Topographic Surveying

Topographic Maps
• Topographic maps are detailed, accurate graphic
representations of features that appear on the Earth's
surface. These features include:
– cultural: roads, buildings, urban development, railways, airports,
names of places and geographic features, administrative boundaries,
state and international borders, reserves
– hydrography: lakes, rivers, streams, swamps, coastal flats
– relief: mountains, valleys, contours and cliffs, depressions
– vegetation: wooded and cleared areas, vineyards and orchards.
• A map legend (or key) lists the features shown on that map,
and their corresponding symbols.
 Topographic Maps
• Topographic maps usually show a geographic graticule and a
coordinate grid, so you can determine relative and absolute
positions of mapped features.
• It is important to note that a map is merely a two or three
dimensional representation of the physical environment at a
given time. Therefore, a map will never be entirely up to date.
Changes to the landscape and cultural features regularly occur
(such as roads, vegetation, and buildings), resulting in maps
becoming dated, although the rate of obsolescence varies
depending upon location.
• they are also used by government and industry to assist with
urban planning, mining, emergency management and the
establishment of legal boundaries and land ownership
Topographic Surveys are used in the determination of the
location of man-made and natural features (e.g. roads,
buildings, tree, shorelines, etc.) on the earth’s surface.

This also includes the determination of ground elevations

which can later be plotted in the form of contours, cross
sections, profiles or simply as spot elevations.

In engineering and construction work, these are often called

preliminary or pre-engineering surveys
For smaller-area, topographic surveys, ground surveys can
be accomplished by using,
1.) transit and tape
2.) stadia, or
3.) electronic tacheometry (TS)

For large areas: photogrammetric, LiDAR, and remote sensing

The choice of field methods for topographic surveying
is governed by,
1.) the intended use of the map,
2.) the area of the tract,
3.) the map scale, and
4.) the contour interval.

A contour line is a line that joins points of the same

elevation on the ground.
Characteristics of Contours
6.) Contour lines cannot
begin or end on the plan.
 7. A contour never splits.

8. A closed contour indicates

either a summit or
depression. A hachured,
closed contour line indicates
a depression. Survey2 Notes of AM Fillone, DLSU-Manila
9. As contour lines represent contours
of different elevation on the ground,
they cannot merge or cross one another
on the map, except in cases where
there is an overhanging cliff or cave, or
bridge abuttments.

10. As contour lines represents level

lines, they are perpendicular to the
lines of steepest slope. They are
perpendicular to ridge and valley
lines where they cross such lines.
11. On uniform slopes, the contour
lines are spaced uniformly.

12. No two contours can run

into one.
13. Contours deflect uphill at valley
lines and downhill at ridge line; line
crossing are perpendicular: U-shaped
for ridge crossings; V-shaped for
valley crossings.

Valley

Ridge
 Prosedur Survei Topografi
1. Pre-survei (survei pendahuluan)  membuat
sketsa
2. Pemasangan titik kerangka peta
3. Pengukuran kerangka horisontal
4. Pengukuran kerangka vertikal
5. Perhitungan Kerangka horisontal dan vertikal
6. Pengukuran detil planimetris dan titik tinggi
 Prosedur Pemetaan Topografi
1. Penggambaran kerangka peta
2. Plotting detil planimetris dan detil tinggi
3. Penggambaran kontur
4. Pembuatan layout peta
Continue Next Week