6.0 2.08 2.46 2.90 6.0 1.27 1.61 2.01
6.5 2.02 2.39 2.82 6.5 1.23 1.56 1.96
7.0 1.97 2.33 2.74 7.0 1.20 1.52 1.91
7.5 1.92 2.27 2.67 7.5 1.17 1.49 1.86
8.0 1.87 2.22 2.61 8.0 1.14 1.45 1.82
8.5 1.83 2.17 2.55 8.5 1.12 1.42 1.77
l
9.0 1.79 2.12 2.50
ria
9.0 1.10 1.39 1.74
9.5 1.76 2.08 2.45 9.5 1.07 1.36 1.70
10.0 1.72 2.04 2.40 10.0 1.05 1.33 1.67
e
11.0 1.66 1.96 2.31 11.0 1.01 1.28 1.61
12.0 1.60 1.90 2.23 12.0 0.98 1.24 1.55
at
13.0 1.55 1.83 2.16 13.0 0.95 1.20 1.50

14.0 1.50 1.78 2.09 14.0 0.92 1.16 1.45
M
15.0 1.45 1.72 2.03 15.0 0.89 1.13 1.41

20.0 1.27 1.50 1.77 20.0 0.77 0.98 1.23
25.0 1.12 1.33 1.56 25.0 0.69 0.87 1.09
ed
30.0 1.01 1.19 1.41 30.0 0.62 0.78 0.98

40.0 0.84 0.99 1.17 40.0 0.51 0.65 0.81
at
50.0 0.72 0.85 1.00 50.0 0.44 0.56 0.70

60.0 0.64 0.76 0.89 60.0 0.39 0.49 0.62
D

CARTER CREEK GAS PLANT, WYOMING ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING
Duration Duration
5.0 1.56 1.85 2.17 5.0 1.37 1.67 2.02
5.5 1.51 1.78 2.10 5.5 1.32 1.61 1.95
6.0 1.46 1.73 2.04 6.0 1.28 1.56 1.89
6.5 1.42 1.68 1.98 6.5 1.24 1.52 1.84
7.0 1.38 1.64 1.93 7.0 1.21 1.48 1.79
7.5 1.35 1.60 1.88 7.5 1.18 1.44 1.74
8.0 1.31 1.56 1.84 8.0 1.15 1.41 1.70
8.5 1.29 1.52 1.79 8.5 1.13 1.38 1.67
l
9.0 1.26 1.49 1.76 9.0
ria 1.10 1.35 1.63
9.5 1.23 1.46 1.72 9.5 1.08 1.32 1.60
10.0 1.21 1.43 1.69 10.0 1.06 1.29 1.57
e
11.0 1.16 1.38 1.63 11.0 1.02 1.25 1.51
12.0 1.12 1.33 1.57 12.0 0.98 1.20 1.46
at
13.0 1.09 1.29 1.52 13.0 0.95 1.16 1.41

14.0 1.05 1.25 1.47 14.0 0.92 1.13 1.36
M
15.0 1.02 1.21 1.42 15.0 0.89 1.09 1.32

20.0 0.89 1.05 1.24 20.0 0.78 0.95 1.15
25.0 0.79 0.93 1.10 25.0 0.69 0.84 1.02
ed
30.0 0.71 0.84 0.99 30.0 0.62 0.76 0.92

40.0 0.59 0.70 0.82 40.0 0.51 0.63 0.76
at
50.0 0.50 0.60 0.71 50.0 0.44 0.54 0.65

60.0 0.45 0.53 0.62 60.0 0.39 0.48 0.58
D
575 Standards and Codes

In addition to the Standards and Codes listed below, note also items listed in
Section 580, “Library References”” in the Civil and Structural Manual Vol. I.
Reference should also be made to specification CIV-MS-4747 Construction of
Underground Drainage Systems (in Vol. II).
Codes and Restrictions

ANSI/ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping.
HDPE, PVC, ABS, PP shall not be used in flammable service above ground
and shall be safeguarded in other service.
FRP shall be safeguarded when used in toxic or flammable fluid service.
Metal-to-nonmetal should be flat faced with full faced gaskets preferred.
l
Does not allow lap joint flanges for severe cyclic service.
ria
ANSI/ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid
Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols.
e
Nonmetallics are not allowed for liquid transportation systems for Hydrocar-
bons, LPG, Anhydrous NH3, or Alcohol.
at
Material Standards
M
ASTM D 1248 Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials

ASTM D 3350 Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Material
ed
ASTM D 2581 Polybutylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials
Piping Standards
ASTM D 2104 PE Plastic Pipe, Schedule 40
at
ASTM D 2239 PE Plastic Pipe, SDR-PR

D
ASTM D 2447 PE Plastic Pipe, Sch. 40 & 80 based on O.D.

ASTM D 2683 Socket Type Fittings for O.D. controlled PE Pipe
ASTM D 2609 Plastic Insert Fittings
ASTM D 2513 Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings
ASTM D 2737 PE Plastic Tubing
ASTM D 3035 PE Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR), O.D. Controlled
ASTM D 3261 Butt Heat Fusion PE Fittings for PE Plastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D 3281 PE Fittings, Butt Type
ASTM F 405 Corrugated Tubing & Fittings
ASTM F 714 PE Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) based on O.D.
ASTM F 894 PE Large Diameter Profile Wall Sewer and Drain Pipe
APE Spec 15LE PE Line Pipe
AWWA C 901 PE Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings, 1/2” through 3” for Water
CSA B137.1-M PE Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings for Cold Water Pressure Services
CGSB 41-GP-25M Pipe, PE for the Transport of Fluids
ASTM D 2662 PB Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR)
ASTM D 2666 PB Plastic Tubing
ASTM D 3000 PB Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) based on O.D.
ASTM D 3309 PB Hot/Cold Water Systems
ASTM F 809 Large Diameter PB
l
AWWA C 902 PB Pressure Pipe, Tubing and Fittings, 1/2” through 3” for Water
ria
AWWA C 900 PVC Pressure Pipe for Water
ASTM D 2241 PVC Plastic Pipe SDR-PR
e
ASTM D 2466 PVC Fittings, Sch. 40
at
ASTM D 2672 PVC Pipe, Belled End

ASTM D 2564 Solvents for PVC
M
ASTM D 3138 Solvent Cements for ABS-PVC Transitions

ASTM D 2665 PVC DWV Pipe and Fittings
ed
ASTM D 2949 3" PVC Thin Wall DWV Pipe

ASTM D 3311 DWV Fitting Patterns
at
ASTM D 2729 PVC Drain Pipe & Fittings

ASTM D 3033 PVC Sewer Pipe & Fittings, PSP
D
ASTM D 3034 PVC Sewer Pipe & Fittings, PSM

ASTM D 1785 PVC Plastic Pipe, Sch. 40-80
ASTM D 2740 PVC Plastic Tubing
ASTM D 2846 CPVC Hot/Cold Water Systems
ASTM F 441 CPVC Pipe, Sch. 40-80
ASTM F 442 CPVC Pipe, SDR-PR
ASTM F 493 Solvent Cements for CPVC Piping
ASTM F 438 CPVC Fittings, Sch. 40
ASTM D 2282 ABS Pipe, SDR-PR
ASTM D 468 ABS Fittings, Sch. 40
ASTM D 2661 ABS DWV Pipe and Fittings

ASTM D 2235 Solvent Cements for ABS Piping
ASTM F 628 ABS Foam Core DWV
ASTM D 2751 ABS Sewer Pipe & Fittings
Installation Standards
ASTM D 2321 Underground Installation of Flexible Thermoplastic Sewer Pipe
ASTM D 2774 Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping
ASTM F 585 Insertion of Flexible PE Pipe into Existing Sewers
ASTM F 690 Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping Irrigation
Systems
ASAE S 376 Design, Installation and Performance of Underground Thermoplastic
l
Irrigation Pipe lines (1980)
ria
576 Sources of Information
e
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
at
1916 Race Street

Philadelphia, PA 19103
M
American Water Works Association (AWWA)

6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
ed
American Petroleum Institute (API)

300 Corrigan Tower Building
Dallas, TX 75201
at
American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE)

2950 Niles Road
St. Joseph, MI 49085
D
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

178 Rexdale Boulevard
Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Office of Pipeline Safety Regulations
400 7th Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20590
Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB)
88 Metcalfe Street
Ottawa, Canada K1A OS5
National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)
3745 Plymouth Road
P.O. Box 1468
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI)

1430 Broadway
New York, NY 10018
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017
Publications: ASME
22 Law Drive, Box 2300
Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300
Ref: Several publications on drainage fittings and systems in the A112 and
the B16 series of standards.
Plastics Pipe Institute

Wayne Interchange Plaza II
155 Route 46 West
l
ria
Wayne, NJ 07470
(201) 812-9076
Ref: Engineering Basics of Plastic Piping.
e
This is a good general explanation of the different kinds of plastic pipe.
at
Ref: Polyolefin Piping. Covers design and construction of polyolefin (e.g.,

polyethylene) piping.
Ref: Plastic Piping and Joining Material. Relates to plastic pipe (PVC, PE,
M
etc.) in water supply service.
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.

ed
Literature Sales Department

1275 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
at
(202) 371-5200
(800) 541-0736
Ref: National Specification for Fiberglass Pipe.
D
Ref: Specification Guideline for Fiberglass Pipe Systems for Oil and Gas
Service.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Washington, D.C. 20555
Ref: NUREG-0800 Standard Review Plan. 
9.3.3. Equipment and Floor Drainage System. This document indicates
the minimum requirements of the Commission with respect to contain-
ment of floor drainage in nuclear facilities.
577 Vendors and Contractors

Note Vendors and contractors on the following lists have been grouped based on
product or service offered.
• Pipe materials
• Double containment piping
• Trough containment
• Leak detection
• Drain inspection and leak repair
It should be recognized that some firms offer more than one product or service and
may be on more than one list.
Fig. 500-33 Pipe Materials Vendors (1 of 2)

Company Services Offered
l
ria
Ameron Concrete Pipe Group Concrete Drain Pipe
10100 West Linne Road
Tracy, CA 95376
Tel: 209-836-5050
e
FAX: 209-832-2115
at
American Cast Iron Pipe Cast Iron and Ductile Iron Pipe
2020 Hurley Way, Suite 490
Sacramento, CA 95825-3244
M
Tel: 916-924-8404
FAX: 916-924-3801
U.S. Pipe and Foundry Co. Cast Iron and Ductile Iron Pipe
Box 10406
ed
Birmingham, AL 35202
Tel: 205-254-7000
Spirolite Corporation (a Chevron product) Special shape, polyethylene drain pipe
at
4094 Blue Ridge Industrial Parkway Also used for slip lining
Norcross, GA 30071
Tel: 404-497-2309
D
Advanced Drainage Systems Inc. (ADS) Special shape, polyethylene drain pipe
3300 Riverside Drive
Columbus, OH 43221
Tel: 614-457-3051
DOW Chemical U.S.A. Solid-wall HDPE pipe
P. O. Box 927
Bay City, MI 48706
Tel: 800-233-7577
FAX: 517-638-0522
PLEXCO Inc. Solid-wall HDPE pipe
1050 Busse Highway
Suite 200
Bensenville, IL 60106
Tel: 708-350-3700
Fig. 500-33 Pipe Materials Vendors (2 of 2)

Fibercast Company Fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe
P. O. Box 968
Sand Springs, OK 74063
Tel: 918-245-6651
Smith Fiberglass Products Inc. Fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe
(subsidiary of A. O. Smith Corp.)
2700 West 65th Street
Little Rock, AR 72209
Tel: 501-568-4010
FAX: 501-568-4465
HOBAS U.S.A. Inc. Centrifugally cast fiberglass pipe
1413 Richey Rd.
Tel: 713-821-2200
800-856-7473
l
ria
FAX: 713-821-7715
Johns-Manville Pipe Asbestos cement pipe PVC pipe
J-M Manufacturing Co. Inc.
e
1051 Sperry Road
Stockton, CA 95206
at
M
Fig. 500-34 Double Containment Piping (1 of 2)

ed
Fibercast Company “Dualcast” double containment piping in fiberglass

P. O. Box 968
Sand Springs, OK 74063
Tel: 918-245-6651
at
or 800-331-4406
FAX: 918-241-1143
or: 800-365-7473
D
Ameron, Fiberglass Pipe Division Fiberglass double containment piping

P. O. Box 801148
Tel: 713-690-7777
FAX: 713-690-2842
Smith Fiberglass Products Inc. Fiberglass double containment piping

2700 West 65th Street
Little Rock, AR 72209
Tel: 501-568-4010
FAX: 501-568-4465
Containment Technologies Corp. Secondary containment pipe and fittings (outer shell
7901 Xerxes Avenue South only) in HDPE
Minneapolis, MN 55431
Tel: 612-881-0072
FAX: 612-884-4911
Fig. 500-34 Double Containment Piping (2 of 2)

Total Containment Inc. Secondary containment pipe and fittings (outer shell
306 Commerce Drive only)
Exton, PA 19341 (See also: Leak Detection)
Tel: 215-524-9274
Ryan Herco Products Corp. Double containment piping in polyethylene

P. O. Box 588
Burbank, CA 91503
or 9820 Kitty Lane
Oakland, CA 94603
Tel: 510-633-1141
FAX: 510-562-4905
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Fig. 500-35 Trough Containment

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Fiber-Trench Inc. Fiberglass trenches for secondary containment
45581 Industrial Place, #1 systems
at
Fremont, CA 94538
Tel: 510-490-2333
FAX: 510-490-3306
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Western Fiberglass, Inc. Fiberglass trenches for secondary containment

1555 Copperhill Parkway systems
Santa Rosa, CA 95403
Tel: 707-523-2050
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FAX: 707-523-2046
MPC Containment System Polyurethane rubber sheeting and other material for
4834 South Oakley trench liners
at
Chicago, IL 60609
Tel: 312-927-4120
or 800-621-0146
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FAX: 312-650-6028
Fig. 500-36 Drain Inspection, Relining and Leak Repair (1 of 3)

Miller Pipeline Corp. Internal and External Seals
Products and Services Division Pipeline Cleaning
P. O. Box 34141 XPANDIT
Indianapolis, IN 46234 TV Inspection
Tel: 317-293-0278 or 800-428-3742 HDPE Slip lining

PLCS Inc. Contractor for installing WECO or 
27 Roland Avenue In-weg internal seals in drains
Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054
Tel: 609-722-1333
FAX: 609-273-9723
Insituform of North America Inc. In-place internal relining of drain lines

1770 Kirby Parkway TV inspection
3rd Floor, Suite 300
Memphis, TN 38138
Tel: 901-363-2105
FAX: 901-365-3906
Cues, Inc. TV internal inspection

3501 Vineland Road Drain cleaning
Orlando, FL 32811 Internal joint repair
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Tel: 407-849-0190
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Grout sealing
or 800-327-7791 Slip lining
Sewer manhole sealing
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Brand Precision (previously Hydro Services) (same services as Cues, above)
610 Industrial Way, Suite B
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Benecia, CA 94510
Tel: 707-745-0501
FAX: 707-745-0510
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Cherne Industries Inc. TV Inspection

5700 Lincoln Internal Joint Sealing, by grout and mechanical
Edina, MN 55436
Tel: 612-933-5501
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FAX: 612-938-6601
PLS International TV Camera internal inspection of drain lines

P. O. Box 35168
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Cleveland, OH 44135
Tel: 216-252-7770
FAX: 216-252-7792
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Sub Tronic Corp. TV Camera internal inspection of drain lines

4070 Nelson Ave., Ste. E
Concord, CA 94520
Tel: 510-686-3747
FAX: 510-686-5281
Rodding Cleaning Services Inc. TV Camera Inspections

2585 Nicholson Street Sewer cleaning
San Leandro, CA 94577-4276 Slip lining
Tel: 510-357-8875 Grouting from internal for leaks
Olympus Industrial Internal Inspection by fiber optics

4 Nevada Drive
Lake Success, NY 11042
Tel: 516-488-5888
FAX: 516-488-3973

Dowell Schlumberger Inc. “Swage-Lining,” i.e., internal relining with Polyethylene
Industrial Service Division
145 Industrial Blvd.
Sugarland, TX 77478
Tel: 713-275-8400
FAX: 713-995-0913
PLEXCO Inc. Slip lining with Polyethylene

1050 Bussy Hwy
Bensenville, IL 60106
Tel: 708-350-3810
Fig. 500-37 Leak Detection by Various Methods (1 of 2)
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Heath Consultants Incorporated Leak detection and location by various methods
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9030 W. Monroe Rd. TV camera internal inspection
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Tel: 713-947-9292
FAX: 713-947-0422
Teledyne Control Applications Pipeline leak detection by in-place sensor tubing For
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LASP Products Division hydrocarbon leaks

3401 Shiloh Road
P. O. Box 469007
Garland, TX 75046-9007
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Tel: 214-271-2561
FAX: 214-271-0223
Raychem Corporation Leak detection by various means in double pipe or

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Chemelex Division trench containment systems

300 Constitution Drive
Menlo Park, CA 94025-1164
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Tel: 415-361-4602
FAX: 415-361-3904
Total Containment Inc. Leak detection in double-wall pipes, tanks, troughs, etc. 
306 Commerce Drive (See also Double Containment Piping)
Exton, PA 19341
Tel: 215-524-9274
Ronan Engineering Company Leak detection by several means

P. O. Box 1275
21200 Oxnard Street
Woodland Hills, CA 91367
Tel: 818-883-5211
FAX: 818-992-6435
Fig. 500-37 Leak Detection by Various Methods (2 of 2)

W. L. Gore and Associates Inc. Leak detection by special sensor cables
4747 Beautiful Lane
Phoenix, AZ 85044
Tel: 602-431-0077
Universal Sensors and Devices Inc. Leak detection of various types for underground tanks
9205 Alabama Ave., Unit C and double containment piping
Chatsworth, CA 91311
Tel: 818-998-7121
Bacharach Inc. Gas detectors for gas leaks

625 Alpha Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15238-2878
Tel: 412-963-2000
FAX: 412-963-2091
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Owens/Corning Fiberglas Corp.
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Water-finding dipstick
Fiberglas Tower
Toledo, OH 43659
Tel: 419-248-8000
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Environmental Instruments Various leak detection systems
5650 Imhoff Dr., Suite A
at
Concord, CA 94520
Tel: 510-686-4474
or 800-648-9355
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West Coast Locators Leak detection by various means. TV camera inspec-

P. O. Box 1810-T tion
San Jose, CA 95109-1810
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Tel: 408-294-9368
FAX: 408-971-3581
Tracer Research Corporation Leak detection by injection and detection of tracer gas
at
3855 North Business Center Drive

Tucson, AZ 85705
Tel: 602-888-9400
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Geophysical Survey Systems Inc. Leak detection by various means

13 Klein Drive
P. O. Box 97
North Salem, NH 03073-0097
Tel: 603-893-1109
or 800-524-3011
FAX: 603-889-3984
578 Flat Slab Protection Recommendations

Crack Sealing Methods for Chemically Resistant Thick Film Concrete 
Coatings
There are basically four types of cracks encountered in concrete floors and walls:
• Control Joints, placed to form weak planes and to help control the location of
cracking.
• Expansion or Isolation Joints, placed to allow for expansion or movement of
different parts of a structure.
• Construction Joints, where work was interrupted.
• True Cracks, formed through shrinkage or movement of the structure.
All types of joints and cracks can initiate cracks that will propagate through a
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coating and destroy the integrity of the coating.
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Cracks, Construction Joints and Non-Working Joints
Tight cracks, construction joints, control joints, and open cracks which are non-
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working (not moving) can all be dealt with in a similar manner. If the cracks or
joints are moving significantly, they must be treated in a similar manner to expan-
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sion joints. The main idea is to isolate and reinforce the brittle coating from the high
stresses associated with a crack. If the coating system is un-reinforced, then 12- to
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24-inches of reinforcing is needed across the joint. The reinforcing helps to spread
the stresses over a larger area. Methods A, B, and C in Figure 500-38 show three
ways of covering non-working cracks.
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Method A is for a chopped strand or continuous glass mat reinforced coating. The
crack is isolated from the coating simply by placing a strip of bond breaker tape
(duct tape is sometimes used) over the crack. This spreads the load of any slight
movements over a two- or three-inch wide strip instead of concentrating the stress at
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the crack.
Method B is a variation of Method A for unreinforced coatings. A strip of bond
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breaker is used to isolate a reinforced section of coating from the crack.

Method C is probably the best system. A 12- to 24- inch (18 inches is recom-
mended by one manufacturer) strip of reinforced flexible coating is applied over the
crack. The flexible coating has little or no chemical resistance, so the resistant
coating is applied over it.
Method D (Figure 500-38) shows open cracks and control joints (where a saw cut
has been made or a scribed line placed in the concrete) and can use one of the three
systems described above once the open joint is filled with an elastomeric joint
sealer.
Expansion and Working Joints

Any joint that moves is difficult to seal with total confidence. The three systems
shown here all involve compromises, may not always work, but allow the joint to
have some flexibility. The system should be chosen based on the amount of move-
ment and type of service. New designs proposed by the contractor or coatings
manufacturer should be considered for these types of joints.
Method E (Figure 500-39) involves sealing the expansion joint with a chemically
resistant flexible material (flexible epoxy). The coating system is applied to the
entire surface except in the joints. Then the joints are filled with backup material
followed by sealant. The flexible joint sealer must be chosen based on its environ-
ment (chemical and/or solvents).
Method F (Figure 500-39) creates an expansion loop in the lining. The lining is rein-
forced to give it flexural strength. This system is most suitable for joints with small
movements where there is a need for high integrity.
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Method G (Figure 500-39) is a variation of Method A where the coating is applied
into the joint. A foam backer rod (50% larger than the crack) is used as the backup
material for a chemically resistant elastomeric joint compound. (Bond breaker tape
is not normally required because the joint sealant usually does not adhere to the
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backer rod.)
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Fig. 500-38 Cracks, Construction Joints, and Non- Fig. 500-39 Expansion and Working Joints
working Joints
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580 Library References

Most of the books and articles listed here are available in the Corporation Library or
through their inter-library services.
1. Fire Protection Manual
Summary: This is Chevron Corporation’s general reference manual on fire
prevention and loss reduction. It covers fire protection through design,
construction, operation, and maintenance. It also discusses fire control and
extinguishment.
2. Linsley, Ray K. and Franzini, Joe B. Water Resources Engineering, 3rd ed.,
McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Summary: This is a general textbook with information on materials, hydrau-
lics, strength, construction, etc.
3.
l
Izzard, C. F. “Hydraulics of Runoff from Developed Surfaces,” Proc. Highway
ria
Res. Board, 26 (1946), 129-150.
Summary: This technical paper describes research results on rainfall overland
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flow.
4. McPherson, M. B. “Some Notes on the Rational Method of Storm Drain
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Design,” ASCE Urban Water Resources Research Program Technical Memo-

randum, 6 (1969).
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Summary: This paper is a comprehensive review of the Rational Method

(history and background, problems, correct usage, alternatives.)
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5. Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers (WPCF Manual of

Practice No. 9 and ASCE Manual on Engineering Practice No. 37). American
Society of Civil Engineers and Water Pollution Control Federation, 1982.
at
Summary: This is excellent reference on many drainage topics.

6. Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 30, Quincy, MA: National Fire
D
Protection Association, 1984.

Summary: This Code outlines requirements for handling of flammable liquids,
including drainage of many kinds of facilities that handle such liquids. It is
often included in local regulations.
7. Merritt, Fred S., ed. Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 3rd ed. McGraw-
Hill, 1983.
Summary: This all-inclusive handbook includes information on general
drainage, culvert design, sanitary sewers, construction, etc. It also covers stan-
dard train wheel loads.
8. Design and Construction of LP-Gas Installations at Marine and Pipeline

Terminals, Natural Gas Processing Plants, Refineries, and Tank Farms API
Standard 2510, 5th ed. New York: American Petroleum Institute, 1985.
Summary: Gives requirements for the design and construction of facilities
handling liquefied petroleum gas.
9. 29 Code of Federal Regulations Chapter XVII Part 1910.
Summary: This contains regulations governing the design of facilities that
handle hazardous materials such as flammable and combustible liquids (Section
106) and LPG (Section 110.)
10. Concrete Pressure Pipe Manual No. M9. American Water Works Association,
1979.
Summary: This is part of a series of good references published by the AWWA.
It covers the basics of RCP and CCP materials, manufacturing methods, joints,
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details, design, installation, etc.
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11. Piping Manual, Section 1100, Non-metallic Piping.
Summary: This section provides information on joints, material properties,
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handling, etc. of plastic and cement pipe.
at
12. Design Practice L-134-8, Pipe for Water Service.

Summary: This archived design guide provides information on material proper-
M
ties, coatings, linings, joints, and hydraulic characteristics of cast iron, asbestos-
cement, concrete, and steel pipe.
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13. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 13th ed. Washington D.C.:
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986.
Summary: This book contains specifications for the design and construction of
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highway bridges and appurtenances. Topics related to drainage include stan-

dard truck designations and wheel loads, and culvert design and construction
methods.
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14. Manual for Railway Engineering. Chicago: American Railway Engineering

Association, 1981.
Summary: This covers virtually every aspect of railway engineering design.
The section on culvert design beneath railways might be helpful.
15. Standard Specifications. North Highlands, CA: State of California Department
of Transportation, 1984.
Summary: These specifications cover the materials and construction of high-
ways and highway appurtenances. They include drainage and sewer facilities.
16. Viessman, Warren et. al. Introduction to Hydrology. 2nd ed. Harper and Row,
1977.
Summary: This is a basic textbook on hydrology. It includes a review of the
Rational Formula and discusses other methods of estimating peak runoff flow
rates.
17. Winterkorn, Hans F. and Fang, H. eds. Foundation Engineering Handbook. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1975.
Summary: The section on buried structures in this geotechnical engineering
book tells how to design buried pipe loaded by soil and vehicles.
18. Design Practice L-134-17, Computer Program PIPEFLEX 2 Stress Analysis of
Piping Systems.
Summary: This Company design guide tells how to use the computer program
to find stresses in pipe from internal pressure, temperature, displacements, and
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external loads.
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19. Roark, Ray J. and Young, Warren C. Formulas for Stress and Strain, 5th ed.
McGraw-Hill, 1975.
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Summary: A standard reference for mechanical engineers, this book gives
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extensive tables of formulas for the calculation of stresses in pipes under

various loadings.
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20. Akan, A. Osman Kinematic-Wave Method for Peak Runoff Estimates, Amer-
ican Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol.
111, No. 4, July, 1985.
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Summary: A technical paper that gives several very practical formulas for over-
land flow time (for use with the Rational Formula.) The paper gives formulas
for plain, flat slopes; flat slopes intercepted by gutters; converging slopes; and
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others.
21. 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 60 and 61.
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Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources Subpart QQQ, Volatile

Organic Compounds Emissions from Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Systems
(40 CFR § 60.692-2), requires all process drains to have water seals and all
junction boxes to be covered. Junction boxes may have a vent pipe, but it must
be at least three feet long, and less than four inches in diameter.
The National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants Subpart FF,
National Emission Standard for Benzene Waste Operations (40 CFR § 61.346)
applies to facilities at which the total annual benzene quantity from facility
waste is more than 10 megagrams per year or aqueous waste streams are treated
to a total of 6 megagrams per year of benzene. Process drains subject to this
standard must have water seals, and manholes must have covers that allow
emissions less than 500 ppm above background levels. Junction boxes must be
covered and may have a vent pipe, but it must be at least three feet long, less
than four inches in diameter, and emissions from the vent pipe must be
controlled.
22. Coatings Manual.

23. Corrosion Prevention Manual.
24. Safety In Designs Manual. (SID)
25. Airport Drainage Advisory Circular No. 150/5320-5B. United States Depart-
ment of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, July 1970.
Summary: This circular provides guidance for the design and maintenance of
airport drainage systems. It includes nomographs for flow in open channels and
an equation for calculating overland flow time for use with the Rational
Formula.
26. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS Hydro-35, 5 to 60 Minute Precipitation
Frequency for the Eastern and Central United States, 1977.
Summary: Gives intensity-duration-frequency information for use with the
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Rational Formula. Gives rainfall-frequency values for durations of 5, 15, and
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60 minutes at return periods of 2 and 100 years for 37 states from North Dakota
to Texas and eastward. Equations are given to derive 10- and 30-minute values
for return periods between 2 and 100 years.
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27. NOAA Atlas 2, Precipitation-Frequency Atlas of the Western United States,
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Volumes I - XI, 1973.

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Rational Formula. Covers states not included in Reference [28] (except Alaska
and Hawaii.)
28. Rainfall Frequency Study for Oahu, Report R-73, State of Hawaii, Department
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of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development,

1984.
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Rational Formula.
29. Uniform Plumbing Code. International Conference of Plumbing and Mechan-
D
ical Officials, 1985.

Summary: Gives provisions for the design and installation of plumbing
systems. Typically adopted by local regulatory agencies on the West Coast of
the United States. Cited here for septic system provisions in Appendix I.

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CAUTION: Based upon the publication date, this document may not contain the latest

511 Important Drainage Concepts

513 Regulations and Guidelines

520 Surface Drainage 500-5

534 Hydraulic Analysis and Design

552 Double Pipe Systems

554 Leakage Detection Systems

560 Evaluation of Drainage Systems 500-75

562 Recommended Procedure for New Drain Selection

571 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

• Keep wastes out of soil, groundwater, and surface water.

512 Surface and Underground Drainage

513 Regulations and Guidelines

514 Sources of Liquids

runoff, firewater, and process liquids.

Firewater is a significant drainage design consideration for facilities that process or

Process liquids are by-products of processing, transporting or storing hydrocarbons

520 Surface Drainage

521 General Design Considerations

slope—and slopes more than 4%—throughout an area make walking or rolling

522 Tankfield Drainage

Drainage Near Tanks

broken pipe under maximum normal pump pressure or gravity.

Drainage to Handle Large Spills

1. A remote basin to contain as much of a spill as possible, and dikes or walls to

2. Dikes or walls around the tankfield.

Special Precautions for Fixed Roof Crude Oil Storage Tanks

Fig. 500-1 Example of Tankfield Drainage

Drainage to Remote Impounding Basins

Where drainage channels go through pipes or culverts, make provisions to re-direct

Drainage in Diked Areas

523 Process Area Drainage

plugged with debris. This is especially important if the facility handles or

• Where practical, divide the area to be drained into approximately 50 foot to

1/4 inch/foot (2%) slope.

Practice Coatings for Concrete Surfaces in Non-Immersion and Atmospheric

P.O. Box 218340

Telephone: (713) 492-0535

Repair of Existing Slabs

524 Drainage of Other Areas

• Consider eliminating floor drains in buildings if they are connected to a process

into an area of ignition or restricted ventilation.

• Roads to buildings should be higher than surrounding ground so that a spill

525 Ditches and Culverts

Minimum grade for good drainage 0.50%

Maximum slope for silty soils to  

soils to prevent erosion 2%

The hydraulic design of culverts is somewhat more complicated than normal

Culvert Size Slope (Ft/Foot)

530 Underground Drainage

Guidelines for Any Underground Drainage System

time as your drainage system.

• Make sure that the fittings you specify exist.

– In congested areas, consider using an identification scheme for drainage

• Provide cleanouts for maintenance at the beginnings of long, straight runs.

Guidelines for Sealed Systems

532 Segregated Drainage Systems

Examples of Segregated Systems

General Notes on Segregated Systems

can be used to remove chemical spills in these areas.

periodically pumped to chemical tankage or disposal facilities. Drawing GF-S99943

533 Soil and Component Support Issues

Types and Extent of Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater. The installation

Allowable Slope for Excavation/Shoring Requirements. You and the installation

to = [41 * ((0.0007I)+k) (L/S)1/3] /(C I)2/3