Table 2 .

1 Color of Light and Color Rendering

Properties of Fluorescents

Color Color of Light

Rendering Daylight Cool White Warm White

above 5000 K 4000K below 3300 K

Index (Ra)

Group 1 IA 950 Daylight 940 Cool 930 Warm

Very good Ra90-100 5400K White 3800K White 3000 K

965 Daylight

6500K

1B 860 Daylight 840 Cool 8 3 0 Warm

Ra80-89 6000 K White 4000K White 3000 K

827 Warm

White 2700 K

Group 2 2A Daylight Universal

Good Ra70-79 6000K White

4000K

2B Cool White

Ra60-69 4000K

Group 3

Acceptable Ra40-59 Warm White

3000K

International Type Designations

The international color code: The first digit stands for the color-rendering

group:

9 = color rendering group I A (Ra90-100)

8 = color rendering group l B (Ra80-89)

7 = color rendering group 2A (Ra 70- 79)

6 = color rendering group 2B (Ra60-69)

5 = color rendering group 3 (Ra50-59)

4 = color rendering group 3 (Ra40-49)

When connected with conventional electromagnetic ballasts, most lamps

deliver less than 1 0 0 % of their rated lumens. The percentage of actual

lumens generated is known as the ballast factor, an important figure to

consider when making lighting calculations. The ballast factor is the

ratio of the light produced by a particular lamp ballast system to the rated

light output of the same lamp( s) on ANSI reference ballast operated in

free air at 2 5 ° C . The term "ballast factor" implies that it is a property of

the ballast, but it is really a property of the lamp-ballast system. For

instance, the ballast factor for a given ballast will be different depending

on whether it is operating a F 4 0 T 1 2 lamp or a F40T12/ES lamp. See

Chapter 5 Energy-Efficient Fluorescent Ballasts for more information on

the ballast factor.

2.2.1 Technical Advantages of Triphosphor Lamps

(a) Lower Depreciation of Luminous Flux. The fluorescent

coating is subject to natural ageing during a life of a lamp, with the result

that the luminous flux decreases. This disadvantage has been minimized

by the use of a special phosphor coating, which results in 90% of the

original luminous flux being maintained even after 1 2 , 0 0 0 or more hours

of operation.

(b) High Luminosity. The special triphosphor materials used

guarantee a high luminous flux with a high luminous efficiency of up to

96 lm/w.

(c) Large Selection of Light Colors and Optimum Color

Rendering. The triphosphor lamp is available in every light color for all

the various requirements to be met by a modem lighting system in

commercial and industrial use: the right light color for every lighting

application - with color-rendering level l B ( excellent - Ra 8 0 - 8 9 ) .

(d) More Environmentally Friendly. Mercury is essential for

ensuring the functionability and luminaire efficiency of the lamp.

Triphosphor contains mercury, but no more than is necessary to

guarantee reliable operation, even when used in outdoor applications.

All the materials used for the triphosphor, from the glass to the

phosphor coating and packaging, can be recycled and reused. In addition,

the high luminous efficiency and long service life as compared with the

more common halophosphor lamps ensure that fewer lamps are required

and extend the intervals between servicing. In summary: lower power

consumption to generate more light, fewer lamps to produce the same

brightness and 1 0 0 % recyclability.

2.2.2 Advantages of Replacing Halophosphor Fluorescent Lamps

with Triphosphor Lamps in Existing Systems. The triphosphor

fluorescent lamps can be used to modernize existing systems with

halophosphor lamps without necessitating any technical changes

whatsoever and considerably improve the performance of these systems

at the same time.

(a) Improved Economical Operation. Use of the triphosphor

lamps instead of halophosphor fluorescent lamps tangibly increases the

luminous efficiency obtained with the same installed power.

Table 2.2 Comparison of Halophosphor and Triphosphor Lamps

Halophosphor Fluorescent Lamps 6500 K-Conventional Control Gear

(CCG)

Wattage (W) 18 36 58

Luminous flux (lm) 1,100 2,600 4,000

Luminous efficiency (lm/W) 61 72 71

T rip
. h osp h or 6500 K-C onven ti10na l C on t ro l Gear (CCG)

Wattage (W) 18 36 58

Luminous flux (lm) 1,350 3,350 5,200

Luminous efficiency (lm/W) 75 93 90

®> LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY +23% +30% +27%

The higher luminous efficiency of the triphosphor lamp guarantees

up to 3 0 % more light with the same number of lamps and the same

installed power.
 ro

00

60

40

30

20

10

0 20C(J 4000 0000 8000 1 COOO 1 2000 ·14000 16000 1.0000 200l]j}

11111 Triphosphor Opemting hcus [h]

� life mh w.arrn'.stM��b\ll·g:e-.cuJ
- Halophosphor Fluorecent Lamps

Figure 2.6 Lumen Maintenance

(b) Longer Service Life. The decline in the luminous flux of the

triphosphor is tangibly lower than in conventional halophosphor

fluorescent lamps. After 1 2 0 0 0 hours of operation or more, the remaining

luminous flux is still equal to 90% of the original value, as compared

with only about 70% in a halophosphor fluorescent lamp.

Use of the triphosphor lamps guarantee:

(1) A constant average lighting intensity very close to the

nominal lighting intensity of the system and in conformity with the

relevant standards. That is a major advantage and also improves general

safety: just imagine the risks associated with a roughly 3 0 % drop in the

lighting level when working with such machinery as lathes, milling and

drilling machines, etc.

(2) Long intervals and less maintenance to maintain the average

lighting intensity at the required level.

 (c) Large Selection of Light Colors. The range of triphosphor

lamps includes the ideal light color for every application, as the variety

of light colors available is larger and more comprehensive than in the

case of halophosphor fluorescent lamps.

( d) Better Color Rendition. Due to the special coating of the

triphosphor, the color rendering is improved from a level of 2A to 2B -

good - for conventional halophosphor fluorescent lamps to 1B -

excellent. In other words, the color rendering of illuminated objects is

improved distinctly and that is a matter of great importance for instance

in the textile industry, the graphics sector, at exhibitions, in sales and

showrooms, and in private homes.

2.2.3 The Right Light Color for Every Application

(a) Choice of Light Color. Choosing the right light color is first and

foremost a matter of personal taste, although it also depends on local

customs, the mood and the manner in which a person perceives the light.

This table contains basic information for planning and tendering, so

that you can choose the right light color for every application.

Table 2.3 Appropriate Color Choices by Application

Daylight/ Cool 830 827

Application Cool White Warm Warm

Davlizht White White

OFFICES
0 0 0
Offices, corridors
0 0 0
Conference rooms

INDUSTRY AND TRADE

0
Electrical engineering
0 0
Textile industry
0 0
Graphics sector, laboratories
0 0
Wood processing
0
Storage rooms, haulers

SCHOOLS & LECTURE HALLS

0 0 0
Kindergartens
0 0 0
Libraries, reading rooms

37
Table 2.3 ( continued)

Daylight/ Cool 830 827

Application Cool White Warm Warm

Daylight White White

SOCIAL AMENITIES
0 0
Restaurant, inns, hotels
0
Theaters, concert halls, lobbies

PUBLIC AREAS
0
Sports facilities
0 0 0
Art galleries, museums

BUSINESS OUTLETS
0 0 0
Food trade
0 0
Bakeries
0
Deep- freezers and freezer cabinets
0
Cheese, fruit and vegetables
0
Fish
0 0
Textiles, leather
0
Furniture, carpets
0
Sports equipment, toys, stationery
0 0
Photographic supplies, clocks,

watches, jewelry
0
Cosmetics, hairdressing
0 0
Flowers
0 0 0
Department stores, supermarkets

HOSPITALS
0
Diagnosis and therapy
0 0
Examination rooms, waiting rooms

RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
0
Living rooms
0 0
Kitchens, bathrooms, hobby rooms,

basement areas

(b) Cultural Influences. A warmer color of light is preferred in

northern countries, while cooler light is more frequently favored in the

south. This is essentially due to the fact that people who are regularly

exposed to strong sunlight tend to prefer an artificial light that is

perceived as being "cool" and vice versa.

Lamps emitting a warm light will almost certainly be preferred in

homes furnished with a great deal of wood, while white furniture, marble
and chromium look better in white light or a daylight color. Warm light

conveys a sense of rest and relaxation, while white light and daylight

colors are associated with concentration and a positive working

atmosphere.

2.2.4 Color Temperature

(a) Daylight Color. Fluorescent lamps in color 8 6 0 are ideal sources

of light in all rooms requiring artificial light of daylight quality. Rooms

in which minor differences in color shades must be clearly recognizable

and in which the colors must be reproduced as naturally as possible. This

is important, for example, in retail outlets, selling garments,

photographic supplies and optical equipment, jewelry or flowers, as well

as in the textile industry, doctors' surgeries, print shops, newspaper

offices and the graphics sector.

(b) Cool White Color. With a color temperature of 4000 K, the

triphosphor cool white light is roughly halfway between the light color

resembling daylight and the light of incandescent lamps. It is therefore

ideal for use at workplaces, particularly in industry, commerce and trade,

in offices at exhibitions and trade fairs, as well as sports events. The

lamps can also be used for various purposes in the home, for instance in

corridors, kitchens, bathrooms, basement areas and workshops and gyms.

( c) 830 Warm White Color. Triphosphor warm white is the ideal

light color whenever a bright, yet comfortable light is required. This light

is perceived as being pleasantly "warm" on account of its color

temperature of 3000 K. It creates a pleasant atmosphere in which to feel

comfortable.

Triphosphor warm white lamps are used wherever a bright basic

light and a positive mood are required, such as in salesrooms, exhibition

rooms, trade fair halls, schools, lecture halls, kindergartens, offices and

conference rooms.

(d) 827 Warm White Color. Of all the triphosphor lamps, this

color version comes closest to the warm light of an incandescent lamp.

With a color temperature of 2700 K, it gives its surroundings a feeling of

homeliness and comfort. Wood, for instance, is highlighted particularly

strongly by this light color; this makes it ideal for use inside furniture

and for indirect lighting. All residential rooms, conference rooms, lecture

halls, libraries, hospital rooms and waiting rooms are other major areas

of use for this light color. Triphosphor 827 warm white creates an

extremely pleasant light in hotels, public halls, foyers, inns and

restaurants, theaters and concert halls and creates a relaxing atmosphere

in libraries, lecture halls and conference rooms.

2.2.5 Environmentally Friendly. There is a machine known as the "cut­

and-separate machine" which selectively separates the various

components contained in waste lamps and prepares these for reuse in the

manufacture of new lamps.

Ninety-three percent (93%) of the components removed in this way can

be reused to produce new fluorescent lamps.

The remaining 7% are recycled and processed into materials with a

whole range of possible uses: for sandblasting, as additives for the

cement industry, or mixed with foamed glass for the manufacture of

bricks, prefab elements, pipes and material for the building industry.

2.2.6 Lower Mercury Content. With fluorescent lamps being discharge

lamps, the use of the mercury in the filling gas is indispensable, for it is

impossible to generate light without igniting the mercury. To this day, it

is still not possible to completely eliminate the mercury content.

2.2. 7 Recyclable Packaging Materials. The lamp packaging also

constitutes a waste volume, the importance of which must not be

underestimated for the environment. In addition to the individually

packed versions, there is also simple industrial packaging, which makes

it much easier for bulk customers to change lamps and reduce the volume

of packaging waste by up to 4 5 % .

2.2.8 Recent Products

(a) T8 Lamps. Two other fluorescent lamp types have significantly

improved efficacy, when compared with the conventional F 4 0 T 1 2 lamp­

ballast system. These are the 36-watt (Asia) and 32-watt (US) T8 lamp
varieties, which uses the common medium bipin base. T8 28W lamps

have also been introduced (US Standard) as an alternative to T8 32W

lamps. These are compatible with existing 32W electronic control gear

and offer lower consumption versus the 32W system but have a slightly

lower luminous flux. Smaller lamp diameters and the exclusive use of

rare earth phosphors increase the efficacy of these lamps over

conventional F 4 0 T 1 2 lamps. In addition specially designed ballasts may

be used for even greater increases in lamp-ballast system efficacy.

The linear T8 lamps have the same medium bi-pin bases as T12

lamps, allowing them to fit the same sockets (this is not true for the U­

bent T8 lamps, which have different leg spacing than their T 1 2 counter

parts). However, T8 lamps have different electrical characteristics, so

they may not use a conventional F40T12-type lamp ballast designed for

430-milliampere operation.

Like conventional F 4 0 T 1 2 lamps, the T8 lamps are rated at 8000

hours for 60 Hz operations. However, for highest efficacy, they are often

matched with an electronic ballast that operates the lamps in an instant

start mode and at 25 kHz ( electronic ballasts for rapid start operation are

also available). Instant start operation of T8 lamps reduces rated lamp

life by 2 5 % (based on 3 hours per start operation), but lamp efficacy is

increased by more than 1 0 % when compared with magnetically ballasted

operation. In most commercial applications, where lamps are on for a

period of 1 0 hours between starts, lamp life is only slightly less than that

of rapid start operation. Like T 1 2 1 amps, T8 1 amps may be dimmed, but

they require specialized dimmers and ballasts to work properly.

Table 2.4 shows the comparison between several T8 lamp-ballast

systems as against T 1 2 lamp-ballast systems.

 Table 2.4 Linear Fluorescent Lamp Comparison (32/36/40W)

28W 32W 32W 36W 36W 40W

(Triphosphor) (Triphosphor) (Standard) KTriphosphor) (Standard) (Standard)

Parameters
Fluorescent Fluorescent �luorescent Fluorescent Fluorescent Fluorescent
No. Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp Lamp

1 Rating 28W 32W 32W 36W 36W 40W

2 Length 1 2 0 0 mm 1200 mm 1 2 0 0 mm 1 2 0 0 mm 1 2 0 0 mm 1200 mm

3 Lamp Base G 1 3 Gl3 Gl3 tm G13 G13

4 Diameter T8 rT8 rT8 rT8 T8 T12

26mm) (26mm) 26mm) (26mm) (26mm) (38mm)

5 Sol or Sool White [Daylight/ [Daylight [Daylight/ Daylight Daylight

Temperature Cool white Cool

[Warm white twhite

!Warm

white

6 Life Time 26000 hrs 20000 hrs 20000 20000 hrs 8000 hrs 8000 hrs

Average �w/ (w/ hrs (w/ (w/

electronic electronic elec. electronic

ballast) ballast) Ballast) ballast)

7 Sol or 85 82 75 80-89 60-69 60-69

Rendering

Index

8 Luminous 2725 lm �950 lm 2700 3 2 5 0 lm 2600 lm 2500 lm

Flux

9 Luminous 97.32 92.18 84.38 90.27 72.22 62.50

Efficiency Lum ens/ ILum ens/ Lum ens/ ILum ens/ Lum ens/ Lum ens/

watt lwatt watt lwatt watt watt

• Typically the two-lamp F32/36T8 system with an energy-efficient

magnetic ballast has an efficacy of around 1 5 % higher, as compared to a

standard two-lamp F 4 0 T 1 2 lamp system.

• Even a higher efficacy can be achieved when using electronic

ballast. For example a two-lamp F32/36T8 system with an instant start

electronic ballast can achieve a 15% higher efficacy than for an

electronically ballasted two-lamp F 4 0 T 1 2 .

Some T8 lamps contain rare earth phosphors. RE phosphor

coatings (triphosphor) give T8 lamps improved color rendering and lamp

lumen maintenance over T 1 2 halophosphor lamps.

 • Standard T8 (halophoshpor) lamps are now cheaper than

halophosphor T 1 2 lamps. Overall, on a lifecycle cost basis, T8 lamp­

ballast systems are always a better investment than any T 1 2 system. As

such, T 1 2 lamps mostly remain on the market for replacement purposes,

where the ballast cannot start a T8 lamp. T 1 2 lamp/ballast combinations

should never be used for retrofitting lamp and ballast systems nor for any

new installations.

2.2.9 New Developments and Trends

(a) TS Linear Lamp Technology. TS technology has really evolved

as a lighting system rather than just an isolated lamp development. The

TS system consists of a 16mm double-ended tubular fluorescent lamp,

optimized for use with an electronic ballast, which operates the lamp at

high frequency (ECG), to enhance its efficiency.

One significant change introduced with this system is that the lamp

length and wattages are different to those available with either T8 or T 1 2

fluorescent lamps. TS lamps are 16mm in diameter, or 5/8 of an inch,

which is why they are commonly referred to as 'TS'. These lamps are

available in lengths, which are approximately 50mm shorter than the

most commonly used T8 lamps (26mm diameter) lamps.

(b) Applications. Some of the best reasons for using TS lamps

include:

(1) TS lamps are more environmentally friendly than T8 or T 1 2

lamps, they have:

a. Reduced glass

b. Reduced gases

c. Reduced phosphor

d. Reduced Mercury

(2) Luminaire costs will benefit from the compact size of TS

lamps, with reductions in the costs of material, freight etc.

(3) Higher luminous output ( at a realistic temperature) can mean

fewer luminaires will be required

 (4) Compact size allows for shallower luminaires, having a big

impact on lighting design in areas with limited ceiling space and for

suspended systems.

(5) The system as a whole, will contribute to energy savings.

( 6) Luminaires designed around T5 lamps and ECGs can be

more aesthetically pleasing, while at the same time, contributing

significantly to the quality of the lighting.

With T5 lamps being shorter and slimmer than T8, one other

advantage is that there should not be any 'mix-ups', by contractors or

maintenance personnel, once ongoing maintenance gets underway. For

example, a T5 lamp cannot be installed in a luminaire designed for T8

lamps and vice versa.

Another advantage associated with the reduced length of T5 lamps is

the overall length of luminaires. With the most common size of ceiling

grids being 1 2 0 0 mm x 600mm, it is impossible to have a continuous run

of more than two luminaires when using T8 lamps, since the length of a

36W lamp alone is 1 2 0 0 mm . The T5 range includes two lamps that have

a length of 1149mm-the FH 28W and the FQ 39W. This length of

1 1 4 9 m m , once the additional length of the lamp holders and metal ware

is added, still allows the luminaires to fit neatly between the ceiling

supports.

2.2.10 Efficient Operation of TS Lamps - With ECGs. Electronic

control gear, like the previously used magnetic ballast is firstly required

to regulate the operating conditions of the lamp. However, it can achieve

greater efficiency by incorporating high frequency operation and other

circuitry refinements such as "cut off' technology, which eliminates

filament losses, sensing concepts that react to adverse conditions to

protect the lamp and electronic ballast (ECG) together, contribute

considerably to prolonged lamp life.

Most importantly, an electronic ballast by design minimizes losses within

itself, contributing to overall efficiency of the system. They consume

only 2 or 3-watts per lamp.

Incorporated into the ECG is a 'soft start' facility and power factor

correction, eliminating two components that often contribute to the

maintenance costs.

2.2.11 Burning Positions. When T5 lamps are installed in vertical

burning positions, care must be taken to ensure the 'stamp' or marker is

at the bottom. If two or more TS lamps are installed very close together,

it is best to ensure that the stamped ends are next to one another.

Likewise, T5 circular (FC) lamps should be installed in a vertical burning

position, for example, in wall-mounted installations, the base must be at

the bottom (cap end) as shown in Figure 2 . 7 below.

Figure 2. 7 TS Circular (FC) Lamp Burning Position

2.2.12 Standard for Linear Fluorescent Lamps. Philippine National

Standards (PNS) require the display of an energy label for all linear

fluorescent lamps. This will allow the buying public to compare power

input, light output, and efficacy (lumens per watt). Manufacturers,

suppliers and importers are required to label every individual lamp with

the above parameters.

Figure 2 . 8 shows a sample of the newly required energy label for Linear

Fluorescent Lamps by the Department of Trade and Industry-Bureau of

Product Standards.
 EFFICACY*
Brand Name

Model/Type

Light output, lumens :

It
DEPARTMENTOF
dti I
--, - N
. lumens/watt . " s � L , E . : , � E "s �� �

Wattage ratmg, watts : • based on standard test conditions o

Important: For lamps with same wattage rating, H I G H E R EFFICACY means MORE ENERGY SAVINGS

THE M I N I M U M EFFICACY SET BY THE GOVERNMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LAMP IS 70 lumens per watt.

Figure 2.8 Energy Label for Linear Fluorescent Lamps

2.3-COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

The continuing rise in the popularity of compact fluorescent lamp

technology is good evidence of its value as an energy-efficient, long­

lasting substitute for the incandescent lamp. The average compact

fluorescent lamp consumes only one-quarter to one-third as much energy

as its incandescent counterpart and will last up to ten times longer. For

example, a 10000-hour, 13-watt compact fluorescent lamp (about 17

watts with a magnetic ballast) will provide about the same illumination

as a 60-watt incandescent lamp that has a life of approximately 1000

hours.

Compact fluorescent lamps are available in a wide range of color

temperatures, from 2700 K to 6500 K. They have very good color

rendering properties, and they are available in a variety of sizes, shapes,

and wattages. The increasing availability of luminaires designed for

compact fluorescent lamps in both new and remodel applications means

that compact fluorescent lamps can meet most any design application

requirement.

Compact fluorescent lamps were developed in the late 1970's and

introduced in the Philippine market in the 1990's. Early model lamp

production concentrated primarily on the retrofit market. Integral lamp­

ballast combinations with screw-in Edison bases provided a convenient

and inexpensive alternative to traditional incandescent lamps for hotels,

apartment complexes, and other high-volume user. Modular systems with

replaceable lamps were popular, as well. Relatively recent large-scale

production of dedicated compact fluorescent Iuminaires has extended the

range of applications for this technology.

2.3.1 Technology Description. Compact fluorescent lamps are actually

lighting systems consisting of a lamp ( often with a starter integrated into

the base), a lamp holder, and ballast. Sometimes, a screw-in socket

adapter is incorporated into the package. It is based on the principle of

the fluorescent tube in which a phosphor coating transforms some of the

ultraviolet energy generated by the discharge into light. Generally, there

are three different types of compact fluorescent lamp-ballast systems:

• Integral systems are self-ballasted packages and are made up of a

one piece, disposable socket-adapter-ballast, and lamp

combination.

• Modular systems are also self-ballasted packages, consisting of a

screw-based incandescent socket adapter-ballast-lamp holder,

and replaceable lamp.

• Dedicated systems exist when a ballast and fluorescent lamp

socket have been directly wired in as a part of the luminaire.

While integral and modular systems are designed to screw into

existing incandescent medium base sockets, dedicated systems

generally are OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer)

components, supplied with luminaires.

Lamps are easily replaceable in both modular and dedicated compact

fluorescent systems. On the other hand, relamping in an integral system

requires the replacement of the entire integral unit.

Modular and integral compact fluorescent systems leave particular

relevance in retrofit applications. Dedicated systems are designed

primarily for new construction and complete remodel purposes, although

several companies have introduced dedicated hardwire retrofit kits for

downlights recently. Simple permanent conversion kits for exit signs

and table lamps are also available.

(a) Lamp Types. The following lamp types are commonly available

from a number of manufacturers:

 (1) T4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have a starter built

into the lamp plug base. They operate on inexpensive reactor magnetic

ballasts, come in wattages from S to 1 3 watts and are available for both

modular and dedicated systems.

(2) T4 and TS diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps that also have

plug bases and built-in starters. These lamps produce more light than

simple twin-tubes and are available up to 27 watts. These lamps are

available for all compact fluorescent systems.

(3) Both T4 and TS diameter twin-tube and quad-lamps are now

available in four-pin versions that do not contain a starter in the base of

the lamp. These lamps are designed primarily for use with electronic

ballasts.

Compact fluorescent lamps for self-contained integral systems are

generally a twin or quad-tube integrated with ballast and a screw-in

socket base. In some cases a reflector or surrounding diffuser may be

included in the package as shown in Figure 2 . 9 below.

M:idular
Integral
D e d i c at e d

Figure 2.9 Compact Fluorescent Lamp-Ballast Systems

(b) Amalgam Lamps. Amalgams are mercury compounds, which

allow the lamp to operate with a lesser degree of influence caused by

operating temperatures. The luminous flux vs. temperature curve is

spread out i.e.: the luminous flux will be at least 90% over a large

temperature range, from S°C to 6S°C, as shown in Figure 2 . 1 0 .

The cold-spot in amalgam compact fluorescent lamps is within the

base, rather than at the bend in the glass tube, as it is for standard CFLs.
 100

,.....,
80

�
o·
'-'

x
;;;i

;:

1/) 60
:I
0

.5

E
.=!
40
IJ;)
)

;r:;
Bumin� · a s i l i n i

1
Ill

0:

Q liiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii.............l....,,............._...,............................._,,,..-__,..__j-...l.....l---1

0
Am�lenltem�erature c .rn rn 20 30 to 50 60 70

Cola s�ot tem�erature °C 15 2� 35 45 55 65 75 85

Figure 2 . 1 0 Typical Luminous Flux/Temperature

Curves for 18W Amalgam CFL

(c) Lamp Life-Lumen Depreciation and Mortality. Similar to

tubular fluorescent lamps, average life depends on the type of control

gear as well as switching cycle and ambient temperature. Typically a

high-grade compact fluorescent lamp would last about 8000 hours on

Conventional Control Gear (CCG) and 10000 hours on Electronic

Control Gear (ECG).

( d) Ballasts. Compact fluorescent lamps are discharge lamps

requiring ballasts to start and operate properly. A ballast provides the

necessary voltage to start the lamp and, once started, keeps the lamp in
operation. Ballasts also consume energy that must be accounted for

when determining the efficacy of a particular lighting system.

Integral and modular compact fluorescent systems combine an

Edison screw base with ballast for direct retrofitting of incandescent

luminaires. All other compact fluorescent lamps are designed to have an

external ballast that must be specified for each individual lamp type and

wattage. Ballast options for compact fluorescent lamps are listed below.

(1) Normal Power Factor (NPF) Reactor Ballasts. NPF

ballasts are common for the smaller two-pin lamp sizes. These ballasts

exhibit very low power factors ( 0 . 5 for 2 3 0 volt), so it is important for

engineers to calculate circuit loading carefully when designing the

electrical distribution system.

(2) High Power Factor (HPF) Reactor Ballasts. Also for the

smaller preheat lamps, these ballasts contain capacitors to raise the

power factor to 0 . 9 0 . They are more expensive and larger than the NPF

type, but they allow for conventional branch, circuit design and lower

installation costs.

(3) Conventional Electromagnetic Energy-Saving Ballasts.

The higher-wattage lamps, designed for 2G 1 1 - b a s e d four-pin operation,

generally operate on single or multiple lamp ballasts similar to those

used for conventional fluorescent lamps.

(4) Dimming Ballasts. The starterless four-pin lamps can be

used with either a magnetic dimming ballast with appropriate wall box

dimmer, or a special electronic dimmer and electronic dimming ballast.

Dimming capability of the lamp should be checked with the

manufacturer/ supplier.

Dimming can only be done with electronic control gear in

conjunction with a dimming system.

(5) Electronic Ballasts. Most integral products are now

available that combine a twin, quad, or 6-tube lamp with an electronic

ballast. These products eliminate the objectionable starting flicker that

has been associated with compact fluorescent lamps in the past.

 In addition to electronically ballasted integral products, several

manufacturers now offer compact fluorescent luminaires with electronic

ballasts instead of standard magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts for

compact fluorescent lamps offer several advantages over conventional

electromagnetic ballasts:

a. The system efficacy (lumens per watt, including ballast

losses) is generally about 20% higher with an electronic

ballast. Under test conditions of 25°C, the efficacy of an

electronically ballasted compact fluorescent lamp ranges

from 5 0 - 7 0 lumens/watt, compared to 40-55 lumens/watt

for a magnetically ballasted compact fluorescent lamp.

b. The starting time of electronically ballasted lamps is

generally less than one second, while magnetically

ballasted lamps typically require one to four seconds to

start.

c. Electronic ballasts reduce lamp flicker.

d. Electronic ballasts operate without any perceptible noise.

e. Electronic ballasts can be manufactured in much smaller

sizes and are lighter than conventional magnetic ballasts.

A disadvantage of electronic ballasts for compact fluorescent

lamps is their higher price. This is compounded by the fact that there are

few electronically ballasted modular type compact fluorescent systems

where the lamp can be replaced separately from the electronic ballast;

integral electronic designs require that the ballast be disposed of with the

lamp. In addition, many of the current products exhibit a high percentage

of total harmonic distortion (THD). The effects of THD produced by

compact fluorescent lamp ballasts are still being evaluated by utilities,

but it appears that the actual harmonic current is insufficient to cause

major concern.

( e) Power Quality Issues. Low power factor is one indicator of the

effect that compact fluorescent lamps can have on the power quality of a

utility distribution system. Compact fluorescent systems generally have

power factors much lower than the 90% level achieved for high quality

ballasts in typical linear fluorescent lighting systems. Power factor is a

performance measure that determines how effectively input current is

converted into actual usable power delivered to the lamp. Optimum

power utilization would result in a power factor of 1 . 0 , meaning that the

product of voltage and the current (volt-amperes or VA) is equal to the

power used. Most compact fluorescent lamp systems, regardless of

whether they are magnetically or electronically ballasted, are supplied

with NPF ballasts, rated between 0 . 5 0 and 0 . 7 0 at 2 3 0 volts. Thus, a 1 3 -

watt lamp drawing a total load with ballast of 1 7 watts at a power factor

of 0 . 5 0 actually draws 34 VA at 2 3 0 volts-twice as much current as it

would with a power factor of 1 . 0 . Branch circuit current and over current

protection are based on VA. This makes it important to consult with a

utility representative or professional engineer when using large numbers

ofNPF ballasted compact fluorescent luminaires in a single facility.

High power factor ballasts for compact fluorescent lamps are

available. Whether using HPF or NPF ballasts, building engineers

should follow the input current instructions of each ballast when

designing the circuit loading,

Harmonic distortion is another indicator of the effect of compact

fluorescent lamps on power quality. Any nonlinear load, such as a

personal computer, variable speed motor, television, or compact

fluorescent lamp, causes harmonic distortion in power distribution

systems. Most magnetically ballasted CFL lamps have a THD between

15% and 2 5 % . The THD from most available electronically ballasted

compact fluorescent lamps may be significantly higher, due to severe

distortion of the current waveform. Distortion of the sinusoidal

waveform may also be associated with a reduced power factor. A second

potential concern is the presence of third (180Hz) harmonics. In

principle, these harmonics may cause overheating on the neutral line of

three-phase systems in older commercial buildings. This generally is not

a practical problem for compact fluorescent lamps, because of the

relatively small size of the load imposed by these lamps.

There are products currently available that reduce both the THD and

the odd harmonics from electronically ballasted lamps to levels

approaching those of magnetic ballasts. Electronically ballasted integral

lamp-ballast packages with high power factors and low THD are

currently available in the market. However, increased size requirements,

increased radio frequency interference (RFI), and cost factors have

slowed the development of similar products.

 (f) Dimming. In general, compact fluorescent lamps cannot be

dimmed using conventional dimming equipment. For example, according

to at least one lamp manufacturer, using conventional incandescent

dimmers in an attempt to dim integral units especially those using

electronic ballasts can cause a fire. However, there are two specific

products that enable dimming of compact fluorescent lamps:

(1) Dimming adapters permit an incandescent dimmer to dim a

four-pin quad-tube lamp. The adapter must be used with a specific ballast

that is factory-installed on the luminaire.

(2) Solid state dimming ballasts permit the dimming of four­

pin twin-tube and quad-tube lamps with a remote potentiometer or low­

voltage signal.

(g) Switching. The longevity of any fluorescent lamp including

compact fluorescents, is affected by the number of times the lamp is

switched on and off during its life. Fluorescent lamp life ratings listed in

lamp manufacturers' catalogs are based on a specific switching cycle of 3

hours on per start. Fluorescent lamp life may be less than the rated value

if the lamp is switched more frequently than this. However, with

electronic ballasting technology, manufacturers can include circuitry that

optimizes the starting sequence (so-called "soft-starting"), thus

preserving manufacturers' rated lamp life even if the lamp is switched

more frequently than every 3 hours. The manufacturer should be

contacted for more information if the application calls for frequent

switching. Of special concern are modem electronic control products.

Devices such as illuminated wall switches, wallbox touch switches,

wallbox time switches, and wallbox occupant sensors may not be

compatible with most compact fluorescent lamps. Incompatibilities are

usually caused by the use of solid-state switches (triacs) instead of air

gap switches or relays. A small continuous current (insufficient to

illuminate an incandescent lamp) passes through the load even when it is

"off." In magnetically ballasted compact fluorescent applications, this

idling current can cause continuous electrode heater and starter

operation, resulting in reduced lamp life. In electronically ballasted

applications, the ballast may prevent idle current, in tum rendering the

control device inoperable.

 (h) Environmental Conditions and Efficacy. It is important to

realize that laboratory environmental conditions under which lumen

output ratings are made are often quite different from actual installation

conditions. The two environmental conditions that most significantly

affect the performance of compact fluorescent lamps are ambient arr

temperature and the orientation or burning position of the lamp.

Figure 2 . 1 1 gives typical performance curves showing how ambient

temperature affects lumen output of compact fluorescent lamps in both

base up and base down burning positions. Note that while the compact

fluorescent lamp produces rated lumens at 25°C with the lamp base up,

its lumen output drops to 80% of its rated lumens at 50°C. In

applications where compact fluorescent lamps are mounted in small

volume fixtures with a lack of air circulation ( such as in lensed

downlights ), the user should expect that the ambient temperature would

be between 40°C and 50°C, and should lower the lamp lumen rating

accordingly. Some compact fluorescent luminaire manufacturers provide

luminaires designed to improve ventilation in order to lower ambient air

temperature and increase lumen output.

Figure 2 . 1 1 also shows how lamp orientation (burning position) can

have a major influence on lumen output of a typical compact fluorescent

lamp. Under identical ambient temperatures (25°C) a compact

fluorescent lamp in a horizontal or base up orientation will produce about

20% more lumens than a lamp in a base down position. As such, in any

application where a compact fluorescent is used in a base down position

( such as in a retrofit of an incandescent table lamp), the expected lumen

output should be lowered by at least 10%. At higher ambient

temperatures, a lowering of 1 5 % is appropriate for base down operation.

Manufacturers' data should be consulted for specific values for

individual lamp types, as performance differences are related to lamp

shape and wattage.

 emperatu re

r n o ----,----=-�-==---_;,-,.......,....-=-------,,---, --, ---,

1 1

base up, honzontal

E 801----;---+-----1�
.::::J

E
�
� 80 1----+----+-sl'-l

?.:
�
� ,1,0 i----+----+j-
,;JJ

0...

a 60 70

NOTE: Curves shown are for one specific lamp type in a draught-free

environment. Performance-particularly in the base down position -will vary

significantly depending on lamp configuration and wattage. (Source -Osram

Corporation)

Figure 2 . 1 1 Typical Ambient Temperature and Lamp

Orientation Effects on Lumen Output of Compact Fluorescent

Lamps.

2.3.2 Current Products. As stated previously, compact fluorescent

lamps are highly efficacious, have very good color rendering capabilities

and are available in several color temperatures. Their performance is due

to the use of high efficacy, high color rendering rare earth (RE)

phosphors. The relative balance among these phosphors determines the

color temperature of the lamp. RE phosphors are essential to the

operation of the compact fluorescent lamp because of the high power

density in the small diameter tube. The same loading of conventional

halophosphors would result in rapid and severe lamp lumen depreciation.

Most compact fluorescent lamps are capable of generating about 50-60

lumens/watt. Their advantages notwithstanding, compact fluorescent

lamps have similar overall efficacy as several other technologies of equal

lumen output, such as low-wattage metal halide and high-pressure

sodium lamps, and conventional straight, U-shaped, or circular

fluorescent lamps.
A new square-shaped "double-D" configuration is now available in

different sizes and wattages. Its compact shape and size make it suitable

for low profile surface and small recessed luminaires.

A T2 diameter, sub-miniature, wedge base fluorescent lamp is now

produced in a wide range of lengths and wattages. It is available in both

hot and cold cathode versions. As is true with all compact fluorescents,

these lamps use RE phosphor coatings for good color rendering. T2

lamp efficacy is more than 80 lumens/watt, exclusive of ballast losses.

Suitable applications for this lamp will probably include task, sign, and

showcase lighting.

Several manufacturers are now offering compact fluorescent lamps

consisting of three bent tubes ( as opposed to twin-tube and quad-tube

configurations). This allows for more lurnens in a smaller package.

Some manufacturers have begun producing an electronically ballasted

20-watt compact fluorescent, with high power factor and low THD. This

type of lamp produces similar lumens as a 75-watt to 100-watt

incandescent lamp.

(a) New Lamp Products. In addition to the familiar types of

compact fluorescent lamps, several new lamp configurations are

becoming available.

Current research into new compact fluorescent lamp configurations

is concentrated on more varieties of lamps with higher powers, different

shapes, and single-ended, four-pin bases (207, 2 0 1 1 , etc.). These lamps

can use electronic ballasts, can be dirnrned, and will eliminate much of

the starting flicker that has been associated with the use of compact

fluorescent lamps. This development promises to increase the number of

compact fluorescent lamp applications. Recently, high wattage self

ballasted and externally ballasted CFL systems in the 7 0 W - 1 2 0 W range

have been introduced in the market, as well as decorative self ballasted

CFLs with e27 bases in circular, spiral and bulb shapes.

(b) Luminaire Types. Lower wattage compact fluorescent lamps

are designed to be used in place of incandescent lamps in a wide variety

of luminaire shapes and types. The twin-tube style is especially good for

task lights, wall sconces, exit signs, step lights, and exterior path lighting.
Two-lamp, horizontally aligned, twin-tube combinations have become an

excellent substitute for incandescent recessed downlights, and many

manufacturers of recessed luminaires have designed series of luminaires

around this concept. The quad-tube lamp has similar applications as a

downlight, wall washer, and sconce light. Figure 2 . 1 2 illustrates some

luminaires that use compact fluorescent sources.

Rei:es.sed Surface unns Pendant$ Sconces Floodlights Exll & Sign

Down lights lJghllng

0 0 0
�
T-4 Tw111-TLibe • • •

0 0 0
�
T-4 Quad-Tube •
(a)
• •

®
Globe Shaped
0 0
•
Unit

0
Integral Lamp­ •
Ballast

� 0 0
Rellector Uriit

�
0 0 0 0
Electronically­

Ballasted Integral
•
Unit

® Square
• • 0 0 0

Key

• Superior Lamp Choice

O Suitable Lamp Choice

-- Inappropriate Lamp Ctioice

Note:

a. with conversion ktts complete with reflector

Figure 2 . 1 2 Compact Fluorescent Luminaire Application

 (c) Retrofitting. Modular and integral compact fluorescent systems

with Edison screw-in sockets are generally not as efficient as their

dedicated counterparts, but they do offer a means to upgrade existing

incandescent lighting. Modular and integral lamps are available with

either electronic or magnetic ballast. The electronic ballast operates at a

higher efficiency and without noise or flicker.

( d) Incandescent Lighting Alternatives. Compact fluorescent

lamps can generally be utilized in many areas where incandescent lamps

would typically have been used before. Such areas can include recessed

downlights, wall washers, desk lights, and wall sconce-type ambient

fixtures, under cabinet fixtures, landscape lights, residential floodlights,

and a variety of other applications. In most instances, compact

fluorescent lamps produce three to four times more lumens per watt than

incandescent lamps as shown in Figure 2 . 1 3 .

50 watts, 1 2 watts,

uses more uses less

electricity electricity

520 l u m e n s , 570 l u m e n s ,

yellow color white or

yellowish

color

7 5 0 - 1 , 0 0 0 hours, 4,000-8,000 hours,

won't last a year can last up to 2 yrs

Figure 2 . 1 3 Comparison between Incandescent Lamps and CFLs

 Replacing incandescent lighting with compact fluorescent lighting

offers significant cost savings to the user. Money saved through reduced

energy use, fewer lamp replacements, longer lamp life, and related

maintenance savings can quickly recoup the initial investment and

provide continuing operating cost savings as shown in Table 2 . 5 below.

Table 2.5 Comparative Light Output, Efficacy and Operating Hours

of Incandescent Lamps (IL) and Compact Fluorescent Lamps

(CFLs)*

Type of Wattage rating and equivalent average Efficacy, Average life,

Lamps Light output lumens/watt in hours

Compact S W 7 W 9 W 13 W 15 W 22W 5000

45W
Fluorescent to to to to to to to
to57W
Lamp 6 W 8 W 12W 14W 18W 23W 8000

Light output, 240 350 460 760 820 1280

In lumens to to to to to to - -

260 400 570 800 990 1300

750

Incandescent 25 40 50 60 75 100 8 to 1 3 to

Lamp 1000

Light output,
200 390 520 720 890 1300 - -
in lumens

*Source: Department of Energy- Lighting and Appliance Testing Laboratory

( e) Alternatives to Other Fluorescent Lamps. In the lower

wattages, other smaller fluorescent lamp types, such as circling

configurations, lack the convenient single-ended plug base, color

temperature options, and consistent good color rendition of compact

fluorescent lamps. Many typical fluorescent applications for smaller

lamps, such as task lights, surface mounted "drum lights," and corridor

lights, will be more effective if compact fluorescent lamps are used.

Also, the high color rendering quality of the compact lamp is maintained

with every lamp replacement.

(f) Limitations. Overall, compact fluorescent lamps are excellent

choices for many residential and commercial lighting situations. The

major limiting factor associated with compact fluorescent lamps in

retrofit applications has been their size. Compact fluorescent lamp-

ballast packages have been somewhat larger than incandescent lamps of

the same lumen output, meaning that they may not fit properly in

luminaires designed for incandescent sources. For example, in recessed

downlights, a screw-in compact fluorescent package may protrude below

the ceiling line, resulting in an objectionable appearance and creating

glare, In addition, the base portion of a compact fluorescent lamp that

contains the ballast is larger and of a different shape than the standard

incandescent lamp. The luminaire's reflector may therefore not allow

enough clearance for the adapter to be screwed into the socket. For these

reasons, designers are encouraged to try out a test lamp of the intended

configuration prior to attempting an entire retrofit. Lately however,

several manufacturers have introduced much smaller-sized CFLs to

mitigate many of these size limitations.

Another limitation of compact fluorescent lamps is that they may not

be suitable in very high ceilings (more than 3 . 6 m), or in certain accent

lighting applications requiring a tight beam spread or a point source

sparkle. Furthermore, CFLs are not suitable for areas with voltage

fluctuations of+/- 2 0 % ; as well as, areas with frequent and short duration

switching operations.

2.3.3 Application Guidelines. In general, compact fluorescent lamps are

best applied in situations where incandescent or other small fluorescent

lamps would be considered. They may be used in a wide variety of

residential, commercial, retrofitting, and new construction applications.

(a) Residential Applications. In general, the use of compact

fluorescent luminaires is especially appropriate for rooms such as

kitchens and bathrooms where high lumen output and good color

rendering are desired. Compact fluorescent lamps are also useful in all

utility room lighting applications and in enclosed exterior fixtures (if

"weatherized") such as lantern, and path lights. They are useful as

ambient light sources in wall sconces. The extended lamp life of

compact fluorescents makes them an intelligent design decision in hard­

to-reach places. They are also appropriate for task lights, especially those

types designed for the configuration of compact fluorescent lamps. A

commitment to increased residential use of compact fluorescent lamps

could be quite significant, in terms of energy conservation. A savings of

2 5 % to 50% of the lighting electrical energy used by every home could

be realized if all acceptable fluorescent applications were utilized. Table

2 . 6 summarizes some of the residential applications suitable for compact

fluorescent lamps.

The selection of compact fluorescent lighting equipment for

residential design applications should be made carefully. Newer designs

using electronically ballasted compact fluorescent lamps are suitable for

many residential applications, since these packages operate silently and

start almost immediately without an initial flicker. An added benefit is

the lighter weight and smaller size of the electronically ballasted

products. When magnetically ballasted systems are used in residential

applications, the benefits of energy efficiency and long life are

sometimes outweighed by concerns for the acoustic noise of some

ballasts, or by a negative reaction to starting flicker. In most residential

applications, these conditions are not tolerable. In any case it is

advisable to consult with and advise one's client about the overall

benefits of compact fluorescent lighting.

T abl e 2 6 Resi"d en tlra l A pp rtea tlions tor c ompac t Fl uorescen t L amps

Living Utility
Kitchens Bedrooms Bathrooms Exterior
Rooms Area

Recessed Task lights Task lights Mirror lights Stairways Lanterns

downlights

Under Cabinet Swing arm Closet Recessed Laundry Garage

lights lamps lights downlights rooms lights

Under Shower & Attics Path lights

Cabinet tub lights

lights

Recessed Closets Security

downlights lights

Wall Crawl

washers spaces

(b) Commercial Applications. Commercial lighting represents the

best application for compact fluorescent technology. Compact

fluorescent luminaires can be easily incorporated into lighting designs

that are both aesthetically pleasing, and energy-efficient. It is now

possible to design a first-class project using compact fluorescents in

place of most incandescent lamps.

In office lighting design, not every incandescent luminaire has a

compact fluorescent counterpart, but many do. Offices and other types

of commercial and institutional spaces will look good and operate

efficiently through the proper use of compact fluorescent troffers,

downlights, wall washers, and task lights.

In retail lighting design, fluorescent light is appropriate for general

illumination, wall washing, and some types of case lighting. The energy

conscious designer uses standard incandescent or halogen sources only

when point source sparkle or significantly more light intensity is

required. Examples of this would include display lighting, jewelry case

lighting, etc.

In restaurants and hotels, most of the circulation areas and other

public spaces can be illuminated with compact fluorescent sources,

unless ceilings are especially high, an application where HID sources

might be more appropriate. Additionally, some pendant type luminaires

and wall sconces can be equipped with compact fluorescent lamps.

Incandescent lighting can then be used where it is especially important

for full-range dimming and special accents. Many fast food/fast action

spaces can take advantage of the smaller general illumination fixtures

made possible by compact fluorescent technology. In hospitals,

laboratories, schools, and other institutions, compact fluorescent lamps

can generally replace most incandescent applications.

In industrial lighting, most compact fluorescent lamps have limited

applications. But the low heat of compact fluorescent lamps makes them

safer in hazardous environments where HID lamps might otherwise be

used.

Table 2. 7 suggests some possible commercial applications for

compact fluorescent lamps.

 Table 2. 7 Commercial Applications for

C ompac t Fl uorescen t L amps

General Accent & Specialty Decorative & Utility Exterior

Lighting Lighting Portable Lighting Lighting

Lighting

Recessed Recessed & track Wall sconces Security Landscape

downlights mounted wall lighting floodlights

washers

Suspended Under cabinet lights Chandeliers Step Pedestrian post

luminaires lights top and bollard

lights

Cove lights

Indirect lighting Table & floor Step lights

systems lamps Exit signs

Case display lights

Makeup & Under rail lights

dressing lights Task

Modular Strip lighting

outlining

Sign &display lights Vandal-resistant

security lights

(c) General Downlighting. Many corridors and lobbies are

furnished with round or square recessed downlights for general or wall

wash lighting purposes. Typical designs call for incandescent "cans" or

"tophat" luminaires; an energy-efficient alternative is to use modular type

downlights designed specifically for compact fluorescent twin-tube or

quad-tube lamps. By careful selection, the specifier can choose a

fluorescent luminaire that appears similar to standard incandescent

downlights. A general rule-of-thumb is to use about 20% of the

required incandescent lamp wattage. In other words, use a downlight

with one 26-watt or two 13-watt lamps to replace a 100-watt

incandescent lamp; two 18-watt lamps replace a 150-watt incandescent

lamp and two 26-watt lamps to replace a 200-watt incandescent lamp.

Avoid using screw-in socket adapters in new construction, as they are not

as efficient and are easily compromised by incandescent relamping at a

later time.
 ( d) Outdoor Floodlighting. Compact fluorescent lamp sources have

excellent floodlighting capabilities, and there is a significant potential for

savings over the use of traditional incandescent sources. Many

floodlighting schemes for shorter walls, signs, etc. use an incandescent

PAR-38 flood lamp. In many situations, a short fluorescent flood lamp

luminaire will serve as an energy-saving option, as long as ambient

temperatures are high enough for proper operation. For example, a 22-

watt quad-tube compact fluorescent luminaire with reflector would be a

good alternative to an incandescent luminaire supplied with a 100-watt

PAR-38 lamp. The 22-watt quad-tube luminaire would use 60 watts less

(including ballast) than a 90-watt PAR halogen lamp and 70 watts less

than a standard 100-watt PAR lamp.

( e) Decorative Lighting. Many pendant lights, wall sconces, and

other types of decorative luminance are available as compact fluorescent

lamp sources. Manufacturers of wall sconces in particular have been

quick to capitalize on the technology of compact fluorescent lamps, and

many products are available.

2.3.4 Cost Savings Retrofit Profile

(a) Residential Retrofit Example. Retrofitting incandescent lamps

with compact fluorescent lamps offers energy savings to consumers. This

scenario assumes that an 18-watt CFL replaces a 25-watt incandescent

lamp (IL) in order to provide 8,000 hours of operation in the residential

sector. It is assumed that the lamps operate 8 hours a day. One ( 1 ) CFL

costing around PhP 240.00 would displace four (4) I L ' s costing a total of

P160.00, for a difference of PhP 8 0 . 0 0 (all cost figures are in present

value). Over its burning life hours, the CFL would consume 1 4 4 kWh

costing PhP 1 , 1 5 2 . 0 0 at PhP 8 . 0 0 per kWh, while I L ' s would consume

600 kWh costing PhP 4 , 8 0 0 . 0 0 , for a difference of PhP 3 , 6 4 8 . 0 0 . Hence,

total savings comes around to PhP 3 , 5 6 8 . 0 0 by retrofitting to CFLs as

shown in Table 2 . 8 .
 Table 2.8 Costs/Savings Comparison between Incandescent Lamps

and CFL

Household x y

Lamp Type Incandescent

A CFL
Lamps

Rating per Lamp,

B 75 18
Watts

Burning hours per

c 1 000 8 000
lamp

Total burning hours

needed for D 8 000 8 000

operation

Number oflamps
E=D/C 8 1
required

Price per lamp, PhP F 20.00 240.00

Total Price of
G = E x F 160.00 240.00
Lamp, PhP

Savings on Lamp, PhP 80.00 -

Lighting load per

H 75 18
lamp, Watts

Total electricity I =
600 144
consumption, kWh (D x H ) / 1 0 0 0

Average Electricty

Cost, J 8.00 8.00

PhP/kWh

Bill per lamp, PhP K = I x J 4 800.00 1 152.00

Savings in Electricity Cost over

- 3 648.00
the Life of each Quality CFL, PhP

(b) General Downlighting Example. Energy efficiency with a

compact fluorescent downlight system is significant when compared with

incandescent options. For example, to provide 220 lux in a corridor,

2.
luminaires are installed about every 3 m The fluorescent scheme (two

13 watt twin-tube lamps) operates at about 10.75 watts/rrr', while the

incandescent scheme (one 100-watt "A" lamp) operates at over 3 2 . 2 5

2
watts/m''. A saving of over 7 . 7 4 kWh/m /mo. is realized translating into
2
PhP 46.44/m /mo., or about PhP 139.32/mo./fixture. Added benefits
result from a much longer lamp life and fewer maintenance costs

associated with replacements.

( c) Product Classifications. Lamp manufacturer tend to create

"marketable" product names and identifications. These names make for

better marketing, but make it more difficult to write a generic

specification. Hence, please refer to manufacturers' product catalogs in

the preparation of CFL specifications.

2.3.5 Standard for Compact Fluorescent Lamps. Philippine National

Standards (PNS) require the display of an energy label for all compact

fluorescent lamps. This will allow the buying public to compare power

input, light output, efficacy (lumens per watt), and average life.

Manufacturers, suppliers and importers are required to label every

individual lamp with the above parameters.

Figure 2.14 shows a sample of the newly required energy label for

Compact Fluorescent Lamps by the Department of Trade and Industry­

Bureau of Product Standards.

 Brand Name:

Model/Type:

I
Lamp Specifications

Light

Output lumens

Power

Consumption watts

3
Efficacy
lumens per watt

Average
2
Life hours

For lamps of s i m i l a r

l i g h t output, h i g h e r

efficacy means

more energy savings

I
when tested at standard test

conditions

2
rated average life at 50% failure

3
The M i n i m u m Efficacy Set

By The Government For

This Type Of Lamp Is

L U M E N S PER WATT.

CTRL NO. XXXX-XXXXXX

_,_
•DEPARTMENT OF

E N E R

P H I L I P P I N E S
G Y
IINI:.... � .,. -

.. . . . . .. .. . .. ".

Figure 2 . 1 4 Energy Label for Compact Fluorescent Lamps

2.4-NEW TECHNOLOGY

2 . 4 . 1 Induction (Electrodeless) Lamps. Induction lamps (Figure 2 . 1 5 )

do not have electrodes. In contrast to conventional fluorescent lamps, the

discharge needed to generate light in the induction lamp does not take

place between two electrodes but through a closed "ring" with no starting
point and no end point. The energy is "injected" via ferrite rings from

outside the lamp using magnetic fields (induction principle). The

frequency generator produces a 2 . 6 5 MHz (radio frequency) alternating

current and supplies it to the induction coil ( a wire wrapped around a

plastic or metal core). The current passing through the induction coil

generates an electromagnetic (EM) field. The EM field excites the

mercury in the gas fill. The ionized mercury emits ultraviolet (UV)

radiation, which causes the phosphor coating inside the lamp glass to

fluoresce.

The advantage of eliminating electrodes is extended lamp life. The main

reason why low and high intensity discharge lamps fail is because of the

deterioration of the electrodes or filament, which is a result of the

reaction of the light-generating substances with metal electrodes in

conventional lamps. Since the lamp has no parts that can wear out, it

lasts long and may take years before it needs replacement.

Figure 2 . 1 5 Induction (Electrodeless) Lamps

The best applications for induction lamps are in street, roadways,

tunnels, high bays, parking lot, and area lighting where lamp change-outs

are costly or dangerous. Other good applications include overhead

machinery, and in production areas where lamp change-outs are

disruptive or might decrease production.

Advantages:

• Can last up to 30 years, dramatically reducing ongomg

operations and maintenance costs,

• Super long life, quick start, no flicker, auto restart,

• Deliver higher efficiency (more lumens per watt)

 • Provide excellent color rendering (CRI over 80) versus HID

(CRI: 22 for High Pressure Sodium, and 70 for Metal Halide)

• Energy saving. Saves as much as 60 - 70% without sacrificing

illumination level,

• Environment friendly due to very long replacement period.

2.5-GUIDELINE SPECIFICATION

Specifying fluorescent lamps is not difficult. There are ways of ensuring

that the preferred lamp and ballast requirements are clear to suppliers to

avoid the substitution of inferior products. Furthermore, the designer

should specify products that conforms with the following Philippine

National Standards:

A. For Linear Fluorescent Lamps

• PNS IEC 60081: 2006 (IEC published 2002) Double-capped

fluorescent lamps - Performance requirements

• PNS IEC 61195: 2006 (IEC published 1999) Double-capped

fluorescent lamps - Safety requirements

• PNS 2050-1-1: 2007 Lamps and related equipment - Energy

efficiency and labeling requirements - Part 1 - 1 : Double-capped

fluorescent lamps

B. For Compact Fluorescent Lamps

• PNS IEC 9 6 9 : 2006 (IEC published 1 9 8 8 ) Self-ballasted lamps

for general lighting services - Performance requirements

• PNS IEC 9 6 8 : 2006 (IEC published 1 9 8 8 ) Self-ballasted lamps

for general lighting services - Safety requirements

• PNS 2050-2: 2007 Lamps and related equipment - Energy

efficiency and labeling requirements-Part 2: Self-ballasted

lamps for general lighting services