Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Engi-3434
Dr. Charles Xu @ Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University

Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics
• Instructor: Dr. Charles Xu, P.Eng.
Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
Office: CB 1043
Phone: 343-8761
E-mail: cxu@lakeheadu.ca

• Office Hours: Wednesday, 2-4 PM

• Lectures: Monday & Wednesday 10:00 AM – 11:30 AM

AT-2005

• Tutorials: Friday 2:30 PM –4:00PM, starting from the 2nd week

of the lecture
SN-2011

• Course Website: http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~cxu/Engi3434.htm 1

Required Textbook

Introduction to
Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics
Seventh Edition

Smith ● Van Ness ● Abbott

2
 Topics to be Discussed

• Introduction and Fundamentals of Thermodynamics (Chapter 1)

• The First Law of Thermodynamics for Close and Open Systems
(Chapter 2)
• Equation of State (Chapter 3)
• Heat Effects (Chapter 4)
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Chapter 5)
• Thermodynamic Properties of (Pure) Fluid (Chapter 6)
• Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (Chapter 10)
• Theory of Solution Thermodynamics (Chapter 11)
• Chemical Reaction Equilibrium (Chapter 13)

Grading

• In-class Quizzes 10%

• Assignments 0%*
• Midterm Examination 30%
• Final Examination 60%
* Solutions will be posted on the course website.

4
 About the Course Notes
All course notes (EXCEPT for solutions to some
example problems) will be available on the course
website:

Course Website: http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~cxu/Engi3434.htm

Please download, print out and study the course notes

before the lecture time and complete the notes if needed
during the lecture time.

Course Policy Statement

Quizzes:
Quizzes will be given in class at randomly times throughout the course to
reinforce lecture and assignments concepts. The average of the quizzes
counts 10% of the overall grade. No make-up quizzes will be given expect
that a valid written excuse (e.g., a doctor’s note, etc.) will be submitted and
approved by the instructor.

Assignments:
About 4 ~ 5 assignments will be given during the course. The solutions will be
posted on the course website. Thus the assignments will not be marked. .

6
 Why to Study Thermodynamics?
• A Chemical Engineer imaged by the Instructor

Chemical Process
and
Plant Design

Mass &

Co
Heat Transfers

mp
th
Chemistry

Ma

ute
Fluid Dynamics
Process Control

r
Economics, Ethics
…..

n
The ctio
r Rea tics, sign
dyn mo- e r de
ami
cs Kin reacto
g. &
n en
ctio
Rea 7

1.1 The Scope of Thermodynamics

• Heat and work required for physical and
chemical processes
• Measurement, estimation, and correlation of
thermodynamic properties
• Transfer of chemical species between phases
Equilibrium conditions for chemical reactions

Thermodynamics does NOT discuss the rates

of chemical or physical processes!

8
 Some Basic Relations in Thermodynamics

First law: ΔE t = Q + W + E ( flow) + E ( gen)

Q
Second law: ΔS t = ∑ + S ( flow) + S ( gen)
T

Phase equilibrium relations: f$i α = f$i β = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ = f$i π

Chemical reaction equilibrium:
νi
⎛ fˆ ⎞
− RT ln K = ΔG o
K = ∏ ⎜ i0 ⎟
⎜f ⎟
⎝ i ⎠
9

1.2 Dimensions & Units

Dimension SI Unit English Unit Reference for SI Unit

Time second, s The duration of 9,192,631,770

cycles of radiation associated with
radioactive decay of the Cesium
atom
Distance meter, m foot, ft Distance that light travels in a
(1 ft = 0.3048 m) vacuum during 1/299,792,458 of a
(1 m = 3.28084 ft) second
Mass kilogram, kg pound mass, lbm Mass of a platinum/iridium alloy
(1 lbm = 0.4536 kg) cylinder kept in the International
(1 kg = 2.2046 lbm) Bureau of Weights and Measures at
Sevres, France
Temperature Kelvin, K Rankine, R 1/276.16 of the thermodynamic
T(R) = 1.8 T (K) temperature of the triple point of
water (i.e. the state of water in
which liquid, solid and vapor
coexist at equilibrium)
Amount of gram mole, pound mole, lb mol Amount of substance that contains
substance g mole (1 lb mol = 453.59 g as many elementary entities as there
mol) are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12
(6.022×1023, which is Avogadro's
number)
10
Dimensions & Units
(Cont’d)

11

1.3 Measures of Amount and Size

Three basic measures
• Mass, m (kg)
• Number of moles, n (mol)
• Total volume, Vt (m3)

Four derivatives
Vt (m3/kg)
• Specific volume, V ≡
m
• Molar volume, Vt (m3/mol)
V ≡
n
m 1 (kg/m3)
• Specific density, ρ≡ =
Vt V
n 1
ρ ≡ t = (mol/m )
• Molar density, 3

V V 12
 1.4 Force
Newton’s 2nd Law (SI units): F = ma
Where: F is force (Newton, N = kg ms-2), defined as that force
which accelerates 1 kg mass 1.0 ms-2
m is mass (kg)
a is acceleration (ms-2), 1 ms-2 = 3.2808 (ft)(s)-2.
The acceleration of gravity a = g = 9.81 ms-2

Newton’s 2nd Law (English units): F = 1 ma

gc
Where: F is pound force (lbf). 1 lbf represents the force
that accelerates 1 lbm mass at a = 32.1740 (ft)(s)-2
m is mass (lbm)
a is acceleration (fts-2)
gc = 32.1740 (lbm)(ft)(lbf)-1(s)-2

1 lbf = 4.448 N Can you prove it?

13

1.5 Temperature
• Temperature Scales
The Celsius scale: 0°C and 100°C correspond to the ice point (freezing point) and
the steam point (boiling point) of pure water at standard atmospheric pressure.
The Fahrenheit scale: t (°F ) = 1.8t (°C ) + 32 or t (°C ) = [t (°F ) – 32]×5/9
The Kelvin scale (absolute temperature): T (K) = t (°C ) + 273.15
The Rankine scale: T (R) = 1.8 T (K)
T (R) = t (°F ) + 459.67

Daniel Gabriel
Anders Celsius Fahrenheit (1686-1736)
(1701-1744)

William Thomson William John

(1824-1907) Macquorn Rankine
14
The Kelvin scale (1820-1872)
 Example 1.1
An astronaut weighs 730 N in Houston, Texas, where the local acceleration of
gravity is g = 9.792 ms-2. What are the astronaut’s mass and weight on the
moon where g = 1.67ms-2.
(a) Solve the problem in SI units.
(b) What are acceleration of gravities in English units in Houston and on the moon?
(c) Solve the problem in English units.

Solutions
(a) Solution in SI units
Newton’s 2nd Law (SI units): F = ma
When a = g, the force from the Newton’s law is the force of gravity or weight, i.e.,
F = mg
F 730 N 730 kgms -2
m= = −2
= = 74.55kg
g 9.792 ms 9.792 ms − 2
Mass is independent of location, but the weight depends on the location (with different
local accelerations of gravity)! Thus
The mass on the moon is the same as in Houston, i.e., m (moon) = 74.55 kg
The weight on the moon is
15
F (Moon) = mg (moon) = 74.55kg × 1.67 ms -2 = 124.5 kgms −2 = 124.5 N

Example 1.1 (Cont’d)

(b) g in English units

Conversion factors of SI units to English units

1 m = 3.2808 (ft)
g in Houston is g = 9.792
m 3.2808 ft
× = 32.13 ft / s 2
s2 1m
g on the Moon is g = 1.67 m × 3.2808 ft = 5.48 ft / s 2
s2 1m
(c) Solution in English units
1 lb f = 4.448 N ⇒ 1 N = 0.225 (lb f )
0.225 lb f
Weight of astronaut in Houston is F = 730 N × = 164.1 lb f
1N
1
Newton’s 2nd Law (English units): F= ma
gc
F × gc 164.1 (lb f ) × 32.1740 (lb m )(ft)(lb f ) -1 (s) -2
m (Moon) = m (Houston) = = = 164.3 (lb m )
g (Houston) 32.13 (ft)(s) − 2
m(Moon) × g (Moon) 164.3 (lb m ) × 5.48 (ft)(s) − 2
F (Moon) = = = 27.98 (lb f )
gc 32.1740 (lb m )(ft)(lb f ) -1 (s) -2 16